Provided by: rsync_3.1.0-2ubuntu0.4_amd64 bug

NAME

       rsync - a fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool

SYNOPSIS

       Local:  rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [DEST]

       Access via remote shell:
         Pull: rsync [OPTION...] [USER@]HOST:SRC... [DEST]
         Push: rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [USER@]HOST:DEST

       Access via rsync daemon:
         Pull: rsync [OPTION...] [USER@]HOST::SRC... [DEST]
               rsync [OPTION...] rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC... [DEST]
         Push: rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [USER@]HOST::DEST
               rsync [OPTION...] SRC... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST

       Usages  with  just  one  SRC  arg  and  no  DEST arg will list the source files instead of
       copying.

DESCRIPTION

       Rsync is a fast and extraordinarily versatile file copying tool.   It  can  copy  locally,
       to/from another host over any remote shell, or to/from a remote rsync daemon.  It offers a
       large number of options that control every aspect of its behavior and permit very flexible
       specification  of  the  set  of  files  to be copied.  It is famous for its delta-transfer
       algorithm, which reduces the amount of data sent over the  network  by  sending  only  the
       differences  between the source files and the existing files in the destination.  Rsync is
       widely used for backups and mirroring and as an improved copy command for everyday use.

       Rsync finds files that need to be transferred using a "quick check" algorithm (by default)
       that  looks  for files that have changed in size or in last-modified time.  Any changes in
       the other preserved attributes (as requested by options) are made on the destination  file
       directly when the quick check indicates that the file’s data does not need to be updated.

       Some of the additional features of rsync are:

       o      support for copying links, devices, owners, groups, and permissions

       o      exclude and exclude-from options similar to GNU tar

       o      a CVS exclude mode for ignoring the same files that CVS would ignore

       o      can use any transparent remote shell, including ssh or rsh

       o      does not require super-user privileges

       o      pipelining of file transfers to minimize latency costs

       o      support for anonymous or authenticated rsync daemons (ideal for mirroring)

GENERAL

       Rsync  copies  files  either  to or from a remote host, or locally on the current host (it
       does not support copying files between two remote hosts).

       There are two different ways for rsync to contact a remote system:  using  a  remote-shell
       program  as  the transport (such as ssh or rsh) or contacting an rsync daemon directly via
       TCP.  The remote-shell transport is used whenever the source or destination path  contains
       a  single  colon  (:)  separator  after  a host specification.  Contacting an rsync daemon
       directly happens when the  source  or  destination  path  contains  a  double  colon  (::)
       separator  after  a host specification, OR when an rsync:// URL is specified (see also the
       "USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION" section for  an  exception  to
       this latter rule).

       As  a  special  case, if a single source arg is specified without a destination, the files
       are listed in an output format similar to "ls -l".

       As expected, if neither the source or destination path specify a  remote  host,  the  copy
       occurs locally (see also the --list-only option).

       Rsync refers to the local side as the "client" and the remote side as the "server".  Don’t
       confuse "server" with an rsync daemon -- a daemon is always a server, but a server can  be
       either a daemon or a remote-shell spawned process.

SETUP

       See the file README for installation instructions.

       Once  installed,  you  can use rsync to any machine that you can access via a remote shell
       (as well as some that you can access using the rsync daemon-mode  protocol).   For  remote
       transfers, a modern rsync uses ssh for its communications, but it may have been configured
       to use a different remote shell by default, such as rsh or remsh.

       You can also specify any remote shell you like,  either  by  using  the  -e  command  line
       option, or by setting the RSYNC_RSH environment variable.

       Note that rsync must be installed on both the source and destination machines.

USAGE

       You  use  rsync  in the same way you use rcp. You must specify a source and a destination,
       one of which may be remote.

       Perhaps the best way to explain the syntax is with some examples:

              rsync -t *.c foo:src/

       This would transfer all files matching the pattern *.c from the current directory  to  the
       directory  src  on the machine foo. If any of the files already exist on the remote system
       then the rsync remote-update protocol is used to update  the  file  by  sending  only  the
       differences. See the tech report for details.

              rsync -avz foo:src/bar /data/tmp

       This  would  recursively  transfer all files from the directory src/bar on the machine foo
       into the /data/tmp/bar directory on the  local  machine.  The  files  are  transferred  in
       "archive"  mode,  which  ensures  that  symbolic  links, devices, attributes, permissions,
       ownerships, etc. are preserved in the transfer.  Additionally, compression will be used to
       reduce the size of data portions of the transfer.

              rsync -avz foo:src/bar/ /data/tmp

       A  trailing  slash  on  the  source  changes this behavior to avoid creating an additional
       directory level at the destination.  You can think of a trailing / on a source as  meaning
       "copy  the  contents of this directory" as opposed to "copy the directory by name", but in
       both cases the attributes of the containing directory are transferred  to  the  containing
       directory  on  the destination.  In other words, each of the following commands copies the
       files in the same way, including their setting of the attributes of /dest/foo:

              rsync -av /src/foo /dest
              rsync -av /src/foo/ /dest/foo

       Note also that host and module references don’t require  a  trailing  slash  to  copy  the
       contents of the default directory.  For example, both of these copy the remote directory’s
       contents into "/dest":

              rsync -av host: /dest
              rsync -av host::module /dest

       You can also use rsync in local-only mode, where both the  source  and  destination  don’t
       have a ’:’ in the name. In this case it behaves like an improved copy command.

       Finally,  you can list all the (listable) modules available from a particular rsync daemon
       by leaving off the module name:

              rsync somehost.mydomain.com::

       See the following section for more details.

ADVANCED USAGE

       The syntax for requesting multiple  files  from  a  remote  host  is  done  by  specifying
       additional  remote-host args in the same style as the first, or with the hostname omitted.
       For instance, all these work:

              rsync -av host:file1 :file2 host:file{3,4} /dest/
              rsync -av host::modname/file{1,2} host::modname/file3 /dest/
              rsync -av host::modname/file1 ::modname/file{3,4}

       Older versions of rsync required using quoted spaces in the SRC, like these examples:

              rsync -av host:'dir1/file1 dir2/file2' /dest
              rsync host::'modname/dir1/file1 modname/dir2/file2' /dest

       This word-splitting still works (by default) in the latest rsync, but is not  as  easy  to
       use as the first method.

       If  you  need  to transfer a filename that contains whitespace, you can either specify the
       --protect-args (-s) option, or you’ll need to escape the whitespace  in  a  way  that  the
       remote shell will understand.  For instance:

              rsync -av host:'file\ name\ with\ spaces' /dest

CONNECTING TO AN RSYNC DAEMON

       It  is  also  possible to use rsync without a remote shell as the transport.  In this case
       you will directly connect to a remote rsync daemon, typically using TCP port  873.   (This
       obviously requires the daemon to be running on the remote system, so refer to the STARTING
       AN RSYNC DAEMON TO ACCEPT CONNECTIONS section below for information on that.)

       Using rsync in this way is the same as using it with a remote shell except that:

       o      you either use a double colon :: instead of a single colon to separate the hostname
              from the path, or you use an rsync:// URL.

       o      the first word of the "path" is actually a module name.

       o      the remote daemon may print a message of the day when you connect.

       o      if  you specify no path name on the remote daemon then the list of accessible paths
              on the daemon will be shown.

       o      if you specify no local destination then a listing of the specified  files  on  the
              remote daemon is provided.

       o      you must not specify the --rsh (-e) option.

       An example that copies all the files in a remote module named "src":

           rsync -av host::src /dest

       Some  modules  on  the remote daemon may require authentication. If so, you will receive a
       password prompt when you connect. You  can  avoid  the  password  prompt  by  setting  the
       environment  variable  RSYNC_PASSWORD  to  the  password  you  want  to  use  or using the
       --password-file option. This may be useful when scripting rsync.

       WARNING: On some systems environment variables are visible to all users. On those  systems
       using --password-file is recommended.

       You  may  establish  the  connection  via  a web proxy by setting the environment variable
       RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair pointing to  your  web  proxy.   Note  that  your  web
       proxy’s configuration must support proxy connections to port 873.

       You  may  also  establish  a  daemon  connection using a program as a proxy by setting the
       environment variable RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG to the commands you wish to run in place of making
       a  direct  socket  connection.   The  string  may contain the escape "%H" to represent the
       hostname specified in the rsync command (so use "%%" if you need  a  single  "%"  in  your
       string).  For example:

         export RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG='ssh proxyhost nc %H 873'
         rsync -av targethost1::module/src/ /dest/
         rsync -av rsync:://targethost2/module/src/ /dest/

       The command specified above uses ssh to run nc (netcat) on a proxyhost, which forwards all
       data to port 873 (the rsync daemon) on the targethost (%H).

USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION

       It is sometimes useful to use various features of an rsync daemon (such as named  modules)
       without  actually  allowing  any  new socket connections into a system (other than what is
       already required to allow remote-shell access).  Rsync supports connecting to a host using
       a  remote  shell  and  then spawning a single-use "daemon" server that expects to read its
       config file in the home dir of the remote user.  This can be useful if you want to encrypt
       a  daemon-style  transfer’s  data,  but since the daemon is started up fresh by the remote
       user, you may not be able to use features such as chroot or change the  uid  used  by  the
       daemon.   (For  another  way  to encrypt a daemon transfer, consider using ssh to tunnel a
       local port to a remote machine and configure a normal rsync daemon on that remote host  to
       only allow connections from "localhost".)

       From  the  user’s perspective, a daemon transfer via a remote-shell connection uses nearly
       the same command-line syntax as a normal rsync-daemon transfer, with  the  only  exception
       being  that  you must explicitly set the remote shell program on the command-line with the
       --rsh=COMMAND option.  (Setting the RSYNC_RSH in the environment will  not  turn  on  this
       functionality.)  For example:

           rsync -av --rsh=ssh host::module /dest

       If  you  need to specify a different remote-shell user, keep in mind that the user@ prefix
       in front of the host is specifying the  rsync-user  value  (for  a  module  that  requires
       user-based  authentication).   This  means  that you must give the ’-l user’ option to ssh
       when specifying the remote-shell, as in this example that uses the short  version  of  the
       --rsh option:

           rsync -av -e "ssh -l ssh-user" rsync-user@host::module /dest

       The  "ssh-user"  will be used at the ssh level; the "rsync-user" will be used to log-in to
       the "module".

STARTING AN RSYNC DAEMON TO ACCEPT CONNECTIONS

       In order to connect to an rsync daemon, the remote system needs to have a  daemon  already
       running  (or it needs to have configured something like inetd to spawn an rsync daemon for
       incoming connections on a particular port).  For full information on how to start a daemon
       that will handling incoming socket connections, see the rsyncd.conf(5) man page -- that is
       the config file for the daemon, and it contains the full details for how to run the daemon
       (including stand-alone and inetd configurations).

       If  you’re  using one of the remote-shell transports for the transfer, there is no need to
       manually start an rsync daemon.

SORTED TRANSFER ORDER

       Rsync always sorts the specified filenames into its internal transfer list.  This  handles
       the  merging  together  of the contents of identically named directories, makes it easy to
       remove duplicate filenames, and may confuse someone when the files are  transferred  in  a
       different order than what was given on the command-line.

       If  you  need  a  particular  file to be transferred prior to another, either separate the
       files into different rsync calls, or consider using --delay-updates (which doesn’t  affect
       the  sorted  transfer  order, but does make the final file-updating phase happen much more
       rapidly).

EXAMPLES

       Here are some examples of how I use rsync.

       To backup my wife’s home directory, which  consists  of  large  MS  Word  files  and  mail
       folders, I use a cron job that runs

              rsync -Cavz . arvidsjaur:backup

       each night over a PPP connection to a duplicate directory on my machine "arvidsjaur".

       To synchronize my samba source trees I use the following Makefile targets:

           get:
                   rsync -avuzb --exclude '*~' samba:samba/ .
           put:
                   rsync -Cavuzb . samba:samba/
           sync: get put

       this  allows me to sync with a CVS directory at the other end of the connection. I then do
       CVS operations on the remote machine, which saves a lot of time as the remote CVS protocol
       isn’t very efficient.

       I mirror a directory between my "old" and "new" ftp sites with the command:

       rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~ftp/pub/samba nimbus:"~ftp/pub/tridge"

       This is launched from cron every few hours.

OPTIONS SUMMARY

       Here  is  a  short summary of the options available in rsync. Please refer to the detailed
       description below for a complete description.

