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NAME
UTF-8 - an ASCII compatible multibyte Unicode encoding
DESCRIPTION
The Unicode 3.0 character set occupies a 16-bit code space. The most obvious Unicode encoding (known as
UCS-2) consists of a sequence of 16-bit words. Such strings can contain as parts of many 16-bit
characters bytes like '\0' or '/' which have a special meaning in filenames and other C library function
arguments. In addition, the majority of UNIX tools expects ASCII files and can't read 16-bit words as
characters without major modifications. For these reasons, UCS-2 is not a suitable external encoding of
Unicode in filenames, text files, environment variables, and so on. The ISO 10646 Universal Character
Set (UCS), a superset of Unicode, occupies even a 31-bit code space and the obvious UCS-4 encoding for it
(a sequence of 32-bit words) has the same problems.
The UTF-8 encoding of Unicode and UCS does not have these problems and is the common way in which Unicode
is used on UNIX-style operating systems.
Properties
The UTF-8 encoding has the following nice properties:
* UCS characters 0x00000000 to 0x0000007f (the classic US-ASCII characters) are encoded simply as bytes
0x00 to 0x7f (ASCII compatibility). This means that files and strings which contain only 7-bit ASCII
characters have the same encoding under both ASCII and UTF-8.
* All UCS characters greater than 0x7f are encoded as a multibyte sequence consisting only of bytes in
the range 0x80 to 0xfd, so no ASCII byte can appear as part of another character and there are no
problems with, for example, '\0' or '/'.
* The lexicographic sorting order of UCS-4 strings is preserved.
* All possible 2^31 UCS codes can be encoded using UTF-8.
* The bytes 0xc0, 0xc1, 0xfe and 0xff are never used in the UTF-8 encoding.
* The first byte of a multibyte sequence which represents a single non-ASCII UCS character is always in
the range 0xc2 to 0xfd and indicates how long this multibyte sequence is. All further bytes in a
multibyte sequence are in the range 0x80 to 0xbf. This allows easy resynchronization and makes the
encoding stateless and robust against missing bytes.
* UTF-8 encoded UCS characters may be up to six bytes long, however the Unicode standard specifies no
characters above 0x10ffff, so Unicode characters can be only up to four bytes long in UTF-8.
Encoding
The following byte sequences are used to represent a character. The sequence to be used depends on the
UCS code number of the character:
0x00000000 - 0x0000007F:
0xxxxxxx
0x00000080 - 0x000007FF:
110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
0x00000800 - 0x0000FFFF:
1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
0x00010000 - 0x001FFFFF:
11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
0x00200000 - 0x03FFFFFF:
111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
0x04000000 - 0x7FFFFFFF:
1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
The xxx bit positions are filled with the bits of the character code number in binary representation.
Only the shortest possible multibyte sequence which can represent the code number of the character can be
used.
The UCS code values 0xd800–0xdfff (UTF-16 surrogates) as well as 0xfffe and 0xffff (UCS noncharacters)
should not appear in conforming UTF-8 streams.
Example
The Unicode character 0xa9 = 1010 1001 (the copyright sign) is encoded in UTF-8 as
11000010 10101001 = 0xc2 0xa9
and character 0x2260 = 0010 0010 0110 0000 (the "not equal" symbol) is encoded as:
11100010 10001001 10100000 = 0xe2 0x89 0xa0
Application notes
Users have to select a UTF-8 locale, for example with
export LANG=en_GB.UTF-8
in order to activate the UTF-8 support in applications.
Application software that has to be aware of the used character encoding should always set the locale
with for example
setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "")
and programmers can then test the expression
strcmp(nl_langinfo(CODESET), "UTF-8") == 0
to determine whether a UTF-8 locale has been selected and whether therefore all plaintext standard input
and output, terminal communication, plaintext file content, filenames and environment variables are
encoded in UTF-8.
Programmers accustomed to single-byte encodings such as US-ASCII or ISO 8859 have to be aware that two
assumptions made so far are no longer valid in UTF-8 locales. Firstly, a single byte does not
necessarily correspond any more to a single character. Secondly, since modern terminal emulators in
UTF-8 mode also support Chinese, Japanese, and Korean double-width characters as well as nonspacing
combining characters, outputting a single character does not necessarily advance the cursor by one
position as it did in ASCII. Library functions such as mbsrtowcs(3) and wcswidth(3) should be used today
to count characters and cursor positions.
The official ESC sequence to switch from an ISO 2022 encoding scheme (as used for instance by VT100
terminals) to UTF-8 is ESC % G ("\x1b%G"). The corresponding return sequence from UTF-8 to ISO 2022 is
ESC % @ ("\x1b%@"). Other ISO 2022 sequences (such as for switching the G0 and G1 sets) are not
applicable in UTF-8 mode.
It can be hoped that in the foreseeable future, UTF-8 will replace ASCII and ISO 8859 at all levels as
the common character encoding on POSIX systems, leading to a significantly richer environment for
handling plain text.
Security
The Unicode and UCS standards require that producers of UTF-8 shall use the shortest form possible, for
example, producing a two-byte sequence with first byte 0xc0 is nonconforming. Unicode 3.1 has added the
requirement that conforming programs must not accept non-shortest forms in their input. This is for
security reasons: if user input is checked for possible security violations, a program might check only
for the ASCII version of "/../" or ";" or NUL and overlook that there are many non-ASCII ways to
represent these things in a non-shortest UTF-8 encoding.
Standards
ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000, Unicode 3.1, RFC 3629, Plan 9.
SEE ALSO
nl_langinfo(3), setlocale(3), charsets(7), unicode(7)
COLOPHON
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