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NAME
Unicode - universal character set
DESCRIPTION
The international standard ISO 10646 defines the Universal Character Set (UCS). UCS contains all
characters of all other character set standards. It also guarantees round-trip compatibility, i.e.,
conversion tables can be built such that no information is lost when a string is converted from any other
encoding to UCS and back.
UCS contains the characters required to represent practically all known languages. This includes not
only the Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, Armenian, and Georgian scripts, but also Chinese,
Japanese and Korean Han ideographs as well as scripts such as Hiragana, Katakana, Hangul, Devanagari,
Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Thai, Lao, Khmer, Bopomofo,
Tibetan, Runic, Ethiopic, Canadian Syllabics, Cherokee, Mongolian, Ogham, Myanmar, Sinhala, Thaana, Yi,
and others. For scripts not yet covered, research on how to best encode them for computer usage is still
going on and they will be added eventually. This might eventually include not only Hieroglyphs and
various historic Indo-European languages, but even some selected artistic scripts such as Tengwar, Cirth,
and Klingon. UCS also covers a large number of graphical, typographical, mathematical and scientific
symbols, including those provided by TeX, Postscript, APL, MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Macintosh, OCR fonts, as
well as many word processing and publishing systems, and more are being added.
The UCS standard (ISO 10646) describes a 31-bit character set architecture consisting of 128 24-bit
groups, each divided into 256 16-bit planes made up of 256 8-bit rows with 256 column positions, one for
each character. Part 1 of the standard (ISO 10646-1) defines the first 65534 code positions (0x0000 to
0xfffd), which form the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), that is plane 0 in group 0. Part 2 of the
standard (ISO 10646-2) adds characters to group 0 outside the BMP in several supplementary planes in the
range 0x10000 to 0x10ffff. There are no plans to add characters beyond 0x10ffff to the standard,
therefore of the entire code space, only a small fraction of group 0 will ever be actually used in the
foreseeable future. The BMP contains all characters found in the commonly used other character sets.
The supplemental planes added by ISO 10646-2 cover only more exotic characters for special scientific,
dictionary printing, publishing industry, higher-level protocol and enthusiast needs.
The representation of each UCS character as a 2-byte word is referred to as the UCS-2 form (only for BMP
characters), whereas UCS-4 is the representation of each character by a 4-byte word. In addition, there
exist two encoding forms UTF-8 for backward compatibility with ASCII processing software and UTF-16 for
the backward-compatible handling of non-BMP characters up to 0x10ffff by UCS-2 software.
The UCS characters 0x0000 to 0x007f are identical to those of the classic US-ASCII character set and the
characters in the range 0x0000 to 0x00ff are identical to those in ISO 8859-1 Latin-1.
Combining characters
Some code points in UCS have been assigned to combining characters. These are similar to the nonspacing
accent keys on a typewriter. A combining character just adds an accent to the previous character. The
most important accented characters have codes of their own in UCS, however, the combining character
mechanism allows us to add accents and other diacritical marks to any character. The combining
characters always follow the character which they modify. For example, the German character Umlaut-A
("Latin capital letter A with diaeresis") can either be represented by the precomposed UCS code 0x00c4,
or alternatively as the combination of a normal "Latin capital letter A" followed by a "combining
diaeresis": 0x0041 0x0308.
Combining characters are essential for instance for encoding the Thai script or for mathematical
typesetting and users of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Implementation levels
As not all systems are expected to support advanced mechanisms like combining characters, ISO 10646-1
specifies the following three implementation levels of UCS:
Level 1 Combining characters and Hangul Jamo (a variant encoding of the Korean script, where a Hangul
syllable glyph is coded as a triplet or pair of vovel/consonant codes) are not supported.
Level 2 In addition to level 1, combining characters are now allowed for some languages where they are
essential (e.g., Thai, Lao, Hebrew, Arabic, Devanagari, Malayalam).
Level 3 All UCS characters are supported.