        -v, --verbose               increase verbosity
            --info=FLAGS            fine-grained informational verbosity
            --debug=FLAGS           fine-grained debug verbosity
            --msgs2stderr           special output handling for debugging
        -q, --quiet                 suppress non-error messages
            --no-motd               suppress daemon-mode MOTD (see caveat)
        -c, --checksum              skip based on checksum, not mod-time & size
        -a, --archive               archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X)
            --no-OPTION             turn off an implied OPTION (e.g. --no-D)
        -r, --recursive             recurse into directories
        -R, --relative              use relative path names
            --no-implied-dirs       don't send implied dirs with --relative
        -b, --backup                make backups (see --suffix & --backup-dir)
            --backup-dir=DIR        make backups into hierarchy based in DIR
            --suffix=SUFFIX         backup suffix (default ~ w/o --backup-dir)
        -u, --update                skip files that are newer on the receiver
            --inplace               update destination files in-place
            --append                append data onto shorter files
            --append-verify         --append w/old data in file checksum
        -d, --dirs                  transfer directories without recursing
        -l, --links                 copy symlinks as symlinks
        -L, --copy-links            transform symlink into referent file/dir
            --copy-unsafe-links     only "unsafe" symlinks are transformed
            --safe-links            ignore symlinks that point outside the tree
            --munge-links           munge symlinks to make them safer
        -k, --copy-dirlinks         transform symlink to dir into referent dir
        -K, --keep-dirlinks         treat symlinked dir on receiver as dir
        -H, --hard-links            preserve hard links
        -p, --perms                 preserve permissions
        -E, --executability         preserve executability
            --chmod=CHMOD           affect file and/or directory permissions
        -A, --acls                  preserve ACLs (implies -p)
        -X, --xattrs                preserve extended attributes
        -o, --owner                 preserve owner (super-user only)
        -g, --group                 preserve group
            --devices               preserve device files (super-user only)
            --specials              preserve special files
        -D                          same as --devices --specials
        -t, --times                 preserve modification times
        -O, --omit-dir-times        omit directories from --times
        -J, --omit-link-times       omit symlinks from --times
            --super                 receiver attempts super-user activities
            --fake-super            store/recover privileged attrs using xattrs
        -S, --sparse                handle sparse files efficiently
            --preallocate           allocate dest files before writing
        -n, --dry-run               perform a trial run with no changes made
        -W, --whole-file            copy files whole (w/o delta-xfer algorithm)
        -x, --one-file-system       don't cross filesystem boundaries
        -B, --block-size=SIZE       force a fixed checksum block-size
        -e, --rsh=COMMAND           specify the remote shell to use
            --rsync-path=PROGRAM    specify the rsync to run on remote machine
            --existing              skip creating new files on receiver
            --ignore-existing       skip updating files that exist on receiver
            --remove-source-files   sender removes synchronized files (non-dir)
            --del                   an alias for --delete-during
            --delete                delete extraneous files from dest dirs
            --delete-before         receiver deletes before xfer, not during
            --delete-during         receiver deletes during the transfer
            --delete-delay          find deletions during, delete after
            --delete-after          receiver deletes after transfer, not during
            --delete-excluded       also delete excluded files from dest dirs
            --ignore-missing-args   ignore missing source args without error
            --delete-missing-args   delete missing source args from destination
            --ignore-errors         delete even if there are I/O errors
            --force                 force deletion of dirs even if not empty
            --max-delete=NUM        don't delete more than NUM files
            --max-size=SIZE         don't transfer any file larger than SIZE
            --min-size=SIZE         don't transfer any file smaller than SIZE
            --partial               keep partially transferred files
            --partial-dir=DIR       put a partially transferred file into DIR
            --delay-updates         put all updated files into place at end
        -m, --prune-empty-dirs      prune empty directory chains from file-list
            --numeric-ids           don't map uid/gid values by user/group name
            --usermap=STRING        custom username mapping
            --groupmap=STRING       custom groupname mapping
            --chown=USER:GROUP      simple username/groupname mapping
            --timeout=SECONDS       set I/O timeout in seconds
            --contimeout=SECONDS    set daemon connection timeout in seconds
        -I, --ignore-times          don't skip files that match size and time
            --size-only             skip files that match in size
            --modify-window=NUM     compare mod-times with reduced accuracy
        -T, --temp-dir=DIR          create temporary files in directory DIR
        -y, --fuzzy                 find similar file for basis if no dest file
            --compare-dest=DIR      also compare received files relative to DIR
            --copy-dest=DIR         ... and include copies of unchanged files
            --link-dest=DIR         hardlink to files in DIR when unchanged
        -z, --compress              compress file data during the transfer
            --compress-level=NUM    explicitly set compression level
            --skip-compress=LIST    skip compressing files with suffix in LIST
        -C, --cvs-exclude           auto-ignore files in the same way CVS does
        -f, --filter=RULE           add a file-filtering RULE
        -F                          same as --filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'
                                    repeated: --filter='- .rsync-filter'
            --exclude=PATTERN       exclude files matching PATTERN
            --exclude-from=FILE     read exclude patterns from FILE
            --include=PATTERN       don't exclude files matching PATTERN
            --include-from=FILE     read include patterns from FILE
            --files-from=FILE       read list of source-file names from FILE
        -0, --from0                 all *from/filter files are delimited by 0s
        -s, --protect-args          no space-splitting; wildcard chars only
            --address=ADDRESS       bind address for outgoing socket to daemon
            --port=PORT             specify double-colon alternate port number
            --sockopts=OPTIONS      specify custom TCP options
            --blocking-io           use blocking I/O for the remote shell
            --outbuf=N|L|B          set out buffering to None, Line, or Block
            --stats                 give some file-transfer stats
        -8, --8-bit-output          leave high-bit chars unescaped in output
        -h, --human-readable        output numbers in a human-readable format
            --progress              show progress during transfer
        -P                          same as --partial --progress
        -i, --itemize-changes       output a change-summary for all updates
        -M, --remote-option=OPTION  send OPTION to the remote side only
            --out-format=FORMAT     output updates using the specified FORMAT
            --log-file=FILE         log what we're doing to the specified FILE
            --log-file-format=FMT   log updates using the specified FMT
            --password-file=FILE    read daemon-access password from FILE
            --list-only             list the files instead of copying them
            --bwlimit=RATE          limit socket I/O bandwidth
            --write-batch=FILE      write a batched update to FILE
            --only-write-batch=FILE like --write-batch but w/o updating dest
            --read-batch=FILE       read a batched update from FILE
            --protocol=NUM          force an older protocol version to be used
            --iconv=CONVERT_SPEC    request charset conversion of filenames
            --checksum-seed=NUM     set block/file checksum seed (advanced)
        -4, --ipv4                  prefer IPv4
        -6, --ipv6                  prefer IPv6
            --version               print version number
       (-h) --help                  show this help (see below for -h comment)

       Rsync can also be run as a daemon, in which case the following options are accepted:

            --daemon                run as an rsync daemon
            --address=ADDRESS       bind to the specified address
            --bwlimit=RATE          limit socket I/O bandwidth
            --config=FILE           specify alternate rsyncd.conf file
        -M, --dparam=OVERRIDE       override global daemon config parameter
            --no-detach             do not detach from the parent
            --port=PORT             listen on alternate port number
            --log-file=FILE         override the "log file" setting
            --log-file-format=FMT   override the "log format" setting
            --sockopts=OPTIONS      specify custom TCP options
        -v, --verbose               increase verbosity
        -4, --ipv4                  prefer IPv4
        -6, --ipv6                  prefer IPv6
        -h, --help                  show this help (if used after --daemon)

OPTIONS

       Rsync accepts both long (double-dash + word) and short  (single-dash  +  letter)  options.
       The full list of the available options are described below.  If an option can be specified
       in more than one way, the choices are comma-separated.  Some  options  only  have  a  long
       variant, not a short.  If the option takes a parameter, the parameter is only listed after
       the long variant, even though it must also be specified for the short.  When specifying  a
       parameter,  you can either use the form --option=param or replace the ’=’ with whitespace.
       The parameter may need to be  quoted  in  some  manner  for  it  to  survive  the  shell’s
       command-line  parsing.  Keep in mind that a leading tilde (~) in a filename is substituted
       by your shell, so --option=~/foo will not  change  the  tilde  into  your  home  directory
       (remove the ’=’ for that).

       --help Print  a  short  help page describing the options available in rsync and exit.  For
              backward-compatibility with older versions of rsync, the help will also  be  output
              if you use the -h option without any other args.

       --version
              print the rsync version number and exit.

       -v, --verbose
              This  option increases the amount of information you are given during the transfer.
              By default, rsync works silently. A single -v will give you information about  what
              files  are  being  transferred  and a brief summary at the end. Two -v options will
              give you information on what files are being skipped and slightly more  information
              at  the  end.  More  than  two  -v options should only be used if you are debugging
              rsync.

              In a modern rsync, the -v option is equivalent to the setting of groups  of  --info
              and  --debug options.  You can choose to use these newer options in addition to, or
              in place of using --verbose, as any  fine-grained  settings  override  the  implied
              settings  of -v.  Both --info and --debug have a way to ask for help that tells you
              exactly what flags are set for each increase in verbosity.

       --info=FLAGS
              This option lets you have fine-grained control over the information output you want
              to  see.  An individual flag name may be followed by a level number, with 0 meaning
              to silence that output, 1 being  the  default  output  level,  and  higher  numbers
              increasing  the  output  of  that flag (for those that support higher levels).  Use
              --info=help to see all the available flag names, what they output,  and  what  flag
              names are added for each increase in the verbose level.  Some examples:

                  rsync -a --info=progress2 src/ dest/
                  rsync -avv --info=stats2,misc1,flist0 src/ dest/

              Note   that   --info=name’s   output   is   affected   by   the   --out-format  and
              --itemize-changes (-i) options.  See those options for more information on what  is
              output and when.

              This  option  was added to 3.1.0, so an older rsync on the server side might reject
              your attempts at fine-grained control (if one or more flags needed to  be  send  to
              the server and the server was too old to understand them).

       --debug=FLAGS
              This  option  lets  you have fine-grained control over the debug output you want to
              see.  An individual flag name may be followed by a level number, with 0 meaning  to
              silence  that  output,  1  being  the  default  output  level,  and  higher numbers
              increasing the output of that flag (for those that  support  higher  levels).   Use
              --debug=help  to  see all the available flag names, what they output, and what flag
              names are added for each increase in the verbose level.  Some examples:

                  rsync -avvv --debug=none src/ dest/
                  rsync -avA --del --debug=del2,acl src/ dest/

              Note that some debug messages will only be output when --msgs2stderr is  specified,
              especially those pertaining to I/O and buffer debugging.

              This  option  was added to 3.1.0, so an older rsync on the server side might reject
              your attempts at fine-grained control (if one or more flags needed to  be  send  to
              the server and the server was too old to understand them).

       --msgs2stderr
              This  option changes rsync to send all its output directly to stderr rather than to
              send messages to the client side via the  protocol  (which  normally  outputs  info
              messages  via  stdout).   This  is  mainly intended for debugging in order to avoid
              changing the data sent via the protocol, since the extra protocol data  can  change
              what is being tested.  Keep in mind that a daemon connection does not have a stderr
              channel to send messages back  to  the  client  side,  so  if  you  are  doing  any
              daemon-transfer  debugging  using  this  option, you should start up a daemon using
              --no-detach so that you can see the stderr output on the daemon side.

              This option has the side-effect of making stderr output get line-buffered  so  that
              the merging of the output of 3 programs happens in a more readable manner.

       -q, --quiet
              This  option decreases the amount of information you are given during the transfer,
              notably suppressing information messages from the remote  server.  This  option  is
              useful when invoking rsync from cron.

       --no-motd
              This  option affects the information that is output by the client at the start of a
              daemon transfer.  This suppresses the message-of-the-day (MOTD) text, but  it  also
              affects the list of modules that the daemon sends in response to the "rsync host::"
              request (due to a limitation in the rsync protocol), so omit  this  option  if  you
              want to request the list of modules from the daemon.

       -I, --ignore-times
              Normally rsync will skip any files that are already the same size and have the same
              modification timestamp.  This option turns off this "quick check" behavior, causing
              all files to be updated.

       --size-only
              This  modifies  rsync’s  "quick  check" algorithm for finding files that need to be
              transferred, changing it from the default  of  transferring  files  with  either  a
              changed  size  or  a changed last-modified time to just looking for files that have
              changed in size.  This is useful when starting to use  rsync  after  using  another
              mirroring system which may not preserve timestamps exactly.

       --modify-window
              When  comparing  two timestamps, rsync treats the timestamps as being equal if they
              differ by no more than the modify-window value.  This is normally 0 (for  an  exact
              match),  but  you  may  find  it  useful  to  set  this  to  a larger value in some
              situations.  In particular,  when  transferring  to  or  from  an  MS  Windows  FAT
              filesystem  (which  represents times with a 2-second resolution), --modify-window=1
              is useful (allowing times to differ by up to 1 second).

       -c, --checksum
              This changes the way rsync checks if the files have been changed and are in need of
              a  transfer.   Without  this  option,  rsync uses a "quick check" that (by default)
              checks if each file’s size and time of last modification match between  the  sender
              and receiver.  This option changes this to compare a 128-bit checksum for each file
              that has a matching size.  Generating the checksums  means  that  both  sides  will
              expend  a  lot  of  disk I/O reading all the data in the files in the transfer (and
              this is prior to any reading that will be done to transfer changed files), so  this
              can slow things down significantly.

              The  sending  side  generates  its checksums while it is doing the file-system scan
              that builds the list of the available files.  The receiver generates its  checksums
              when it is scanning for changed files, and will checksum any file that has the same
              size as the corresponding sender’s file:  files with either a  changed  size  or  a
              changed checksum are selected for transfer.

              Note   that  rsync  always  verifies  that  each  transferred  file  was  correctly
              reconstructed on the receiving side by  checking  a  whole-file  checksum  that  is
              generated  as  the  file  is  transferred,  but  that  automatic after-the-transfer
              verification has nothing to do with this option’s  before-the-transfer  "Does  this
              file need to be updated?" check.

              For  protocol  30  and beyond (first supported in 3.0.0), the checksum used is MD5.
              For older protocols, the checksum used is MD4.

       -a, --archive
              This is equivalent to -rlptgoD. It is a quick way of saying you want recursion  and
              want  to  preserve  almost everything (with -H being a notable omission).  The only
              exception to the above equivalence is when --files-from is specified, in which case
              -r is not implied.

              Note  that -a does not preserve hardlinks, because finding multiply-linked files is
              expensive.  You must separately specify -H.

       --no-OPTION
              You may turn off one or more implied options by  prefixing  the  option  name  with
              "no-".  Not all options may be prefixed with a "no-": only options that are implied
              by other options (e.g. --no-D, --no-perms) or have different  defaults  in  various
              circumstances (e.g. --no-whole-file, --no-blocking-io, --no-dirs).  You may specify
              either the short or the long option name after the "no-" prefix (e.g. --no-R is the
              same as --no-relative).

              For example: if you want to use -a (--archive) but don’t want -o (--owner), instead
              of converting -a into -rlptgD, you could specify -a --no-o (or -a --no-owner).

              The order of the options is important:  if you specify --no-r  -a,  the  -r  option
              would  end  up  being  turned  on,  the  opposite of -a --no-r.  Note also that the
              side-effects of the --files-from option are  NOT  positional,  as  it  affects  the
              default  state  of  several options and slightly changes the meaning of -a (see the
              --files-from option for more details).

       -r, --recursive
              This tells rsync to copy directories recursively.  See also --dirs (-d).

              Beginning with rsync 3.0.0, the recursive algorithm used is now an incremental scan
              that  uses  much less memory than before and begins the transfer after the scanning
              of the first few directories have  been  completed.   This  incremental  scan  only
              affects  our recursion algorithm, and does not change a non-recursive transfer.  It
              is also only possible when both ends of the transfer are at least version 3.0.0.

              Some options require rsync to know the full file list, so these options disable the
              incremental   recursion  mode.   These  include:  --delete-before,  --delete-after,
              --prune-empty-dirs, and --delay-updates.  Because of this, the default delete  mode
              when  you  specify --delete is now --delete-during when both ends of the connection
              are at least 3.0.0 (use --del or --delete-during to request this improved  deletion
              mode  explicitly).  See also the --delete-delay option that is a better choice than
              using --delete-after.

              Incremental recursion can be disabled using the --no-inc-recursive  option  or  its
              shorter --no-i-r alias.

       -R, --relative
              Use  relative  paths.  This means that the full path names specified on the command
              line are sent to the server rather than just the last parts of the filenames.  This
              is  particularly  useful when you want to send several different directories at the
              same time. For example, if you used this command:

                 rsync -av /foo/bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/

              ... this would create a file named baz.c in /tmp/ on the remote machine. If instead
              you used

                 rsync -avR /foo/bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/

              then  a  file  named  /tmp/foo/bar/baz.c  would  be  created on the remote machine,
              preserving  its  full  path.   These  extra  path  elements  are  called   "implied
              directories" (i.e. the "foo" and the "foo/bar" directories in the above example).

