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NAME
sched_setscheduler, sched_getscheduler - set and get scheduling policy/parameters
SYNOPSIS
#include <sched.h>
int sched_setscheduler(pid_t pid, int policy,
const struct sched_param *param);
int sched_getscheduler(pid_t pid);
struct sched_param {
...
int sched_priority;
...
};
DESCRIPTION
sched_setscheduler() sets both the scheduling policy and the associated parameters for the
thread whose ID is specified in pid. If pid equals zero, the scheduling policy and
parameters of the calling thread will be set. The interpretation of the argument param
depends on the selected policy. Currently, Linux supports the following "normal" (i.e.,
non-real-time) scheduling policies:
SCHED_OTHER the standard round-robin time-sharing policy;
SCHED_BATCH for "batch" style execution of processes; and
SCHED_IDLE for running very low priority background jobs.
The following "real-time" policies are also supported, for special time-critical
applications that need precise control over the way in which runnable threads are selected
for execution:
SCHED_FIFO a first-in, first-out policy; and
SCHED_RR a round-robin policy.
The semantics of each of these policies are detailed below.
sched_getscheduler() queries the scheduling policy currently applied to the thread
identified by pid. If pid equals zero, the policy of the calling thread will be
retrieved.
Scheduling policies
The scheduler is the kernel component that decides which runnable thread will be executed
by the CPU next. Each thread has an associated scheduling policy and a static scheduling
priority, sched_priority; these are the settings that are modified by
sched_setscheduler(). The scheduler makes it decisions based on knowledge of the
scheduling policy and static priority of all threads on the system.
For threads scheduled under one of the normal scheduling policies (SCHED_OTHER,
SCHED_IDLE, SCHED_BATCH), sched_priority is not used in scheduling decisions (it must be
specified as 0).
Processes scheduled under one of the real-time policies (SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR) have a
sched_priority value in the range 1 (low) to 99 (high). (As the numbers imply, real-time
threads always have higher priority than normal threads.) Note well: POSIX.1-2001
requires an implementation to support only a minimum 32 distinct priority levels for the
real-time policies, and some systems supply just this minimum. Portable programs should
use sched_get_priority_min(2) and sched_get_priority_max(2) to find the range of
priorities supported for a particular policy.
Conceptually, the scheduler maintains a list of runnable threads for each possible
sched_priority value. In order to determine which thread runs next, the scheduler looks
for the nonempty list with the highest static priority and selects the thread at the head
of this list.
A thread's scheduling policy determines where it will be inserted into the list of threads
with equal static priority and how it will move inside this list.
All scheduling is preemptive: if a thread with a higher static priority becomes ready to
run, the currently running thread will be preempted and returned to the wait list for its
static priority level. The scheduling policy determines the ordering only within the list
of runnable threads with equal static priority.
SCHED_FIFO: First in-first out scheduling
SCHED_FIFO can be used only with static priorities higher than 0, which means that when a
SCHED_FIFO threads becomes runnable, it will always immediately preempt any currently
running SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_BATCH, or SCHED_IDLE thread. SCHED_FIFO is a simple scheduling
algorithm without time slicing. For threads scheduled under the SCHED_FIFO policy, the
following rules apply:
* A SCHED_FIFO thread that has been preempted by another thread of higher priority will
stay at the head of the list for its priority and will resume execution as soon as all
threads of higher priority are blocked again.
* When a SCHED_FIFO thread becomes runnable, it will be inserted at the end of the list
for its priority.
* A call to sched_setscheduler() or sched_setparam(2) will put the SCHED_FIFO (or
SCHED_RR) thread identified by pid at the start of the list if it was runnable. As a
consequence, it may preempt the currently running thread if it has the same priority.
(POSIX.1-2001 specifies that the thread should go to the end of the list.)
* A thread calling sched_yield(2) will be put at the end of the list.
No other events will move a thread scheduled under the SCHED_FIFO policy in the wait list
of runnable threads with equal static priority.
A SCHED_FIFO thread runs until either it is blocked by an I/O request, it is preempted by
a higher priority thread, or it calls sched_yield(2).
SCHED_RR: Round-robin scheduling
SCHED_RR is a simple enhancement of SCHED_FIFO. Everything described above for SCHED_FIFO
also applies to SCHED_RR, except that each thread is allowed to run only for a maximum
time quantum. If a SCHED_RR thread has been running for a time period equal to or longer
than the time quantum, it will be put at the end of the list for its priority. A SCHED_RR
thread that has been preempted by a higher priority thread and subsequently resumes
execution as a running thread will complete the unexpired portion of its round-robin time
quantum. The length of the time quantum can be retrieved using sched_rr_get_interval(2).