The Unicode 3.0 Standard published by the Unicode Consortium contains exactly the UCS Basic Multilingual
Plane at implementation level 3, as described in ISO 10646-1:2000. Unicode 3.1 added the supplemental
planes of ISO 10646-2. The Unicode standard and technical reports published by the Unicode Consortium
provide much additional information on the semantics and recommended usages of various characters. They
provide guidelines and algorithms for editing, sorting, comparing, normalizing, converting and displaying
Unicode strings.
Unicode under Linux
Under GNU/Linux, the C type wchar_t is a signed 32-bit integer type. Its values are always interpreted
by the C library as UCS code values (in all locales), a convention that is signaled by the GNU C library
to applications by defining the constant __STDC_ISO_10646__ as specified in the ISO C99 standard.
UCS/Unicode can be used just like ASCII in input/output streams, terminal communication, plaintext files,
filenames, and environment variables in the ASCII compatible UTF-8 multibyte encoding. To signal the use
of UTF-8 as the character encoding to all applications, a suitable locale has to be selected via
environment variables (e.g., "LANG=en_GB.UTF-8").
The nl_langinfo(CODESET) function returns the name of the selected encoding. Library functions such as
wctomb(3) and mbsrtowcs(3) can be used to transform the internal wchar_t characters and strings into the
system character encoding and back and wcwidth(3) tells, how many positions (0–2) the cursor is advanced
by the output of a character.
Under Linux, in general only the BMP at implementation level 1 should be used at the moment. Up to two
combining characters per base character for certain scripts (in particular Thai) are also supported by
some UTF-8 terminal emulators and ISO 10646 fonts (level 2), but in general precomposed characters should
be preferred where available (Unicode calls this Normalization Form C).
Private area
In the BMP, the range 0xe000 to 0xf8ff will never be assigned to any characters by the standard and is
reserved for private usage. For the Linux community, this private area has been subdivided further into
the range 0xe000 to 0xefff which can be used individually by any end-user and the Linux zone in the range
0xf000 to 0xf8ff where extensions are coordinated among all Linux users. The registry of the characters
assigned to the Linux zone is currently maintained by H. Peter Anvin <Peter.Anvin@linux.org>.
Literature
* Information technology — Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) — Part 1: Architecture and
Basic Multilingual Plane. International Standard ISO/IEC 10646-1, International Organization for
Standardization, Geneva, 2000.
This is the official specification of UCS. Available as a PDF file on CD-ROM from http://www.iso.ch/.
* The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0. The Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 2000, ISBN
0-201-61633-5.
* S. Harbison, G. Steele. C: A Reference Manual. Fourth edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1995,
ISBN 0-13-326224-3.
A good reference book about the C programming language. The fourth edition covers the 1994 Amendment 1
to the ISO C90 standard, which adds a large number of new C library functions for handling wide and
multibyte character encodings, but it does not yet cover ISO C99, which improved wide and multibyte
character support even further.
* Unicode Technical Reports.
http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/
* Markus Kuhn: UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for UNIX/Linux.
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html
Provides subscription information for the linux-utf8 mailing list, which is the best place to look for
advice on using Unicode under Linux.
* Bruno Haible: Unicode HOWTO.
ftp://ftp.ilog.fr/pub/Users/haible/utf8/Unicode-HOWTO.html
BUGS
When this man page was last revised, the GNU C Library support for UTF-8 locales was mature and XFree86
support was in an advanced state, but work on making applications (most notably editors) suitable for use
in UTF-8 locales was still fully in progress. Current general UCS support under Linux usually provides
for CJK double-width characters and sometimes even simple overstriking combining characters, but usually
does not include support for scripts with right-to-left writing direction or ligature substitution
requirements such as Hebrew, Arabic, or the Indic scripts. These scripts are currently supported only in
certain GUI applications (HTML viewers, word processors) with sophisticated text rendering engines.
SEE ALSO
setlocale(3), charsets(7), utf-8(7)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.54 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and
information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
GNU 2012-08-05 UNICODE(7)