              Beginning  with  rsync  3.0.0, rsync always sends these implied directories as real
              directories in the file list, even if a path element is really  a  symlink  on  the
              sending side.  This prevents some really unexpected behaviors when copying the full
              path of a file that you didn’t realize had a symlink in its path.  If you  want  to
              duplicate  a  server-side  symlink,  include  both  the  symlink  via its path, and
              referent directory via its real path.  If you’re dealing with an older rsync on the
              sending side, you may need to use the --no-implied-dirs option.

              It is also possible to limit the amount of path information that is sent as implied
              directories for each path you specify.  With a modern rsync  on  the  sending  side
              (beginning with 2.6.7), you can insert a dot and a slash into the source path, like
              this:

                 rsync -avR /foo/./bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/

              That would create /tmp/bar/baz.c on the remote machine.  (Note that the dot must be
              followed  by  a  slash,  so  "/foo/."  would  not be abbreviated.)  For older rsync
              versions, you would need to use a chdir to limit the  source  path.   For  example,
              when pushing files:

                 (cd /foo; rsync -avR bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/)

              (Note  that  the  parens  put  the  two commands into a sub-shell, so that the "cd"
              command doesn’t remain in effect for future commands.)   If  you’re  pulling  files
              from an older rsync, use this idiom (but only for a non-daemon transfer):

                 rsync -avR --rsync-path="cd /foo; rsync" \
                     remote:bar/baz.c /tmp/

       --no-implied-dirs
              This  option  affects  the  default  behavior of the --relative option.  When it is
              specified, the attributes of the implied directories from the source names are  not
              included  in  the transfer.  This means that the corresponding path elements on the
              destination system are left unchanged  if  they  exist,  and  any  missing  implied
              directories  are  created  with default attributes.  This even allows these implied
              path elements to have big differences, such as being a symlink to  a  directory  on
              the receiving side.

              For  instance,  if  a command-line arg or a files-from entry told rsync to transfer
              the file "path/foo/file", the directories "path" and "path/foo"  are  implied  when
              --relative is used.  If "path/foo" is a symlink to "bar" on the destination system,
              the receiving rsync would ordinarily delete "path/foo", recreate it as a directory,
              and receive the file into the new directory.  With --no-implied-dirs, the receiving
              rsync updates "path/foo/file" using the existing path elements,  which  means  that
              the  file ends up being created in "path/bar".  Another way to accomplish this link
              preservation is to use the --keep-dirlinks option (which will also affect  symlinks
              to directories in the rest of the transfer).

              When  pulling files from an rsync older than 3.0.0, you may need to use this option
              if the sending side has a symlink in the path you request and you wish the  implied
              directories to be transferred as normal directories.

       -b, --backup
              With  this  option,  preexisting  destination  files  are  renamed  as each file is
              transferred or deleted.  You can control where the backup file goes  and  what  (if
              any) suffix gets appended using the --backup-dir and --suffix options.

              Note  that  if you don’t specify --backup-dir, (1) the --omit-dir-times option will
              be implied, and (2) if --delete is  also  in  effect  (without  --delete-excluded),
              rsync will add a "protect" filter-rule for the backup suffix to the end of all your
              existing excludes (e.g. -f "P *~").  This will prevent previously  backed-up  files
              from  being deleted.  Note that if you are supplying your own filter rules, you may
              need to manually insert your own exclude/protect rule somewhere higher  up  in  the
              list  so  that  it  has a high enough priority to be effective (e.g., if your rules
              specify a trailing inclusion/exclusion of ’*’, the auto-added rule would  never  be
              reached).

       --backup-dir=DIR
              In  combination  with the --backup option, this tells rsync to store all backups in
              the specified directory on the receiving side.  This can be  used  for  incremental
              backups.   You  can  additionally specify a backup suffix using the --suffix option
              (otherwise the files backed up in the specified directory will keep their  original
              filenames).

              Note  that if you specify a relative path, the backup directory will be relative to
              the destination directory, so you probably want to specify either an absolute  path
              or  a  path that starts with "../".  If an rsync daemon is the receiver, the backup
              dir cannot go outside the module’s path hierarchy, so take extra care not to delete
              it or copy into it.

       --suffix=SUFFIX
              This option allows you to override the default backup suffix used with the --backup
              (-b) option. The default suffix is a ~ if no --backup-dir was specified,  otherwise
              it is an empty string.

       -u, --update
              This  forces  rsync  to  skip  any  files which exist on the destination and have a
              modified time that is newer than the source file.  (If an existing destination file
              has a modification time equal to the source file’s, it will be updated if the sizes
              are different.)

              Note that this does not affect the copying of  symlinks  or  other  special  files.
              Also,  a  difference  of  file  format  between  the  sender and receiver is always
              considered to be important enough for an update, no matter  what  date  is  on  the
              objects.  In other words, if the source has a directory where the destination has a
              file, the transfer would occur regardless of the timestamps.

              This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn’t affect the data  that
              goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn’t affect deletions.  It just limits the
              files that the receiver requests to be transferred.

       --inplace
              This option changes how rsync transfers a file when its data needs to  be  updated:
              instead of the default method of creating a new copy of the file and moving it into
              place when it is complete, rsync instead writes the updated data  directly  to  the
              destination file.

              This has several effects:

              o      Hard  links are not broken.  This means the new data will be visible through
                     other hard links to  the  destination  file.   Moreover,  attempts  to  copy
                     differing  source  files onto a multiply-linked destination file will result
                     in a "tug of war" with the destination data changing back and forth.

              o      In-use binaries cannot be updated (either the  OS  will  prevent  this  from
                     happening,  or binaries that attempt to swap-in their data will misbehave or
                     crash).

              o      The file’s data will be in an inconsistent state  during  the  transfer  and
                     will be left that way if the transfer is interrupted or if an update fails.

              o      A  file that rsync cannot write to cannot be updated. While a super user can
                     update any file, a normal user needs to be granted write permission for  the
                     open of the file for writing to be successful.

              o      The  efficiency  of  rsync’s delta-transfer algorithm may be reduced if some
                     data in the destination file is overwritten before it can  be  copied  to  a
                     position  later in the file.  This does not apply if you use --backup, since
                     rsync is smart enough to use the backup file  as  the  basis  file  for  the
                     transfer.

              WARNING:  you should not use this option to update files that are being accessed by
              others, so be careful when choosing to use this for a copy.

              This option is useful for transferring large  files  with  block-based  changes  or
              appended  data, and also on systems that are disk bound, not network bound.  It can
              also help keep a  copy-on-write  filesystem  snapshot  from  diverging  the  entire
              contents of a file that only has minor changes.

              The  option  implies  --partial  (since an interrupted transfer does not delete the
              file), but conflicts with --partial-dir and --delay-updates.  Prior to rsync  2.6.4
              --inplace was also incompatible with --compare-dest and --link-dest.

       --append
              This  causes  rsync  to  update  a file by appending data onto the end of the file,
              which presumes that the data that already exists on the receiving side is identical
              with  the start of the file on the sending side.  If a file needs to be transferred
              and its size on the receiver is the same or longer than the size on the sender, the
              file is skipped.  This does not interfere with the updating of a file’s non-content
              attributes (e.g. permissions, ownership, etc.) when the file does not  need  to  be
              transferred,  nor  does  it  affect the updating of any non-regular files.  Implies
              --inplace, but does not conflict with --sparse (since  it  is  always  extending  a
              file’s length).

       --append-verify
              This  works  just  like the --append option, but the existing data on the receiving
              side is included in the full-file checksum verification step, which  will  cause  a
              file  to  be  resent  if  the  final  verification step fails (rsync uses a normal,
              non-appending --inplace transfer for the resend).

              Note: prior to rsync 3.0.0, the --append option worked like --append-verify, so  if
              you  are interacting with an older rsync (or the transfer is using a protocol prior
              to 30), specifying either append option will initiate an --append-verify transfer.

       -d, --dirs
              Tell the sending side to include any  directories  that  are  encountered.   Unlike
              --recursive,  a  directory’s  contents  are  not  copied  unless the directory name
              specified is "." or ends with a trailing slash (e.g. ".", "dir/.",  "dir/",  etc.).
              Without  this  option or the --recursive option, rsync will skip all directories it
              encounters (and output a message to that effect for each one).  If you specify both
              --dirs and --recursive, --recursive takes precedence.

              The  --dirs  option is implied by the --files-from option or the --list-only option
              (including an implied --list-only usage) if --recursive wasn’t specified  (so  that
              directories are seen in the listing).  Specify --no-dirs (or --no-d) if you want to
              turn this off.

              There is also a backward-compatibility helper option, --old-dirs (or --old-d)  that
              tells  rsync to use a hack of "-r --exclude=’/*/*’" to get an older rsync to list a
              single directory without recursing.

       -l, --links
              When symlinks are encountered, recreate the symlink on the destination.

       -L, --copy-links
              When symlinks are encountered, the item  that  they  point  to  (the  referent)  is
              copied,  rather than the symlink.  In older versions of rsync, this option also had
              the side-effect of telling the receiving side to follow symlinks, such as  symlinks
              to  directories.   In  a  modern  rsync  such  as  this one, you’ll need to specify
              --keep-dirlinks (-K) to get this  extra  behavior.   The  only  exception  is  when
              sending  files to an rsync that is too old to understand -K -- in that case, the -L
              option will still have the side-effect of -K on that older receiving rsync.

       --copy-unsafe-links
              This tells rsync to copy the referent of symbolic  links  that  point  outside  the
              copied  tree.   Absolute  symlinks are also treated like ordinary files, and so are
              any symlinks in the source path itself when --relative is used.  This option has no
              additional effect if --copy-links was also specified.

       --safe-links
              This  tells rsync to ignore any symbolic links which point outside the copied tree.
              All absolute symlinks are also ignored.  Using  this  option  in  conjunction  with
              --relative may give unexpected results.

       --munge-links
              This  option  tells rsync to (1) modify all symlinks on the receiving side in a way
              that makes them unusable but recoverable (see below), or (2) to unmunge symlinks on
              the  sending  side  that  had been stored in a munged state.  This is useful if you
              don’t quite trust the source of the data to not try to  slip  in  a  symlink  to  a
              unexpected place.

              The  way  rsync  disables the use of symlinks is to prefix each one with the string
              "/rsyncd-munged/".  This prevents the  links  from  being  used  as  long  as  that
              directory does not exist.  When this option is enabled, rsync will refuse to run if
              that path is a directory or a symlink to a directory.

              The option only affects the client side of the transfer,  so  if  you  need  it  to
              affect the server, specify it via --remote-option.  (Note that in a local transfer,
              the client side is the sender.)

              This option has no affect on a daemon, since the daemon configures whether it wants
              munged  symlinks via its "munge symlinks" parameter.  See also the "munge-symlinks"
              perl script in the support directory of the source code.

       -k, --copy-dirlinks
              This option causes the sending side to treat a symlink to a directory as though  it
              were   a   real   directory.   This  is  useful  if  you  don’t  want  symlinks  to
              non-directories to be affected, as they would be using --copy-links.

              Without this option, if the sending side has replaced a directory with a symlink to
              a  directory, the receiving side will delete anything that is in the way of the new
              symlink, including a directory hierarchy (as long as  --force  or  --delete  is  in
              effect).

              See also --keep-dirlinks for an analogous option for the receiving side.

              --copy-dirlinks  applies to all symlinks to directories in the source.  If you want
              to follow only a few specified symlinks, a trick you can use is  to  pass  them  as
              additional  source  args  with a trailing slash, using --relative to make the paths
              match up right.  For example:

              rsync -r --relative src/./ src/./follow-me/ dest/

              This works because rsync calls lstat(2)  on  the  source  arg  as  given,  and  the
              trailing slash makes lstat(2) follow the symlink, giving rise to a directory in the
              file-list which overrides the symlink found during the scan of "src/./".

       -K, --keep-dirlinks
              This option causes the receiving side to treat a symlink to a directory  as  though
              it  were a real directory, but only if it matches a real directory from the sender.
              Without this option, the receiver’s symlink would be deleted and  replaced  with  a
              real directory.

              For  example,  suppose  you transfer a directory "foo" that contains a file "file",
              but  "foo"  is  a  symlink  to  directory   "bar"   on   the   receiver.    Without
              --keep-dirlinks,  the  receiver deletes symlink "foo", recreates it as a directory,
              and receives the file into the new directory.  With --keep-dirlinks,  the  receiver
              keeps the symlink and "file" ends up in "bar".

              One  note  of caution:  if you use --keep-dirlinks, you must trust all the symlinks
              in the copy!  If it is possible for an untrusted user to create their  own  symlink
              to  any  directory,  the user could then (on a subsequent copy) replace the symlink
              with a real directory and affect the content  of  whatever  directory  the  symlink
              references.   For  backup  copies,  you  are better off using something like a bind
              mount instead of a symlink to modify your receiving hierarchy.

              See also --copy-dirlinks for an analogous option for the sending side.

       -H, --hard-links
              This tells rsync to look for hard-linked files in the source and link together  the
              corresponding  files on the destination.  Without this option, hard-linked files in
              the source are treated as though they were separate files.

              This option does NOT necessarily ensure that the  pattern  of  hard  links  on  the
              destination exactly matches that on the source.  Cases in which the destination may
              end up with extra hard links include the following:

              o      If the destination contains extraneous hard-links (more linking than what is
                     present  in the source file list), the copying algorithm will not break them
                     explicitly.  However, if one or more of the paths have content  differences,
                     the  normal file-update process will break those extra links (unless you are
                     using the --inplace option).

              o      If you specify a --link-dest directory that contains hard links, the linking
                     of  the destination files against the --link-dest files can cause some paths
                     in the  destination  to  become  linked  together  due  to  the  --link-dest
                     associations.

              Note  that  rsync  can  only  detect  hard  links between files that are inside the
              transfer set.  If rsync updates a file that  has  extra  hard-link  connections  to
              files outside the transfer, that linkage will be broken.  If you are tempted to use
              the --inplace option to avoid this breakage, be very careful that you know how your
              files  are  being updated so that you are certain that no unintended changes happen
              due to lingering hard links (and see the --inplace option for more caveats).