SCHED_OTHER: Default Linux time-sharing scheduling
SCHED_OTHER can be used at only static priority 0. SCHED_OTHER is the standard Linux
time-sharing scheduler that is intended for all threads that do not require the special
real-time mechanisms. The thread to run is chosen from the static priority 0 list based
on a dynamic priority that is determined only inside this list. The dynamic priority is
based on the nice value (set by nice(2) or setpriority(2)) and increased for each time
quantum the thread is ready to run, but denied to run by the scheduler. This ensures fair
progress among all SCHED_OTHER threads.
SCHED_BATCH: Scheduling batch processes
(Since Linux 2.6.16.) SCHED_BATCH can be used only at static priority 0. This policy is
similar to SCHED_OTHER in that it schedules the thread according to its dynamic priority
(based on the nice value). The difference is that this policy will cause the scheduler to
always assume that the thread is CPU-intensive. Consequently, the scheduler will apply a
small scheduling penalty with respect to wakeup behaviour, so that this thread is mildly
disfavored in scheduling decisions.
This policy is useful for workloads that are noninteractive, but do not want to lower
their nice value, and for workloads that want a deterministic scheduling policy without
interactivity causing extra preemptions (between the workload's tasks).
SCHED_IDLE: Scheduling very low priority jobs
(Since Linux 2.6.23.) SCHED_IDLE can be used only at static priority 0; the process nice
value has no influence for this policy.
This policy is intended for running jobs at extremely low priority (lower even than a +19
nice value with the SCHED_OTHER or SCHED_BATCH policies).
Resetting scheduling policy for child processes
Since Linux 2.6.32, the SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK flag can be ORed in policy when calling
sched_setscheduler(). As a result of including this flag, children created by fork(2) do
not inherit privileged scheduling policies. This feature is intended for media-playback
applications, and can be used to prevent applications evading the RLIMIT_RTTIME resource
limit (see getrlimit(2)) by creating multiple child processes.
More precisely, if the SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK flag is specified, the following rules apply
for subsequently created children:
* If the calling thread has a scheduling policy of SCHED_FIFO or SCHED_RR, the policy is
reset to SCHED_OTHER in child processes.
* If the calling process has a negative nice value, the nice value is reset to zero in
child processes.
After the SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK flag has been enabled, it can be reset only if the thread
has the CAP_SYS_NICE capability. This flag is disabled in child processes created by
fork(2).
The SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK flag is visible in the policy value returned by
sched_getscheduler()
Privileges and resource limits
In Linux kernels before 2.6.12, only privileged (CAP_SYS_NICE) threads can set a nonzero
static priority (i.e., set a real-time scheduling policy). The only change that an
unprivileged thread can make is to set the SCHED_OTHER policy, and this can be done only
if the effective user ID of the caller of sched_setscheduler() matches the real or
effective user ID of the target thread (i.e., the thread specified by pid) whose policy is
being changed.
Since Linux 2.6.12, the RLIMIT_RTPRIO resource limit defines a ceiling on an unprivileged
thread's static priority for the SCHED_RR and SCHED_FIFO policies. The rules for changing
scheduling policy and priority are as follows:
* If an unprivileged thread has a nonzero RLIMIT_RTPRIO soft limit, then it can change
its scheduling policy and priority, subject to the restriction that the priority cannot
be set to a value higher than the maximum of its current priority and its RLIMIT_RTPRIO
soft limit.
* If the RLIMIT_RTPRIO soft limit is 0, then the only permitted changes are to lower the
priority, or to switch to a non-real-time policy.
* Subject to the same rules, another unprivileged thread can also make these changes, as
long as the effective user ID of the thread making the change matches the real or
effective user ID of the target thread.
* Special rules apply for the SCHED_IDLE. In Linux kernels before 2.6.39, an
unprivileged thread operating under this policy cannot change its policy, regardless of
the value of its RLIMIT_RTPRIO resource limit. In Linux kernels since 2.6.39, an
unprivileged thread can switch to either the SCHED_BATCH or the SCHED_NORMAL policy so
long as its nice value falls within the range permitted by its RLIMIT_NICE resource
limit (see getrlimit(2)).
Privileged (CAP_SYS_NICE) threads ignore the RLIMIT_RTPRIO limit; as with older kernels,
they can make arbitrary changes to scheduling policy and priority. See getrlimit(2) for
further information on RLIMIT_RTPRIO.
