Provided by: plc-utils-extra_0.0.6+git20250517.7fb8ac5-1_amd64 
NAME
hpavkey - HomePlug AV Key Generator
SYNOPSIS
hpavkey [options] phrase [phrase] [...]
DESCRIPTION
Convert one or more phrases to encrypted HomePlug AV keys. Phrases are read as command line arguments,
converted to either Device Access Keys, Network Membership Keys or Network Identification Keys and
printed on stdout. By default, only keys are printed, one key per line, but keys and phrases can both be
printed, one pair per line.
This program is part of the Qualcomm Atheros Powerline Toolkit. See the AMP man page for an overview and
installation instructions.
BACKGROUND
HomePlug AV technology makes use of special 16-byte binary values, called "keys", for various purposes
such as identity and security. Three keys of interest to users are the Device Access Key (DAK), the
Network Memership Key (NMK) and Network Identification Key (NID). Their purpose is described in the
HomePlug AV Specification.
The HomePlug AV Specification explains how to generate 16-byte binary DAK, NMK and NID values using the
SHA-256 algorithm to hash user-supplied ASCII strings, called "pass phrases" in the specification.
HomePlug AV compliant pass phrases have from 12 to 64 7-bit ASCII character values in the range 0x20 to
0x7F. In some cases, a specified 8-byte salt is added to the pass phrase before computing the 32-byte
hash value. In all cases, the computed hash is then rehashed a specified number of times to produce the
final 32-byte value. The HomePlug AV key is the lower 16-bytes of that value.
Keys can be any 16-byte binary value but binary values are difficult to remember. HomePlug AV
applications, such as the Qualcomm Atheros Windows Device Manager, will ask users for a pass phrase that
is converted to a 16-byte binary value using a known hashing algorithm. In principle, no two phrases
will product the same key and it would be computationally expensive to derive the pass phrase given the
key. Although HomePlug AV software deals directly with the key, users need only remember the pass phrase
in order to reproduce the key.
OPTIONS
-D Uses HomePlug AV rules to compute Device Access Keys (DAK) from pass phrases read from file or
stdin. A DAK is 16 bytes expressed as 32 hexadecimal digits. This option over-rides any -M and
-N options previously specified on the command line.
-e Enforce HomePlug AV length and content rules for phrases. Non-compliant phrases are reported and
ignored. Compliant phrases are 12 to 64 7-bit ASCII characters in the range 0x20 (SP) through
0x7F (DEL). Essentially, this includes any character that can be typed on a standard US or UK
keyboard, excluding horizontal tab (HT). Be aware that some command shells intercept and act on
special characters instead of passing them to the application. In such cases, you may need to
include meta characters.
-L level
Set security level. The security level is encoded into the NID. Level 0 enables pushbutton
pairing. Level 1 disables it. This option has no effect unless a NID is computed.
-M Uses HomePlug AV rules to compute Network Membership Keys (NMK) from pass phrases read from file
or stdin. An NMK is 16 bytes expressed as 32 hexadecimal digits. This option over-rides any -D
or -N options previously specified on the command line.
-N Uses HomePlug AV rules to compute Network Identification Keys (NID) from pass phrases read from
file or stdin. A NID is 7 bytes expressed as 14 hexadecimal digits. This option over-rides any
-D or -M options previously specified on the command line.
-q Enable quiet mode which, for this application, has no effect.
-v Enable verbose mode which, for this application, prints the pass phrase after each key.
-?,--help
Print program help summary on stdout. This option takes precedence over other options on the
command line.
-!,--version
Print program version information on stdout. This option takes precedence over other options on
the command line. Use this option when sending screen dumps to Atheros Technical Support so that
they know exactly which version of the Linux Toolkit you are using.
ARGUMENTS
phrase A pass phrase to be converted to a DAK, NMK or NID. More than one pass phrase can be entered on
the command line. Each phrase will be converted to the same type of key and printed in the order
specified. Phrases that contain quotes or special delimiters should be enclosed in quotes or
apostrophes. By default, phrases can be any length and contain any ASCII chracter except ASCII
NUL. Use option -e to enforce HomePlug AV password character and length rules.
EXAMPLES
The following example prints the ordinary SHA256 key for the phrase, "HomePlugAV0123", entered on the
command line. An SHA key is 256 bits or 32 bytes expressed as 64 hexadecimal characters. SHA256 keys
are the default output when no key type is specified. SHA256 is a public domain standard, not a HomePlug
AV standard.
# hpavkey HomePlugAV0123
EA41A2383355FA7CA3B467DF0848A8EB9C41591BE53696C5F45DDAF621784F07
The following example prints the DAK for the phrase, "HomePlugAV0123", entered on the command line.
# hpavkey -D HomePlugAV0123
F084B4E8F6069FF1300C9BDB812367FF
The following command prints the NMK, instead of the DAK, for the phrase entered on the command line.
The ouput is different because the DAK and NMK are computed differently given the same pass phrase.
# hpavkey -M HomePlugAV0123
B59319D7E8157BA001B018669CCEE30D
The following command prints the NMK for each phrase entered on the command line. Notice that spaces are
legal and significant. Phrases containing spaces must be enclosed in quotes.
# hpavkey -M HomePlugAV0123 "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog."
B59319D7E8157BA001B018669CCEE30D
56F3C7F539D4F8F5EEC00E63F11A8DEC
The following command prints the NMK and pass phrase for each pass phrase entered on the command line
because the verbose option is specified.
# hpavkey -v -M HomePlugAV0123 "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog."
B59319D7E8157BA001B018669CCEE30D HomePlugAV0123
56F3C7F539D4F8F5EEC00E63F11A8DEC The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
hpavkey can be used to compute a key and pass it to another program as an argument. The modpib command
shown below will edit file example.pib by replacing the DAK. The -D option expects a hexadecimal key so
we can supply one from the phrase "HomePlugAV0123".
# modpid -D $(hpavkey -D HomePlugAV0123) example.pib
TIPS&TRICKS
The following example illustrates an unusual case where the passwords start with dash ("-"). The program
assumes that the dash is an option prefix which is incorrect in this case. An error occurs because
option -H is illegal.
# hpavkey -vM -HomePlugAV -HomePlugAV123
hpavkey: Operation canceled: Option 'H' has no meaning
one solution is to insert a double-dash ("--") on the command line to indicate that no further options
appear on the command line. We include option -v to display the passwords on output.
# hpavkey -vM -- -HomePlugAV -HomePlugAV123
80B74B14E92A739AD41ACDC377451D1B -HomePlugAV
1A46BDE6F75209292FDFC4CCE4D19B4E -HomePlugAV123
See the hpavkeys man page for yet another solution to this problem.
REFERENCES
See the HomePlug AV Specification for more information on encryption keys, pass phrases and hash
algorithms used. See standard FIPS180-2 sec 5.3.2 for more information on SHA256 encoding.
DISCLAIMER
Qualcomm Atheros reserves the right to modify program names, functionality, input format or output format
in future toolkit releases without any obligation to notify or compensate toolkit users.
SEE ALSO
hpavkeys(1), mac2pw(1), mac2pwd(1), rkey(1)
CREDITS
Charles Maier
open-plc-utils-0.0.3 Feb 2015 hpavkey(1)