              If incremental recursion is active (see --recursive), rsync may transfer a  missing
              hard-linked  file  before  it  finds  that  another  link  for that contents exists
              elsewhere in the hierarchy.  This does not affect  the  accuracy  of  the  transfer
              (i.e.  which files are hard-linked together), just its efficiency (i.e. copying the
              data for a new, early copy of a hard-linked file that could have been  found  later
              in  the  transfer  in  another member of the hard-linked set of files).  One way to
              avoid  this  inefficiency  is  to   disable   incremental   recursion   using   the
              --no-inc-recursive option.

       -p, --perms
              This option causes the receiving rsync to set the destination permissions to be the
              same as the source permissions.  (See also the --chmod option for a way  to  modify
              what rsync considers to be the source permissions.)

              When this option is off, permissions are set as follows:

              o      Existing  files (including updated files) retain their existing permissions,
                     though the --executability option might change just the  execute  permission
                     for the file.

              o      New  files  get  their  "normal"  permission  bits  set to the source file’s
                     permissions  masked  with  the  receiving  directory’s  default  permissions
                     (either  the receiving process’s umask, or the permissions specified via the
                     destination directory’s default ACL),  and  their  special  permission  bits
                     disabled except in the case where a new directory inherits a setgid bit from
                     its parent directory.

              Thus, when --perms and --executability are both disabled, rsync’s behavior  is  the
              same as that of other file-copy utilities, such as cp(1) and tar(1).

              In  summary:  to  give destination files (both old and new) the source permissions,
              use --perms.  To give new files the destination-default permissions (while  leaving
              existing  files  unchanged),  make  sure  that  the  --perms  option is off and use
              --chmod=ugo=rwX (which ensures that all non-masked bits  get  enabled).   If  you’d
              care to make this latter behavior easier to type, you could define a popt alias for
              it, such as putting this line in the file ~/.popt (the  following  defines  the  -Z
              option, and includes --no-g to use the default group of the destination dir):

                 rsync alias -Z --no-p --no-g --chmod=ugo=rwX

              You could then use this new option in a command such as this one:

                 rsync -avZ src/ dest/

              (Caveat:  make  sure  that  -a  does  not  follow  -Z, or it will re-enable the two
              "--no-*" options mentioned above.)

              The preservation of the destination’s setgid bit on newly-created directories  when
              --perms  is  off  was  added  in  rsync  2.6.7.   Older  rsync versions erroneously
              preserved the three special permission bits for newly-created  files  when  --perms
              was  off,  while overriding the destination’s setgid bit setting on a newly-created
              directory.  Default ACL observance was added to the ACL patch for rsync  2.6.7,  so
              older  (or  non-ACL-enabled) rsyncs use the umask even if default ACLs are present.
              (Keep in mind that it is the version of the  receiving  rsync  that  affects  these
              behaviors.)

       -E, --executability
              This  option  causes  rsync to preserve the executability (or non-executability) of
              regular files when --perms is not enabled.  A regular  file  is  considered  to  be
              executable  if  at least one ’x’ is turned on in its permissions.  When an existing
              destination file’s executability differs from  that  of  the  corresponding  source
              file, rsync modifies the destination file’s permissions as follows:

              o      To make a file non-executable, rsync turns off all its ’x’ permissions.

              o      To  make  a  file  executable, rsync turns on each ’x’ permission that has a
                     corresponding ’r’ permission enabled.

              If --perms is enabled, this option is ignored.

       -A, --acls
              This option causes rsync to update the destination ACLs  to  be  the  same  as  the
              source ACLs.  The option also implies --perms.

              The source and destination systems must have compatible ACL entries for this option
              to work properly.  See the --fake-super option for a way to backup and restore ACLs
              that are not compatible.

       -X, --xattrs
              This  option  causes  rsync to update the destination extended attributes to be the
              same as the source ones.

              For systems that support extended-attribute namespaces, a  copy  being  done  by  a
              super-user  copies  all  namespaces except system.*.  A normal user only copies the
              user.* namespace.  To be able to backup and restore non-user namespaces as a normal
              user, see the --fake-super option.

              Note that this option does not copy rsyncs special xattr values (e.g. those used by
              --fake-super) unless you repeat the option (e.g. -XX).  This "copy all xattrs" mode
              cannot be used with --fake-super.

       --chmod
              This  option  tells rsync to apply one or more comma-separated "chmod" modes to the
              permission of the files in the transfer.  The resulting value is treated as  though
              it  were  the  permissions that the sending side supplied for the file, which means
              that this option can seem to have no effect on existing files  if  --perms  is  not
              enabled.

              In  addition to the normal parsing rules specified in the chmod(1) manpage, you can
              specify an item that should only apply to a directory by prefixing it with  a  ’D’,
              or  specify  an  item  that should only apply to a file by prefixing it with a ’F’.
              For example, the following will ensure that all  directories  get  marked  set-gid,
              that  no  files are other-writable, that both are user-writable and group-writable,
              and that both have consistent executability across all bits:

              --chmod=Dg+s,ug+w,Fo-w,+X

              Using octal mode numbers is also allowed:

              --chmod=D2775,F664

              It is also legal to specify multiple --chmod options, as each additional option  is
              just appended to the list of changes to make.

              See  the --perms and --executability options for how the resulting permission value
              can be applied to the files in the transfer.

       -o, --owner
              This option causes rsync to set the owner of the destination file to be the same as
              the  source  file,  but  only if the receiving rsync is being run as the super-user
              (see also the --super and --fake-super options).  Without this option, the owner of
              new and/or transferred files are set to the invoking user on the receiving side.

              The  preservation  of  ownership  will associate matching names by default, but may
              fall back to using the ID number in some circumstances (see also the  --numeric-ids
              option for a full discussion).

       -g, --group
              This option causes rsync to set the group of the destination file to be the same as
              the source file.  If the receiving program is not running as the super-user (or  if
              --no-super was specified), only groups that the invoking user on the receiving side
              is a member of will be preserved.  Without this option, the group  is  set  to  the
              default group of the invoking user on the receiving side.

              The preservation of group information will associate matching names by default, but
              may fall back  to  using  the  ID  number  in  some  circumstances  (see  also  the
              --numeric-ids option for a full discussion).

       --devices
              This option causes rsync to transfer character and block device files to the remote
              system to recreate these devices.  This option has no effect if the receiving rsync
              is not run as the super-user (see also the --super and --fake-super options).

       --specials
              This option causes rsync to transfer special files such as named sockets and fifos.

       -D     The -D option is equivalent to --devices --specials.

       -t, --times
              This  tells  rsync  to  transfer modification times along with the files and update
              them on the remote system.  Note that if this option is not used, the  optimization
              that  excludes  files  that  have  not  been modified cannot be effective; in other
              words, a missing -t or -a will cause the next transfer to behave as if it used  -I,
              causing  all files to be updated (though rsync’s delta-transfer algorithm will make
              the update fairly efficient if the files  haven’t  actually  changed,  you’re  much
              better off using -t).

       -O, --omit-dir-times
              This  tells rsync to omit directories when it is preserving modification times (see
              --times).  If NFS is sharing the directories on the receiving side, it  is  a  good
              idea to use -O.  This option is inferred if you use --backup without --backup-dir.

       -J, --omit-link-times
              This  tells  rsync  to  omit symlinks when it is preserving modification times (see
              --times).

       --super
              This tells the  receiving  side  to  attempt  super-user  activities  even  if  the
              receiving rsync wasn’t run by the super-user.  These activities include: preserving
              users via the --owner option, preserving all groups (not just  the  current  user’s
              groups)  via  the  --groups  option,  and copying devices via the --devices option.
              This is useful for systems that allow such activities without being the super-user,
              and  also  for  ensuring that you will get errors if the receiving side isn’t being
              run as the super-user.  To turn off super-user activities, the super-user  can  use
              --no-super.

       --fake-super
              When   this   option   is   enabled,   rsync  simulates  super-user  activities  by
              saving/restoring the privileged attributes via special extended attributes that are
              attached to each file (as needed).  This includes the file’s owner and group (if it
              is not the default), the file’s device info (device & special files are created  as
              empty  text  files),  and  any permission bits that we won’t allow to be set on the
              real file (e.g.  the real file gets u-s,g-s,o-t for safety) or that would limit the
              owner’s  access  (since  the  real  super-user can always access/change a file, the
              files we create can always be accessed/changed by the creating user).  This  option
              also  handles  ACLs  (if --acls was specified) and non-user extended attributes (if
              --xattrs was specified).

              This is a good way to backup data without using a super-user,  and  to  store  ACLs
              from incompatible systems.

              The  --fake-super option only affects the side where the option is used.  To affect
              the remote side of a remote-shell connection, use the --remote-option (-M) option:

                rsync -av -M--fake-super /src/ host:/dest/

              For a local copy, this option affects both the source and the destination.  If  you
              wish  a  local  copy  to enable this option just for the destination files, specify
              -M--fake-super.  If you wish a local copy to enable this option just for the source
              files, combine --fake-super with -M--super.

              This option is overridden by both --super and --no-super.

              See also the "fake super" setting in the daemon’s rsyncd.conf file.

       -S, --sparse
              Try  to  handle  sparse  files  efficiently  so  they  take  up  less  space on the
              destination.  Conflicts with --inplace because it’s not possible to overwrite  data
              in a sparse fashion.

       --preallocate
              This  tells  the  receiver  to  allocate each destination file to its eventual size
              before writing data to the file.  Rsync will only  use  the  real  filesystem-level
              preallocation  support  provided  by  Linux’s  fallocate(2) system call or Cygwin’s
              posix_fallocate(3), not the slow glibc implementation that writes a zero byte  into
              each block.

              Without this option, larger files may not be entirely contiguous on the filesystem,
              but with this option rsync will probably copy more slowly.  If the  destination  is
              not  an  extent-supporting  filesystem (such as ext4, xfs, NTFS, etc.), this option
              may have no positive effect at all.

       -n, --dry-run
              This makes rsync perform a trial run that doesn’t make any  changes  (and  produces
              mostly  the  same  output  as a real run).  It is most commonly used in combination
              with the -v, --verbose and/or -i, --itemize-changes options to see  what  an  rsync
              command is going to do before one actually runs it.

              The output of --itemize-changes is supposed to be exactly the same on a dry run and
              a subsequent real run (barring intentional trickery and system call  failures);  if
              it isn’t, that’s a bug.  Other output should be mostly unchanged, but may differ in
              some areas.  Notably, a dry run does not send the actual data for  file  transfers,
              so  --progress  has  no effect, the "bytes sent", "bytes received", "literal data",
              and "matched data" statistics are too small, and the "speedup" value is  equivalent
              to a run where no file transfers were needed.

       -W, --whole-file
              With this option rsync’s delta-transfer algorithm is not used and the whole file is
              sent as-is instead.  The transfer may be faster if this option  is  used  when  the
              bandwidth  between the source and destination machines is higher than the bandwidth
              to disk (especially when the "disk" is actually a networked filesystem).   This  is
              the  default when both the source and destination are specified as local paths, but
              only if no batch-writing option is in effect.

       -x, --one-file-system
              This tells rsync to avoid crossing a filesystem boundary when recursing.  This does
              not  limit  the  user’s ability to specify items to copy from multiple filesystems,
              just rsync’s recursion through the  hierarchy  of  each  directory  that  the  user
              specified,  and also the analogous recursion on the receiving side during deletion.
              Also keep in mind that rsync treats a "bind" mount to the same device as  being  on
              the same filesystem.

              If  this option is repeated, rsync omits all mount-point directories from the copy.
              Otherwise, it includes an empty directory at each mount-point it encounters  (using
              the attributes of the mounted directory because those of the underlying mount-point
              directory are inaccessible).

              If  rsync   has   been   told   to   collapse   symlinks   (via   --copy-links   or
              --copy-unsafe-links),  a symlink to a directory on another device is treated like a
              mount-point.  Symlinks to non-directories are unaffected by this option.

       --existing, --ignore-non-existing
              This tells rsync to skip creating files (including directories) that do  not  exist
              yet  on  the  destination.   If  this option is combined with the --ignore-existing
              option, no files will be updated (which can be useful if all  you  want  to  do  is
              delete extraneous files).

              This  option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn’t affect the data that
              goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn’t affect deletions.  It just limits the
              files that the receiver requests to be transferred.

       --ignore-existing
              This tells rsync to skip updating files that already exist on the destination (this
              does not ignore existing  directories,  or  nothing  would  get  done).   See  also
              --existing.

              This  option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn’t affect the data that
              goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn’t affect deletions.  It just limits the
              files that the receiver requests to be transferred.

              This option can be useful for those doing backups using the --link-dest option when
              they need to continue a backup run that got interrupted.  Since a  --link-dest  run
              is copied into a new directory hierarchy (when it is used properly), using --ignore
              existing will ensure that the already-handled files don’t get tweaked (which avoids
              a change in permissions on the hard-linked files).  This does mean that this option
              is only looking at the existing files in the destination hierarchy itself.

       --remove-source-files
              This  tells  rsync  to  remove  from  the   sending   side   the   files   (meaning
              non-directories)  that  are  a  part  of  the  transfer  and have been successfully
              duplicated on the receiving side.

              Note that you should only use this option on source files that are  quiescent.   If
              you  are  using  this  to move files that show up in a particular directory over to
              another host, make sure that  the  finished  files  get  renamed  into  the  source
              directory,  not  directly  written into it, so that rsync can’t possibly transfer a
              file that is not yet fully written.  If you can’t first  write  the  files  into  a
              different  directory,  you  should  use  a  naming  idiom  that  lets  rsync  avoid
              transferring files that are not yet finished (e.g. name the file "foo.new" when  it
              is  written,  rename  it  to  "foo"  when  it  is  done,  and  then  use the option
              --exclude='*.new' for the rsync transfer).

              Starting with 3.1.0, rsync will skip the sender-side removal (and output an  error)
              if the file’s size or modify time has not stayed unchanged.

       --delete
              This  tells  rsync  to  delete  extraneous files from the receiving side (ones that
              aren’t on  the  sending  side),  but  only  for  the  directories  that  are  being
              synchronized.  You must have asked rsync to send the whole directory (e.g. "dir" or
              "dir/") without using a wildcard for the directory’s contents (e.g. "dir/*")  since
              the  wildcard  is  expanded  by the shell and rsync thus gets a request to transfer
              individual files, not the files’ parent directory.  Files that  are  excluded  from
              the   transfer   are   also   excluded  from  being  deleted  unless  you  use  the
              --delete-excluded option or mark the rules as only matching  on  the  sending  side
              (see the include/exclude modifiers in the FILTER RULES section).

              Prior  to  rsync  2.6.7,  this  option  would have no effect unless --recursive was
              enabled.  Beginning with 2.6.7, deletions will  also  occur  when  --dirs  (-d)  is
              enabled, but only for directories whose contents are being copied.