Response time
A blocked high priority thread waiting for the I/O has a certain response time before it
is scheduled again. The device driver writer can greatly reduce this response time by
using a "slow interrupt" interrupt handler.
Miscellaneous
Child processes inherit the scheduling policy and parameters across a fork(2). The
scheduling policy and parameters are preserved across execve(2).
Memory locking is usually needed for real-time processes to avoid paging delays; this can
be done with mlock(2) or mlockall(2).
Since a nonblocking infinite loop in a thread scheduled under SCHED_FIFO or SCHED_RR will
block all threads with lower priority forever, a software developer should always keep
available on the console a shell scheduled under a higher static priority than the tested
application. This will allow an emergency kill of tested real-time applications that do
not block or terminate as expected. See also the description of the RLIMIT_RTTIME
resource limit in getrlimit(2).
POSIX systems on which sched_setscheduler() and sched_getscheduler() are available define
_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING in <unistd.h>.
RETURN VALUE
On success, sched_setscheduler() returns zero. On success, sched_getscheduler() returns
the policy for the thread (a nonnegative integer). On error, -1 is returned, and errno is
set appropriately.
ERRORS
EINVAL The scheduling policy is not one of the recognized policies, param is NULL, or
param does not make sense for the policy.
EPERM The calling thread does not have appropriate privileges.
ESRCH The thread whose ID is pid could not be found.
CONFORMING TO
POSIX.1-2001 (but see BUGS below). The SCHED_BATCH and SCHED_IDLE policies are Linux-
specific.
NOTES
POSIX.1 does not detail the permissions that an unprivileged thread requires in order to
call sched_setscheduler(), and details vary across systems. For example, the Solaris 7
manual page says that the real or effective user ID of the caller must match the real user
ID or the save set-user-ID of the target.
The scheduling policy and parameters are in fact per-thread attributes on Linux. The
value returned from a call to gettid(2) can be passed in the argument pid. Specifying pid
as 0 will operate on the attribute for the calling thread, and passing the value returned
from a call to getpid(2) will operate on the attribute for the main thread of the thread
group. (If you are using the POSIX threads API, then use pthread_setschedparam(3),
pthread_getschedparam(3), and pthread_setschedprio(3), instead of the sched_*(2) system
calls.)
Originally, Standard Linux was intended as a general-purpose operating system being able
to handle background processes, interactive applications, and less demanding real-time
applications (applications that need to usually meet timing deadlines). Although the
Linux kernel 2.6 allowed for kernel preemption and the newly introduced O(1) scheduler
ensures that the time needed to schedule is fixed and deterministic irrespective of the
number of active tasks, true real-time computing was not possible up to kernel version
2.6.17.
Real-time features in the mainline Linux kernel
From kernel version 2.6.18 onward, however, Linux is gradually becoming equipped with
real-time capabilities, most of which are derived from the former realtime-preempt patches
developed by Ingo Molnar, Thomas Gleixner, Steven Rostedt, and others. Until the patches
have been completely merged into the mainline kernel (this is expected to be around kernel
version 2.6.30), they must be installed to achieve the best real-time performance. These
patches are named:
patch-kernelversion-rtpatchversion
and can be downloaded from ⟨http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/projects/rt/⟩.
Without the patches and prior to their full inclusion into the mainline kernel, the kernel
configuration offers only the three preemption classes CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE,
CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY, and CONFIG_PREEMPT_DESKTOP which respectively provide no, some,
and considerable reduction of the worst-case scheduling latency.
With the patches applied or after their full inclusion into the mainline kernel, the
additional configuration item CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT becomes available. If this is selected,
Linux is transformed into a regular real-time operating system. The FIFO and RR
scheduling policies that can be selected using sched_setscheduler() are then used to run a
thread with true real-time priority and a minimum worst-case scheduling latency.
BUGS
POSIX says that on success, sched_setscheduler() should return the previous scheduling
policy. Linux sched_setscheduler() does not conform to this requirement, since it always
returns 0 on success.
SEE ALSO
chrt(1), getpriority(2), mlock(2), mlockall(2), munlock(2), munlockall(2), nice(2),
sched_get_priority_max(2), sched_get_priority_min(2), sched_getaffinity(2),
sched_getparam(2), sched_rr_get_interval(2), sched_setaffinity(2), sched_setparam(2),
sched_yield(2), setpriority(2), capabilities(7), cpuset(7)
Programming for the real world - POSIX.4 by Bill O. Gallmeister, O'Reilly & Associates,
Inc., ISBN 1-56592-074-0.
The Linux kernel source file Documentation/scheduler/sched-rt-group.txt
COLOPHON
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