              This  option can be dangerous if used incorrectly!  It is a very good idea to first
              try a run using the --dry-run option (-n)  to  see  what  files  are  going  to  be
              deleted.

              If  the  sending side detects any I/O errors, then the deletion of any files at the
              destination will be automatically disabled. This is to prevent temporary filesystem
              failures  (such  as NFS errors) on the sending side from causing a massive deletion
              of files on the destination.   You  can  override  this  with  the  --ignore-errors
              option.

              The  --delete  option may be combined with one of the --delete-WHEN options without
              conflict, as well as --delete-excluded.  However,  if  none  of  the  --delete-WHEN
              options are specified, rsync will choose the --delete-during algorithm when talking
              to rsync 3.0.0 or newer, and the --delete-before algorithm when talking to an older
              rsync.  See also --delete-delay and --delete-after.

       --delete-before
              Request  that  the file-deletions on the receiving side be done before the transfer
              starts.  See --delete (which is implied) for more details on file-deletion.

              Deleting before the transfer is helpful if the filesystem is tight  for  space  and
              removing  extraneous  files  would help to make the transfer possible.  However, it
              does introduce a delay before the start of the transfer, and this delay might cause
              the  transfer to timeout (if --timeout was specified).  It also forces rsync to use
              the old, non-incremental recursion algorithm that requires rsync to  scan  all  the
              files in the transfer into memory at once (see --recursive).

       --delete-during, --del
              Request  that the file-deletions on the receiving side be done incrementally as the
              transfer happens.   The  per-directory  delete  scan  is  done  right  before  each
              directory   is   checked   for  updates,  so  it  behaves  like  a  more  efficient
              --delete-before, including doing the deletions prior to  any  per-directory  filter
              files  being  updated.   This  option  was first added in rsync version 2.6.4.  See
              --delete (which is implied) for more details on file-deletion.

       --delete-delay
              Request that the file-deletions on  the  receiving  side  be  computed  during  the
              transfer  (like  --delete-during),  and  then removed after the transfer completes.
              This is useful when combined with  --delay-updates  and/or  --fuzzy,  and  is  more
              efficient   than   using   --delete-after   (but   can  behave  differently,  since
              --delete-after computes the deletions in a separate  pass  after  all  updates  are
              done).   If  the  number of removed files overflows an internal buffer, a temporary
              file will be created on the receiving side to hold the names (it is  removed  while
              open,  so  you  shouldn’t  see  it  during  the  transfer).  If the creation of the
              temporary file fails, rsync will try to fall back to using --delete-after (which it
              cannot  do  if  --recursive  is doing an incremental scan).  See --delete (which is
              implied) for more details on file-deletion.

       --delete-after
              Request that the file-deletions on the receiving side be done  after  the  transfer
              has  completed.  This is useful if you are sending new per-directory merge files as
              a part of the transfer and you want their exclusions to take effect for the  delete
              phase   of   the   current  transfer.   It  also  forces  rsync  to  use  the  old,
              non-incremental recursion algorithm that requires rsync to scan all  the  files  in
              the  transfer  into  memory  at  once  (see  --recursive).   See --delete (which is
              implied) for more details on file-deletion.

       --delete-excluded
              In addition to deleting the files on the receiving side that are not on the sending
              side,  this  tells  rsync  to  also delete any files on the receiving side that are
              excluded (see --exclude).   See  the  FILTER  RULES  section  for  a  way  to  make
              individual  exclusions  behave  this  way on the receiver, and for a way to protect
              files from --delete-excluded.  See --delete (which is implied) for more details  on
              file-deletion.

       --ignore-missing-args
              When  rsync  is  first  processing  the  explicitly  requested  source  files (e.g.
              command-line arguments or --files-from entries), it is normally  an  error  if  the
              file  cannot  be  found.   This  option  suppresses that error, and does not try to
              transfer the file.  This does not affect subsequent vanished-file errors if a  file
              was initially found to be present and later is no longer there.

       --delete-missing-args
              This option takes the behavior of (the implied) --ignore-missing-args option a step
              farther:  each missing arg will become a  deletion  request  of  the  corresponding
              destination  file on the receiving side (should it exist).  If the destination file
              is a non-empty directory, it will  only  be  successfully  deleted  if  --force  or
              --delete  are  in effect.  Other than that, this option is independent of any other
              type of delete processing.

              The missing source files are represented by special file-list entries which display
              as a "*missing" entry in the --list-only output.

       --ignore-errors
              Tells --delete to go ahead and delete files even when there are I/O errors.

       --force
              This  option  tells rsync to delete a non-empty directory when it is to be replaced
              by a non-directory.  This is  only  relevant  if  deletions  are  not  active  (see
              --delete for details).

              Note  for  older  rsync  versions:  --force  used  to  still be required when using
              --delete-after, and it used to be non-functional unless the --recursive option  was
              also enabled.

       --max-delete=NUM
              This  tells  rsync not to delete more than NUM files or directories.  If that limit
              is exceeded, all further deletions are skipped through the end of the transfer.  At
              the  end,  rsync outputs a warning (including a count of the skipped deletions) and
              exits with an error code of 25 (unless some more  important  error  condition  also
              occurred).

              Beginning with version 3.0.0, you may specify --max-delete=0 to be warned about any
              extraneous files in the destination without removing any of  them.   Older  clients
              interpreted  this  as "unlimited", so if you don’t know what version the client is,
              you can use the less  obvious  --max-delete=-1  as  a  backward-compatible  way  to
              specify  that  no deletions be allowed (though really old versions didn’t warn when
              the limit was exceeded).

       --max-size=SIZE
              This tells rsync to avoid transferring any file that is larger than  the  specified
              SIZE.  The  SIZE value can be suffixed with a string to indicate a size multiplier,
              and may be a fractional value (e.g. "--max-size=1.5m").

              This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn’t affect the data  that
              goes into the file-lists, and thus it doesn’t affect deletions.  It just limits the
              files that the receiver requests to be transferred.

              The suffixes are as follows: "K" (or "KiB") is a kibibyte (1024), "M" (or "MiB") is
              a  mebibyte (1024*1024), and "G" (or "GiB") is a gibibyte (1024*1024*1024).  If you
              want the multiplier to be 1000 instead of 1024, use "KB", "MB",  or  "GB".   (Note:
              lower-case is also accepted for all values.)  Finally, if the suffix ends in either
              "+1" or "-1", the value will be offset by one byte in the indicated direction.

              Examples: --max-size=1.5mb-1 is 1499999 bytes, and  --max-size=2g+1  is  2147483649
              bytes.

              Note that rsync versions prior to 3.1.0 did not allow --max-size=0.

       --min-size=SIZE
              This  tells rsync to avoid transferring any file that is smaller than the specified
              SIZE, which can help in not transferring small, junk  files.   See  the  --max-size
              option for a description of SIZE and other information.

              Note that rsync versions prior to 3.1.0 did not allow --min-size=0.

       -B, --block-size=BLOCKSIZE
              This  forces  the  block  size  used in rsync’s delta-transfer algorithm to a fixed
              value.  It is normally selected based on the size of each file being updated.   See
              the technical report for details.

       -e, --rsh=COMMAND
              This  option  allows  you  to choose an alternative remote shell program to use for
              communication between the local and remote copies of  rsync.  Typically,  rsync  is
              configured to use ssh by default, but you may prefer to use rsh on a local network.

              If this option is used with [user@]host::module/path, then the remote shell COMMAND
              will be used to run an rsync daemon on the  remote  host,  and  all  data  will  be
              transmitted  through  that  remote  shell  connection, rather than through a direct
              socket connection to a running rsync daemon on the remote host.   See  the  section
              "USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION" above.

              Command-line  arguments are permitted in COMMAND provided that COMMAND is presented
              to rsync as a single argument.  You must use spaces (not tabs or other  whitespace)
              to  separate  the  command and args from each other, and you can use single- and/or
              double-quotes to preserve spaces in an argument (but not backslashes).   Note  that
              doubling  a  single-quote  inside  a single-quoted string gives you a single-quote;
              likewise for double-quotes (though you need to pay attention to which  quotes  your
              shell is parsing and which quotes rsync is parsing).  Some examples:

                  -e 'ssh -p 2234'
                  -e 'ssh -o "ProxyCommand nohup ssh firewall nc -w1 %h %p"'

              (Note  that  ssh  users  can alternately customize site-specific connect options in
              their .ssh/config file.)

              You can also choose the  remote  shell  program  using  the  RSYNC_RSH  environment
              variable, which accepts the same range of values as -e.

              See also the --blocking-io option which is affected by this option.

       --rsync-path=PROGRAM
              Use  this  to  specify  what program is to be run on the remote machine to start-up
              rsync.  Often used when rsync is not  in  the  default  remote-shell’s  path  (e.g.
              --rsync-path=/usr/local/bin/rsync).   Note  that  PROGRAM is run with the help of a
              shell, so it can be any program, script, or command sequence you’d care to run,  so
              long  as  it does not corrupt the standard-in & standard-out that rsync is using to
              communicate.

              One tricky example is to set a different default directory on  the  remote  machine
              for use with the --relative option.  For instance:

                  rsync -avR --rsync-path="cd /a/b && rsync" host:c/d /e/

       -M, --remote-option=OPTION
              This  option is used for more advanced situations where you want certain effects to
              be limited to one side of the transfer only.  For instance, if  you  want  to  pass
              --log-file=FILE and --fake-super to the remote system, specify it like this:

                  rsync -av -M --log-file=foo -M--fake-super src/ dest/

              If  you  want  to  have  an option affect only the local side of a transfer when it
              normally affects both sides, send its negation to the remote side.  Like this:

                  rsync -av -x -M--no-x src/ dest/

              Be cautious using this, as it is possible to toggle an option that will cause rsync
              to  have  a different idea about what data to expect next over the socket, and that
              will make it fail in a cryptic fashion.

              Note that it is best to use a separate --remote-option for each option you want  to
              pass.   This  makes your useage compatible with the --protect-args option.  If that
              option is off, any spaces in your remote options will be split by the remote  shell
              unless you take steps to protect them.

              When  performing  a local transfer, the "local" side is the sender and the "remote"
              side is the receiver.

              Note some versions of the popt option-parsing library  have  a  bug  in  them  that
              prevents  you from using an adjacent arg with an equal in it next to a short option
              letter (e.g. -M--log-file=/tmp/foo.  If this bug affects your version of popt,  you
              can use the version of popt that is included with rsync.

       -C, --cvs-exclude
              This  is  a  useful  shorthand  for excluding a broad range of files that you often
              don’t want to transfer between systems. It uses  a  similar  algorithm  to  CVS  to
              determine if a file should be ignored.

              The exclude list is initialized to exclude the following items (these initial items
              are marked as perishable -- see the FILTER RULES section):

                     RCS SCCS CVS CVS.adm RCSLOG cvslog.* tags TAGS .make.state  .nse_depinfo  *~
                     #*  .#*  ,* _$* *$ *.old *.bak *.BAK *.orig *.rej .del-* *.a *.olb *.o *.obj
                     *.so *.exe *.Z *.elc *.ln core .svn/ .git/ .hg/ .bzr/

              then, files listed in a $HOME/.cvsignore are added to the list and any files listed
              in  the  CVSIGNORE  environment  variable  (all  cvsignore  names  are delimited by
              whitespace).

              Finally, any file is ignored if it is in the same directory as  a  .cvsignore  file
              and  matches  one  of  the  patterns listed therein.  Unlike rsync’s filter/exclude
              files, these patterns are split on whitespace.  See  the  cvs(1)  manual  for  more
              information.

              If you’re combining -C with your own --filter rules, you should note that these CVS
              excludes are appended at the end of your own rules, regardless of where the -C  was
              placed  on  the  command-line.  This makes them a lower priority than any rules you
              specified explicitly.  If you want to control where these CVS excludes get inserted
              into  your  filter rules, you should omit the -C as a command-line option and use a
              combination of --filter=:C and --filter=-C  (either  on  your  command-line  or  by
              putting  the  ":C"  and  "-C" rules into a filter file with your other rules).  The
              first option turns on the per-directory scanning  for  the  .cvsignore  file.   The
              second option does a one-time import of the CVS excludes mentioned above.

       -f, --filter=RULE
              This  option  allows you to add rules to selectively exclude certain files from the
              list of files to be  transferred.  This  is  most  useful  in  combination  with  a
              recursive transfer.

              You  may  use  as many --filter options on the command line as you like to build up
              the list of files to exclude.  If the filter contains whitespace, be sure to  quote
              it  so that the shell gives the rule to rsync as a single argument.  The text below
              also mentions that you can use an underscore to replace the space that separates  a
              rule from its arg.

              See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this option.

       -F     The  -F  option  is a shorthand for adding two --filter rules to your command.  The
              first time it is used is a shorthand for this rule:

                 --filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'

              This tells rsync to look for  per-directory  .rsync-filter  files  that  have  been
              sprinkled  through  the  hierarchy  and  use their rules to filter the files in the
              transfer.  If -F is repeated, it is a shorthand for this rule:

                 --filter='exclude .rsync-filter'

              This filters out the .rsync-filter files themselves from the transfer.

              See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on how these options work.

       --exclude=PATTERN
              This option is a simplified form of the --filter option that defaults to an exclude
              rule and does not allow the full rule-parsing syntax of normal filter rules.

              See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this option.

       --exclude-from=FILE
              This  option  is  related  to  the  --exclude  option, but it specifies a FILE that
              contains exclude patterns (one per line).   Blank  lines  in  the  file  and  lines
              starting  with  ’;’  or  ’#’ are ignored.  If FILE is -, the list will be read from
              standard input.

       --include=PATTERN
              This option is a simplified form of the --filter option that defaults to an include
              rule and does not allow the full rule-parsing syntax of normal filter rules.

              See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this option.

       --include-from=FILE
              This  option  is  related  to  the  --include  option, but it specifies a FILE that
              contains include patterns (one per line).   Blank  lines  in  the  file  and  lines
              starting  with  ’;’  or  ’#’ are ignored.  If FILE is -, the list will be read from
              standard input.

       --files-from=FILE
              Using this option allows you to specify the exact list of  files  to  transfer  (as
              read  from the specified FILE or - for standard input).  It also tweaks the default
              behavior of rsync to make transferring just the  specified  files  and  directories
              easier:

              o      The  --relative (-R) option is implied, which preserves the path information
                     that is specified for each item in the file (use --no-relative or --no-R  if
                     you want to turn that off).

              o      The  --dirs  (-d) option is implied, which will create directories specified
                     in the list on the  destination  rather  than  noisily  skipping  them  (use
                     --no-dirs or --no-d if you want to turn that off).

              o      The  --archive  (-a)  option’s  behavior does not imply --recursive (-r), so
                     specify it explicitly, if you want it.

              o      These side-effects change the default state of rsync, so the position of the
                     --files-from  option on the command-line has no bearing on how other options
                     are parsed (e.g. -a works the same before or  after  --files-from,  as  does
                     --no-R and all other options).

              The filenames that are read from the FILE are all relative to the source dir -- any
              leading slashes are removed and no ".." references are allowed to  go  higher  than
              the source dir.  For example, take this command:

                 rsync -a --files-from=/tmp/foo /usr remote:/backup

              If /tmp/foo contains the string "bin" (or even "/bin"), the /usr/bin directory will
              be created as /backup/bin on the remote host.  If  it  contains  "bin/"  (note  the
              trailing  slash),  the  immediate  contents  of  the  directory  would also be sent
              (without needing to be explicitly mentioned in the file -- this  began  in  version
              2.6.4).   In  both cases, if the -r option was enabled, that dir’s entire hierarchy
              would also be transferred (keep in mind that -r needs to  be  specified  explicitly
              with  --files-from,  since  it is not implied by -a).  Also note that the effect of
              the (enabled by default) --relative option is to duplicate only the path info  that
              is  read from the file -- it does not force the duplication of the source-spec path
              (/usr in this case).

              In addition, the --files-from file can be read from the remote host instead of  the
              local  host  if you specify a "host:" in front of the file (the host must match one
              end of the transfer).  As a short-cut, you can specify just a prefix of ":" to mean
              "use the remote end of the transfer".  For example:

                 rsync -a --files-from=:/path/file-list src:/ /tmp/copy

              This  would  copy  all  the  files  specified  in the /path/file-list file that was
              located on the remote "src" host.

              If the --iconv and  --protect-args  options  are  specified  and  the  --files-from
              filenames are being sent from one host to another, the filenames will be translated
              from the sending host’s charset to the receiving host’s charset.

              NOTE: sorting the list of files in the --files-from input helps rsync  to  be  more
              efficient,  as  it will avoid re-visiting the path elements that are shared between
              adjacent entries.  If  the  input  is  not  sorted,  some  path  elements  (implied
              directories)  may  end  up  being scanned multiple times, and rsync will eventually
              unduplicate them after they get turned into file-list elements.

       -0, --from0
              This tells rsync that the rules/filenames it reads from a file are terminated by  a
              null  (’\0’)  character,  not  a  NL,  CR,  or CR+LF.  This affects --exclude-from,
              --include-from, --files-from, and any merged files specified in  a  --filter  rule.
              It  does  not affect --cvs-exclude (since all names read from a .cvsignore file are
              split on whitespace).

       -s, --protect-args
              This option sends all filenames and  most  options  to  the  remote  rsync  without
              allowing  the remote shell to interpret them.  This means that spaces are not split
              in names, and any non-wildcard special characters are not translated (such as ~, $,
              ;,  &,  etc.).   Wildcards are expanded on the remote host by rsync (instead of the
              shell doing it).

              If you use this option with --iconv, the args related to the remote side will  also
              be  translated from the local to the remote character-set.  The translation happens
              before wild-cards are expanded.  See also the --files-from option.

              You may also control this option via the RSYNC_PROTECT_ARGS  environment  variable.
              If  this  variable  has  a  non-zero value, this option will be enabled by default,
              otherwise it will be disabled by default.  Either state is overridden by a manually
              specified  positive  or  negative  version  of  this  option  (note that --no-s and
              --no-protect-args  are  the  negative  versions).   Since  this  option  was  first
              introduced  in  3.0.0,  you’ll  need to make sure it’s disabled if you ever need to
              interact with a remote rsync that is older than that.

              Rsync can also be configured (at build time) to have this option enabled by default
              (with  is  overridden  by  both the environment and the command-line).  This option
              will eventually become a new default setting at some as-yet-undetermined  point  in
              the future.

       -T, --temp-dir=DIR
              This  option  instructs  rsync  to  use  DIR  as  a scratch directory when creating
              temporary copies of the files transferred  on  the  receiving  side.   The  default
              behavior  is  to create each temporary file in the same directory as the associated
              destination file.

              This option is most often used when the receiving  disk  partition  does  not  have
              enough free space to hold a copy of the largest file in the transfer.  In this case
              (i.e. when the scratch directory is on a different disk partition), rsync will  not
              be  able  to  rename  each  received  temporary file over the top of the associated
              destination file, but instead must copy it into place.  Rsync does this by  copying
              the  file  over  the  top of the destination file, which means that the destination
              file will contain truncated data during this copy.  If this were not done this  way
              (even  if  the  destination  file  were first removed, the data locally copied to a
              temporary file in the destination directory, and then renamed into place) it  would
              be  possible  for  the old file to continue taking up disk space (if someone had it
              open), and thus there might not be enough room to fit the new version on  the  disk
              at the same time.

              If  you  are using this option for reasons other than a shortage of disk space, you
              may wish to combine it with the --delay-updates option, which will ensure that  all
              copied files get put into subdirectories in the destination hierarchy, awaiting the
              end of the transfer.  If you don’t have enough room to duplicate all  the  arriving
              files  on  the  destination  partition,  another  way to tell rsync that you aren’t
              overly concerned about disk space  is  to  use  the  --partial-dir  option  with  a
              relative  path;  because  this  tells  rsync that it is OK to stash off a copy of a
              single file  in  a  subdir  in  the  destination  hierarchy,  rsync  will  use  the
              partial-dir  as  a  staging  area to bring over the copied file, and then rename it
              into place from there. (Specifying a --partial-dir with an absolute path  does  not
              have this side-effect.)

       -y, --fuzzy
              This  option  tells  rsync that it should look for a basis file for any destination
              file that is missing.  The current algorithm looks in the  same  directory  as  the
              destination file for either a file that has an identical size and modified-time, or
              a similarly-named file.  If found, rsync uses the fuzzy basis file to try to  speed
              up the transfer.

              If  the  option  is  repeated,  the  fuzzy  scan  will also be done in any matching
              alternate  destination  directories  that   are   specified   via   --compare-dest,
              --copy-dest, or --link-dest.

              Note that the use of the --delete option might get rid of any potential fuzzy-match
              files, so either use --delete-after or specify some filename exclusions if you need
              to prevent this.

       --compare-dest=DIR
              This  option instructs rsync to use DIR on the destination machine as an additional
              hierarchy to compare destination files against doing transfers (if  the  files  are
              missing in the destination directory).  If a file is found in DIR that is identical
              to the sender’s  file,  the  file  will  NOT  be  transferred  to  the  destination
              directory.   This  is  useful  for creating a sparse backup of just files that have
              changed from an earlier backup.  This option is typically  used  to  copy  into  an
              empty (or newly created) directory.

              Beginning  in  version  2.6.4, multiple --compare-dest directories may be provided,
              which will cause rsync to search the list in  the  order  specified  for  an  exact
              match.   If  a match is found that differs only in attributes, a local copy is made
              and the attributes updated.  If a match is not found, a basis file from one of  the
              DIRs will be selected to try to speed up the transfer.

              If  DIR  is a relative path, it is relative to the destination directory.  See also
              --copy-dest and --link-dest.

              NOTE: beginning with version 3.1.0, rsync will  remove  a  file  from  a  non-empty
              destination  hierarchy  if  an  exact  match  is  found  in one of the compare-dest
              hierarchies (making the end result more closely match a fresh copy).

       --copy-dest=DIR
              This option behaves like --compare-dest, but rsync will also copy  unchanged  files
              found  in  DIR to the destination directory using a local copy.  This is useful for
              doing transfers to a new destination while leaving existing files intact, and  then
              doing a flash-cutover when all files have been successfully transferred.

              Multiple  --copy-dest directories may be provided, which will cause rsync to search
              the list in the order specified for an unchanged file.  If a match is not found,  a
              basis file from one of the DIRs will be selected to try to speed up the transfer.

              If  DIR  is a relative path, it is relative to the destination directory.  See also
              --compare-dest and --link-dest.

       --link-dest=DIR
              This option behaves like --copy-dest, but unchanged files are hard linked from  DIR
              to  the  destination  directory.   The  files  must  be  identical in all preserved
              attributes (e.g. permissions, possibly ownership) in order  for  the  files  to  be
              linked together.  An example:

                rsync -av --link-dest=$PWD/prior_dir host:src_dir/ new_dir/

              If  file’s  aren’t  linking,  double-check  their  attributes.   Also check if some
              attributes are getting forced outside of rsync’s control, such a mount option  that
              squishes  root to a single user, or mounts a removable drive with generic ownership
              (such as OS X’s "Ignore ownership on this volume" option).

              Beginning in version 2.6.4, multiple --link-dest directories may be provided, which
              will  cause rsync to search the list in the order specified for an exact match.  If
              a match is found that differs only in attributes, a local  copy  is  made  and  the
              attributes  updated.   If  a  match is not found, a basis file from one of the DIRs
              will be selected to try to speed up the transfer.

              This option works best  when  copying  into  an  empty  destination  hierarchy,  as
              existing  files  may  get  their  attributes tweaked, and that can affect alternate
              destination files via hard-links.   Also,  itemizing  of  changes  can  get  a  bit
              muddled.   Note  that  prior  to  version 3.1.0, an alternate-directory exact match
              would never be found (nor linked into the  destination)  when  a  destination  file
              already exists.

              Note  that  if you combine this option with --ignore-times, rsync will not link any
              files together because it only links identical files together as a  substitute  for
              transferring the file, never as an additional check after the file is updated.

              If  DIR  is a relative path, it is relative to the destination directory.  See also
              --compare-dest and --copy-dest.

              Note that rsync versions prior to 2.6.1 had a bug that  could  prevent  --link-dest
              from  working  properly  for  a non-super-user when -o was specified (or implied by
              -a).  You can work-around this bug by avoiding the -o option when sending to an old
              rsync.

       -z, --compress
              With  this  option, rsync compresses the file data as it is sent to the destination
              machine, which reduces the amount of data being transmitted --  something  that  is
              useful over a slow connection.

              Note  that  this  option  typically  achieves better compression ratios than can be
              achieved by using a compressing remote shell or a compressing transport because  it
              takes  advantage  of  the implicit information in the matching data blocks that are
              not explicitly sent over the connection.

              See the --skip-compress option for the default list of file suffixes that will  not
              be compressed.

       --compress-level=NUM
              Explicitly  set the compression level to use (see --compress) instead of letting it
              default.  If NUM is non-zero, the --compress option is implied.

       --skip-compress=LIST
              Override the list of file suffixes that will not be compressed.  The LIST should be
              one or more file suffixes (without the dot) separated by slashes (/).

              You may specify an empty string to indicate that no file should be skipped.

              Simple  character-class  matching  is  supported:  each  must  consist of a list of
              letters inside the square brackets (e.g. no special classes, such  as  "[:alpha:]",
              are supported, and ’-’ has no special meaning).

              The characters asterisk (*) and question-mark (?) have no special meaning.

              Here’s an example that specifies 6 suffixes to skip (since 1 of the 5 rules matches
              2 suffixes):

                  --skip-compress=gz/jpg/mp[34]/7z/bz2

              The default list of suffixes that will not be compressed is this (in  this  version
              of rsync):

              7z ace avi bz2 deb gpg gz iso jpeg jpg lz lzma lzo mov mp3 mp4 ogg png rar rpm rzip
              tbz tgz tlz txz xz z zip

              This list will be replaced by your --skip-compress list in all but one situation: a
              copy  from  a  daemon  rsync  will  add  your  skipped  suffixes  to  its  list  of
              non-compressing files (and its list may be configured to a different default).

       --numeric-ids
              With this option rsync will transfer numeric group and user IDs rather  than  using
              user and group names and mapping them at both ends.

              By default rsync will use the username and groupname to determine what ownership to
              give files. The special uid 0  and  the  special  group  0  are  never  mapped  via
              user/group names even if the --numeric-ids option is not specified.

              If  a  user  or  group  has  no name on the source system or it has no match on the
              destination system, then the numeric ID from the source  system  is  used  instead.
              See  also  the  comments on the "use chroot" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage for
              information on how the chroot setting affects rsync’s ability to look up the  names
              of the users and groups and what you can do about it.

       --usermap=STRING, --groupmap=STRING
              These  options allow you to specify users and groups that should be mapped to other
              values by the receiving side.  The STRING is one or more FROM:TO  pairs  of  values
              separated by commas.  Any matching FROM value from the sender is replaced with a TO
              value from the receiver.  You may specify usernames or user IDs for the FROM and TO
              values,  and  the  FROM value may also be a wild-card string, which will be matched
              against the sender’s names (wild-cards do NOT match against ID numbers, though  see
              below  for  why  a  ’*’ matches everything).  You may instead specify a range of ID
              numbers via an inclusive range: LOW-HIGH.  For example:

                --usermap=0-99:nobody,wayne:admin,*:normal --groupmap=usr:1,1:usr

              The first match in the list is the one that is used.  You should specify  all  your
              user mappings using a single --usermap option, and/or all your group mappings using
              a single --groupmap option.

              Note that the sender’s name for the 0 user and group are  not  transmitted  to  the
              receiver,  so  you  should either match these values using a 0, or use the names in
              effect on the receiving side (typically "root").  All other FROM names match  those
              in use on the sending side.  All TO names match those in use on the receiving side.

              Any  IDs that do not have a name on the sending side are treated as having an empty
              name for the purpose of matching.  This allows them to be  matched  via  a  "*"  or
              using an empty name.  For instance:

                --usermap=:nobody --groupmap=*:nobody

              When  the  --numeric-ids option is used, the sender does not send any names, so all
              the IDs are treated as having an empty name.  This means  that  you  will  need  to
              specify  numeric  FROM  values  if  you want to map these nameless IDs to different
              values.

              For the --usermap option to have any effect, the -o (--owner) option must  be  used
              (or  implied),  and  the receiver will need to be running as a super-user (see also
              the --fake-super option).  For the --groupmap option to have  any  effect,  the  -g
              (--groups)  option  must  be  used (or implied), and the receiver will need to have
              permissions to set that group.

       --chown=USER:GROUP
              This option forces all files to be owned by USER  with  group  GROUP.   This  is  a
              simpler  interface  than  using  --usermap  and  --groupmap  directly,  but  it  is
              implemented using those options internally, so you cannot mix them.  If either  the
              USER or GROUP is empty, no mapping for the omitted user/group will occur.  If GROUP
              is empty, the trailing colon may be omitted, but if USER is empty, a leading  colon
              must be supplied.

              If   you   specify  "--chown=foo:bar,  this  is  exactly  the  same  as  specifying
              "--usermap=*:foo --groupmap=*:bar", only easier.

       --timeout=TIMEOUT
              This option allows you to set a maximum I/O timeout  in  seconds.  If  no  data  is
              transferred  for  the  specified time then rsync will exit. The default is 0, which
              means no timeout.

       --contimeout
              This option allows you to set the amount of time  that  rsync  will  wait  for  its
              connection  to  an rsync daemon to succeed.  If the timeout is reached, rsync exits
              with an error.

       --address
              By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address  when  connecting  to  an  rsync
              daemon.   The  --address  option  allows  you  to specify a specific IP address (or
              hostname) to bind to.  See also this option in the --daemon mode section.

       --port=PORT
              This specifies an alternate TCP port number to use rather than the default of  873.
              This  is  only needed if you are using the double-colon (::) syntax to connect with
              an rsync daemon (since the URL syntax has a way to specify the port as  a  part  of
              the URL).  See also this option in the --daemon mode section.

       --sockopts
              This  option  can  provide endless fun for people who like to tune their systems to
              the utmost degree. You can set all sorts of socket options which may make transfers
              faster (or slower!). Read the man page for the setsockopt() system call for details
              on some of the options you may be able to set. By default no special socket options
              are  set.  This  only  affects  direct socket connections to a remote rsync daemon.
              This option also exists in the --daemon mode section.

       --blocking-io
              This tells rsync to use blocking I/O when launching a remote shell  transport.   If
              the  remote  shell  is  either  rsh or remsh, rsync defaults to using blocking I/O,
              otherwise  it  defaults  to  using  non-blocking  I/O.   (Note  that  ssh   prefers
              non-blocking I/O.)

       --outbuf=MODE
              This  sets the output buffering mode.  The mode can be None (aka Unbuffered), Line,
              or Block (aka Full).  You may specify as little as a single letter  for  the  mode,
              and use upper or lower case.

              The  main  use  of  this  option is to change Full buffering to Line buffering when
              rsync’s output is going to a file or pipe.

       -i, --itemize-changes
              Requests a simple itemized list of the changes that are being made  to  each  file,
              including   attribute   changes.    This   is   exactly   the  same  as  specifying
              --out-format='%i %n%L'.  If you repeat the option, unchanged  files  will  also  be
              output,  but only if the receiving rsync is at least version 2.6.7 (you can use -vv
              with older versions of rsync, but that also turns on the output  of  other  verbose
              messages).

              The  "%i"  escape has a cryptic output that is 11 letters long.  The general format
              is like the string YXcstpoguax, where Y is replaced by the  type  of  update  being
              done,  X  is  replaced by the file-type, and the other letters represent attributes
              that may be output if they are being modified.

              The update types that replace the Y are as follows:

              o      A < means that a file is being transferred to the remote host (sent).

              o      A > means that a file is being transferred to the local host (received).

              o      A c means that a local change/creation is occurring for the  item  (such  as
                     the creation of a directory or the changing of a symlink, etc.).

              o      A  h  means  that  the  item  is  a  hard  link  to  another  item (requires
                     --hard-links).

              o      A . means that  the  item  is  not  being  updated  (though  it  might  have
                     attributes that are being modified).

              o      A * means that the rest of the itemized-output area contains a message (e.g.
                     "deleting").

              The file-types that replace the X are: f for a file, a d for a directory, an L  for
              a  symlink,  a  D  for a device, and a S for a special file (e.g. named sockets and
              fifos).

              The other letters in the string above are the actual letters that will be output if
              the  associated  attribute  for  the  item is being updated or a "." for no change.
              Three exceptions to this are: (1) a newly created item replaces each letter with  a
              "+",  (2)  an  identical  item  replaces  the  dots with spaces, and (3) an unknown
              attribute replaces each letter with a "?" (this can happen when talking to an older
              rsync).

              The attribute that is associated with each letter is as follows:

              o      A  c  means  either  that  a regular file has a different checksum (requires
                     --checksum) or that a symlink, device, or special file has a changed  value.
                     Note  that  if you are sending files to an rsync prior to 3.0.1, this change
                     flag will be present only for checksum-differing regular files.

              o      A s means the size of a regular file is different and will be updated by the
                     file transfer.

              o      A  t  means  the  modification time is different and is being updated to the
                     sender’s value (requires --times).  An alternate value of T means  that  the
                     modification  time  will  be  set to the transfer time, which happens when a
                     file/symlink/device is updated without --times and when a symlink is changed
                     and  the  receiver  can’t  set  its  time.  (Note: when using an rsync 3.0.0
                     client, you might see the s flag combined with t instead  of  the  proper  T
                     flag for this time-setting failure.)

              o      A  p  means  the  permissions  are  different  and  are being updated to the
                     sender’s value (requires --perms).

              o      An o means the owner is different and is being updated to the sender’s value
                     (requires --owner and super-user privileges).

              o      A  g means the group is different and is being updated to the sender’s value
                     (requires --group and the authority to set the group).

              o      The u slot is reserved for future use.

              o      The a means that the ACL information changed.

              o      The x means that the extended attribute information changed.

              One other output is possible:  when deleting files, the "%i" will output the string
              "*deleting" for each item that is being removed (assuming that you are talking to a
              recent enough rsync that it logs deletions instead of outputting them as a  verbose
              message).

       --out-format=FORMAT
              This  allows  you to specify exactly what the rsync client outputs to the user on a
              per-update basis.  The format is a text string containing embedded single-character
              escape  sequences  prefixed  with  a  percent  (%) character.   A default format of
              "%n%L" is assumed if either --info=name or -v is specified (this tells you just the
              name  of the file and, if the item is a link, where it points).  For a full list of
              the possible escape characters, see the "log format"  setting  in  the  rsyncd.conf
              manpage.

              Specifying  the  --out-format  option  implies  the  --info=name option, which will
              mention each file, dir, etc. that gets updated in a significant way (a  transferred
              file,  a  recreated  symlink/device,  or a touched directory).  In addition, if the
              itemize-changes  escape  (%i)  is   included   in   the   string   (e.g.   if   the
              --itemize-changes  option  was used), the logging of names increases to mention any
              item that is changed in any way (as long as the receiving side is at least  2.6.4).
              See the --itemize-changes option for a description of the output of "%i".

              Rsync  will  output  the out-format string prior to a file’s transfer unless one of
              the transfer-statistic escapes is requested, in which case the logging is  done  at
              the end of the file’s transfer.  When this late logging is in effect and --progress
              is also specified, rsync will also output the name of the  file  being  transferred
              prior to its progress information (followed, of course, by the out-format output).

       --log-file=FILE
              This option causes rsync to log what it is doing to a file.  This is similar to the
              logging that a daemon does, but can be requested for the  client  side  and/or  the
              server  side  of  a non-daemon transfer.  If specified as a client option, transfer
              logging  will  be  enabled  with  a  default  format  of  "%i   %n%L".    See   the
              --log-file-format option if you wish to override this.

              Here’s a example command that requests the remote side to log what is happening:

                rsync -av --remote-option=--log-file=/tmp/rlog src/ dest/

              This is very useful if you need to debug why a connection is closing unexpectedly.

       --log-file-format=FORMAT
              This  allows  you  to  specify exactly what per-update logging is put into the file
              specified by the --log-file option (which must also be specified for this option to
              have  any  effect).   If  you  specify  an  empty string, updated files will not be
              mentioned in the log file.  For a list of the possible escape characters,  see  the
              "log format" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage.

              The  default  FORMAT  used if --log-file is specified and this option is not is ’%i
              %n%L’.

       --stats
              This tells rsync to print a  verbose  set  of  statistics  on  the  file  transfer,
              allowing  you  to  tell  how effective rsync’s delta-transfer algorithm is for your
              data.  This option is equivalent to --info=stats2  if  combined  with  0  or  1  -v
              options, or --info=stats3 if combined with 2 or more -v options.

              The current statistics are as follows:

              o      Number  of  files  is the count of all "files" (in the generic sense), which
                     includes directories, symlinks, etc.  The total count will be followed by  a
                     list  of counts by filetype (if the total is non-zero).  For example: "(reg:
                     5, dir: 3, link: 2, dev: 1, special: 1)" lists the totals for regular files,
                     directories, symlinks, devices, and special files.  If any of value is 0, it
                     is completely omitted from the list.

              o      Number of created files is the count of how  many  "files"  (generic  sense)
                     were created (as opposed to updated).  The total count will be followed by a
                     list of counts by filetype (if the total is non-zero).

              o      Number of deleted files is the count of how  many  "files"  (generic  sense)
                     were created (as opposed to updated).  The total count will be followed by a
                     list of counts by filetype (if the total is non-zero).  Note that this  line
                     is  only output if deletions are in effect, and only if protocol 31 is being
                     used (the default for rsync 3.1.x).

              o      Number of regular files transferred is the count of normal files  that  were
                     updated  via  rsync’s delta-transfer algorithm, which does not include dirs,
                     symlinks, etc.  Note that rsync 3.1.0 added the  word  "regular"  into  this
                     heading.

              o      Total  file  size  is the total sum of all file sizes in the transfer.  This
                     does not count any size for directories or special files, but  does  include
                     the size of symlinks.

              o      Total transferred file size is the total sum of all files sizes for just the
                     transferred files.

              o      Literal data is how much unmatched file-update data we had to  send  to  the
                     receiver for it to recreate the updated files.

              o      Matched  data  is how much data the receiver got locally when recreating the
                     updated files.

              o      File list size is how big the file-list data was when the sender sent it  to
                     the receiver.  This is smaller than the in-memory size for the file list due
                     to some compressing of duplicated data when rsync sends the list.

              o      File list generation time is the number of seconds  that  the  sender  spent
                     creating  the  file  list.  This requires a modern rsync on the sending side
                     for this to be present.

              o      File list transfer time is the number  of  seconds  that  the  sender  spent
                     sending the file list to the receiver.

              o      Total  bytes  sent  is  the  count of all the bytes that rsync sent from the
                     client side to the server side.

              o      Total bytes received is the  count  of  all  non-message  bytes  that  rsync
                     received by the client side from the server side.  "Non-message" bytes means
                     that we don’t count the bytes for a verbose message that the server sent  to
                     us, which makes the stats more consistent.

       -8, --8-bit-output
              This  tells  rsync to leave all high-bit characters unescaped in the output instead
              of trying to test them to see if they’re valid in the current locale  and  escaping
              the  invalid  ones.   All  control  characters (but never tabs) are always escaped,
              regardless of this option’s setting.

              The escape idiom that started in 2.6.7 is to output a literal backslash (\)  and  a
              hash  (#), followed by exactly 3 octal digits.  For example, a newline would output
              as "\#012".  A literal backslash that is in a filename is not escaped unless it  is
              followed by a hash and 3 digits (0-9).

       -h, --human-readable
              Output  numbers in a more human-readable format.  There are 3 possible levels:  (1)
              output numbers with a separator between each set of 3 digits (either a comma  or  a
              period,  depending  on if the decimal point is represented by a period or a comma);
              (2) output numbers in units of 1000 (with a character suffix for  larger  units  --
              see below); (3) output numbers in units of 1024.

              The  default is human-readable level 1.  Each -h option increases the level by one.
              You can take the level down to 0 (to output numbers as pure  digits)  by  specifing
              the --no-human-readable (--no-h) option.

              The  unit  letters  that  are appended in levels 2 and 3 are: K (kilo), M (mega), G
              (giga), or T (tera).  For example, a 1234567-byte file would  output  as  1.23M  in
              level-2 (assuming that a period is your local decimal point).

              Backward  compatibility  note:   versions  of  rsync  prior to 3.1.0 do not support
              human-readable level 1, and they default to level 0.  Thus, specifying one  or  two
              -h  options  will  behave in a comparable manner in old and new versions as long as
              you didn’t specify a --no-h option prior to  one  or  more  -h  options.   See  the
              --list-only option for one difference.

       --partial
              By  default,  rsync  will  delete any partially transferred file if the transfer is
              interrupted.  In  some  circumstances  it  is  more  desirable  to  keep  partially
              transferred  files. Using the --partial option tells rsync to keep the partial file
              which should make a subsequent transfer of the rest of the file much faster.

       --partial-dir=DIR
              A better way to keep partial files than the --partial option is to  specify  a  DIR
              that  will  be  used  to  hold  the  partial data (instead of writing it out to the
              destination file).  On the next transfer, rsync will use a file found in  this  dir
              as  data to speed up the resumption of the transfer and then delete it after it has
              served its purpose.

              Note that if --whole-file is specified (or implied), any partial-dir file  that  is
              found  for  a  file  that  is  being updated will simply be removed (since rsync is
              sending files without using rsync’s delta-transfer algorithm).

              Rsync will create the DIR if it is missing (just the last  dir  --  not  the  whole
              path).     This    makes    it   easy   to   use   a   relative   path   (such   as
              "--partial-dir=.rsync-partial") to have rsync create the partial-directory  in  the
              destination file’s directory when needed, and then remove it again when the partial
              file is deleted.

              If the partial-dir value is not an absolute path, rsync will add an exclude rule at
              the  end  of  all  your  existing  excludes.   This will prevent the sending of any
              partial-dir files that may exist on the sending side, and  will  also  prevent  the
              untimely  deletion  of  partial-dir  items  on the receiving side.  An example: the
              above --partial-dir option would add the equivalent of "-f '-p .rsync-partial/'" at
              the end of any other filter rules.

              If  you  are  supplying  your  own  exclude  rules,  you  may  need to add your own
              exclude/hide/protect rule for the partial-dir because (1) the auto-added  rule  may
              be  ineffective  at  the  end  of your other rules, or (2) you may wish to override
              rsync’s exclude choice.  For instance, if you  want  to  make  rsync  clean-up  any
              left-over  partial-dirs that may be lying around, you should specify --delete-after
              and add  a  "risk"  filter  rule,  e.g.   -f  'R  .rsync-partial/'.   (Avoid  using
              --delete-before  or  --delete-during  unless you don’t need rsync to use any of the
              left-over partial-dir data during the current run.)

              IMPORTANT: the --partial-dir should not be writable by  other  users  or  it  is  a
              security risk.  E.g. AVOID "/tmp".

              You  can also set the partial-dir value the RSYNC_PARTIAL_DIR environment variable.
              Setting this in the environment does not force --partial to be enabled, but  rather
              it  affects  where  partial  files  go  when --partial is specified.  For instance,
              instead of using --partial-dir=.rsync-tmp along  with  --progress,  you  could  set
              RSYNC_PARTIAL_DIR=.rsync-tmp in your environment and then just use the -P option to
              turn on the use of the .rsync-tmp dir for partial transfers.  The only  times  that
              the  --partial  option  does  not  look  for  this  environment  value are (1) when
              --inplace was specified (since --inplace conflicts  with  --partial-dir),  and  (2)
              when --delay-updates was specified (see below).

              For  the  purposes  of  the daemon-config’s "refuse options" setting, --partial-dir
              does not imply --partial.  This is so that a refusal of the --partial option can be
              used  to  disallow  the  overwriting  of destination files with a partial transfer,
              while still allowing the safer idiom provided by --partial-dir.

       --delay-updates
              This option puts the temporary file from each updated file into a holding directory
              until  the  end of the transfer, at which time all the files are renamed into place
              in rapid succession.  This attempts to make the updating of the files a little more
              atomic.   By  default  the files are placed into a directory named ".~tmp~" in each
              file’s destination directory, but if you’ve  specified  the  --partial-dir  option,
              that directory will be used instead.  See the comments in the --partial-dir section
              for a discussion of how this ".~tmp~" dir will be excluded from the  transfer,  and
              what  you can do if you want rsync to cleanup old ".~tmp~" dirs that might be lying
              around.  Conflicts with --inplace and --append.

              This option uses more memory on the receiving side (one bit per  file  transferred)
              and  also  requires  enough  free  disk  space  on  the  receiving  side to hold an
              additional copy of all the updated files.  Note also that you  should  not  use  an
              absolute path to --partial-dir unless (1) there is no chance of any of the files in
              the transfer having the same name (since all the updated files will be put  into  a
              single  directory if the path is absolute) and (2) there are no mount points in the
              hierarchy (since the delayed updates will  fail  if  they  can’t  be  renamed  into
              place).

              See  also  the  "atomic-rsync"  perl  script  in the "support" subdir for an update
              algorithm that is even more atomic (it uses --link-dest and a parallel hierarchy of
              files).

       -m, --prune-empty-dirs
              This  option  tells  the  receiving  rsync to get rid of empty directories from the
              file-list, including nested directories that have no non-directory children.   This
              is  useful  for  avoiding  the  creation of a bunch of useless directories when the
              sending   rsync   is   recursively   scanning   a   hierarchy   of   files    using
              include/exclude/filter rules.

              Note that the use of transfer rules, such as the --min-size option, does not affect
              what goes into the file list, and thus does not leave directories  empty,  even  if
              none of the files in a directory match the transfer rule.

              Because  the  file-list  is  actually  being  pruned, this option also affects what
              directories get deleted when a delete  is  active.   However,  keep  in  mind  that
              excluded files and directories can prevent existing items from being deleted due to
              an exclude both hiding source files and  protecting  destination  files.   See  the
              perishable filter-rule option for how to avoid this.

              You  can  prevent  the  pruning  of certain empty directories from the file-list by
              using a global "protect" filter.  For instance, this option would ensure  that  the
              directory "emptydir" was kept in the file-list:

              --filter ’protect emptydir/’

              Here’s  an  example  that  copies  all .pdf files in a hierarchy, only creating the
              necessary destination directories to hold the .pdf  files,  and  ensures  that  any
              superfluous  files  and  directories  in the destination are removed (note the hide
              filter of non-directories being used instead of an exclude):

              rsync -avm --del --include=’*.pdf’ -f ’hide,! */’ src/ dest

              If you didn’t want to remove superfluous destination files, the  more  time-honored
              options  of  "--include='*/'  --exclude='*'"  would  work  fine  in  place  of  the
              hide-filter (if that is more natural to you).

       --progress
              This option tells rsync to print information showing the progress of the  transfer.
              This  gives  a bored user something to watch.  With a modern rsync this is the same
              as specifying --info=flist2,name,progress, but any user-supplied settings for those
              info flags takes precedence (e.g. "--info=flist0 --progress").

              While  rsync  is transferring a regular file, it updates a progress line that looks
              like this:

                    782448  63%  110.64kB/s    0:00:04

              In this example, the receiver has reconstructed 782448 bytes or 63% of the sender’s
              file,  which  is  being reconstructed at a rate of 110.64 kilobytes per second, and
              the transfer will finish in 4 seconds if the current rate is maintained  until  the
              end.

              These  statistics  can be misleading if rsync’s delta-transfer algorithm is in use.
              For example, if the sender’s file consists of the basis file followed by additional
              data,  the  reported rate will probably drop dramatically when the receiver gets to
              the literal data, and the transfer will probably take much longer  to  finish  than
              the receiver estimated as it was finishing the matched part of the file.

              When  the  file  transfer finishes, rsync replaces the progress line with a summary
              line that looks like this:

                    1,238,099 100%  146.38kB/s    0:00:08  (xfr#5, to-chk=169/396)

              In this example, the file was 1,238,099 bytes long in total, the  average  rate  of
              transfer for the whole file was 146.38 kilobytes per second over the 8 seconds that
              it took to complete, it was the 5th transfer of a regular file during  the  current
              rsync  session,  and  there are 169 more files for the receiver to check (to see if
              they are up-to-date or not) remaining out of the 396 total files in the file-list.

              In an incremental recursion scan, rsync won’t know the total number of files in the
              file-list  until  it  reaches the ends of the scan, but since it starts to transfer
              files during the scan,  it  will  display  a  line  with  the  text  "ir-chk"  (for
              incremental  recursion check) instead of "to-chk" until the point that it knows the
              full size of the list, at which point it will  switch  to  using  "to-chk".   Thus,
              seeing  "ir-chk"  lets  you  know that the total count of files in the file list is
              still going to increase (and each time it does, the count of files  left  to  check
              will increase by the number of the files added to the list).

       -P     The  -P  option  is  equivalent to --partial --progress.  Its purpose is to make it
              much easier to  specify  these  two  options  for  a  long  transfer  that  may  be
              interrupted.

              There  is also a --info=progress2 option that outputs statistics based on the whole
              transfer, rather than  individual  files.   Use  this  flag  without  outputting  a
              filename (e.g. avoid -v or specify --info=name0 if you want to see how the transfer
              is doing without scrolling the screen with a lot of  names.   (You  don’t  need  to
              specify the --progress option in order to use --info=progress2.)

       --password-file=FILE
              This  option  allows  you to provide a password for accessing an rsync daemon via a
              file or via standard input if FILE is -.  The file should contain just the password
              on  the first line (all other lines are ignored).  Rsync will exit with an error if
              FILE is world readable or if a root-run rsync command finds a non-root-owned file.

              This option does not supply a password to a remote shell transport such as ssh;  to
              learn  how to do that, consult the remote shell’s documentation.  When accessing an
              rsync daemon using a remote shell as the transport, this  option  only  comes  into
              effect  after  the  remote shell finishes its authentication (i.e. if you have also
              specified a password in the daemon’s config file).

       --list-only
              This option will cause the source files to be listed instead of transferred.   This
              option is inferred if there is a single source arg and no destination specified, so
              its main uses are: (1) to turn a copy command that includes a destination arg  into
              a  file-listing  command,  or  (2)  to  be able to specify more than one source arg
              (note: be sure to include the destination).  Caution: keep in mind  that  a  source
              arg  with  a  wild-card is expanded by the shell into multiple args, so it is never
              safe to try to list such an arg without using this option.  For example:

                  rsync -av --list-only foo* dest/

              Starting with rsync 3.1.0, the sizes output by  --list-only  are  affected  by  the
              --human-readable option.  By default they will contain digit separators, but higher
              levels of readability will output the sizes with unit suffixes.  Note also that the
              column  width  for  the  size output has increased from 11 to 14 characters for all
              human-readable levels.  Use --no-h if you want just digits in the  sizes,  and  the
              old column width of 11 characters.

              Compatibility  note:   when requesting a remote listing of files from an rsync that
              is version  2.6.3  or  older,  you  may  encounter  an  error  if  you  ask  for  a
              non-recursive  listing.   This  is because a file listing implies the --dirs option
              w/o --recursive, and older rsyncs don’t have that option.  To avoid  this  problem,
              either  specify  the  --no-dirs  option  (if you don’t need to expand a directory’s
              content), or turn on recursion  and  exclude  the  content  of  subdirectories:  -r
              --exclude='/*/*'.

       --bwlimit=RATE
              This  option allows you to specify the maximum transfer rate for the data sent over
              the socket, specified in units per second.  The RATE value can be suffixed  with  a
              string  to  indicate  a  size  multiplier,  and  may  be  a  fractional value (e.g.
              "--bwlimit=1.5m").  If no suffix is specified, the value will be assumed to  be  in
              units  of  1024  bytes  (as if "K" or "KiB" had been appended).  See the --max-size
              option for a description of all the available suffixes. A value of  zero  specifies
              no limit.

              For  backward-compatibility  reasons, the rate limit will be rounded to the nearest
              KiB unit, so no rate smaller than 1024 bytes per second is possible.

              Rsync writes data over the socket in blocks, and this option both limits  the  size
              of the blocks that rsync writes, and tries to keep the average transfer rate at the
              requested limit.  Some "burstiness" may be seen where rsync writes out a  block  of
              data and then sleeps to bring the average rate into compliance.

              Due to the internal buffering of data, the --progress option may not be an accurate
              reflection on how fast the data is being sent.  This is because some files can show
              up as being rapidly sent when the data is quickly buffered, while other can show up
              as very slow when the flushing of the output buffer occurs.  This may be fixed in a
              future version.

       --write-batch=FILE
              Record  a  file  that  can  later  be applied to another identical destination with
              --read-batch.  See  the  "BATCH  MODE"  section   for   details,   and   also   the
              --only-write-batch option.

       --only-write-batch=FILE
              Works like --write-batch, except that no updates are made on the destination system
              when creating the batch.  This lets you transport the changes  to  the  destination
              system via some other means and then apply the changes via --read-batch.

              Note  that you can feel free to write the batch directly to some portable media: if
              this media fills to capacity before the end of the transfer,  you  can  just  apply
              that  partial  transfer  to the destination and repeat the whole process to get the
              rest of the changes (as long as you don’t  mind  a  partially  updated  destination
              system while the multi-update cycle is happening).

              Also  note  that  you  only  save bandwidth when pushing changes to a remote system
              because this allows the batched data to be diverted from the sender into the  batch
              file without having to flow over the wire to the receiver (when pulling, the sender
              is remote, and thus can’t write the batch).

       --read-batch=FILE
              Apply  all  of  the  changes  stored  in  FILE,  a  file  previously  generated  by
              --write-batch.  If FILE is -, the batch data will be read from standard input.  See
              the "BATCH MODE" section for details.

       --protocol=NUM
              Force an older protocol version to be used.  This is useful for  creating  a  batch
              file  that  is  compatible  with an older version of rsync.  For instance, if rsync
              2.6.4 is being used with the --write-batch option, but rsync 2.6.3 is what will  be
              used  to  run the --read-batch option, you should use "--protocol=28" when creating
              the batch file to force the older protocol version to be used  in  the  batch  file
              (assuming you can’t upgrade the rsync on the reading system).

       --iconv=CONVERT_SPEC
              Rsync  can  convert  filenames  between  character sets using this option.  Using a
              CONVERT_SPEC of "." tells rsync to look up the default character-set via the locale
              setting.   Alternately,  you  can  fully  specify what conversion to do by giving a
              local and a remote charset separated by a comma in the order  --iconv=LOCAL,REMOTE,
              e.g.  --iconv=utf8,iso88591.  This order ensures that the option will stay the same
              whether  you’re  pushing  or  pulling  files.   Finally,  you  can  specify  either
              --no-iconv  or  a  CONVERT_SPEC  of  "-"  to  turn off any conversion.  The default
              setting of this  option  is  site-specific,  and  can  also  be  affected  via  the
              RSYNC_ICONV environment variable.

              For  a  list  of  what charset names your local iconv library supports, you can run
              "iconv --list".

              If you specify the --protect-args option (-s), rsync will translate  the  filenames
              you  specify  on the command-line that are being sent to the remote host.  See also
              the --files-from option.

              Note that rsync does not do any conversion of  names  in  filter  files  (including
              include/exclude  files).  It is up to you to ensure that you’re specifying matching
              rules that can match on both sides of the transfer.  For instance, you can  specify
              extra include/exclude rules if there are filename differences on the two sides that
              need to be accounted for.

              When you pass an --iconv option to an rsync daemon that allows it, the daemon  uses
              the  charset  specified  in its "charset" configuration parameter regardless of the
              remote charset you actually pass.  Thus, you may feel  free  to  specify  just  the
              local charset for a daemon transfer (e.g. --iconv=utf8).

       -4, --ipv4 or -6, --ipv6
              Tells  rsync  to prefer IPv4/IPv6 when creating sockets.  This only affects sockets
              that rsync has direct control over, such  as  the  outgoing  socket  when  directly
              contacting an rsync daemon.  See also these options in the --daemon mode section.

              If  rsync  was  complied  without  support for IPv6, the --ipv6 option will have no
              effect.  The --version output will tell you if this is the case.

       --checksum-seed=NUM
              Set the checksum seed to the integer NUM.  This 4 byte checksum seed is included in
              each  block  and  MD4 file checksum calculation (the more modern MD5 file checksums
              don’t use a seed).  By default the checksum seed is generated  by  the  server  and
              defaults  to  the  current time() .  This option is used to set a specific checksum
              seed, which is useful for applications that want repeatable block checksums, or  in
              the case where the user wants a more random checksum seed.  Setting NUM to 0 causes
              rsync to use the default of time() for checksum seed.

DAEMON OPTIONS

       The options allowed when starting an rsync daemon are as follows:

       --daemon
              This tells rsync that it is to run as a daemon.  The daemon you start  running  may
              be  accessed  using  an rsync client using the host::module or rsync://host/module/
              syntax.

              If standard input is a socket then rsync will assume  that  it  is  being  run  via
              inetd,  otherwise  it will detach from the current terminal and become a background
              daemon.  The daemon will read the config file (rsyncd.conf) on each connect made by
              a  client and respond to requests accordingly.  See the rsyncd.conf(5) man page for
              more details.

       --address
              By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address when run as a  daemon  with  the
              --daemon  option.  The --address option allows you to specify a specific IP address
              (or hostname) to bind to.  This makes virtual hosting possible in conjunction  with
              the  --config  option.   See  also  the  "address" global option in the rsyncd.conf
              manpage.

       --bwlimit=RATE
              This option allows you to specify the maximum transfer rate for the data the daemon
              sends over the socket.  The client can still specify a smaller --bwlimit value, but
              no larger value will be allowed.  See the client version of this option (above) for
              some extra details.

       --config=FILE
              This  specifies  an  alternate config file than the default.  This is only relevant
              when --daemon is specified.  The default is /etc/rsyncd.conf unless the  daemon  is
              running  over  a remote shell program and the remote user is not the super-user; in
              that case the default is rsyncd.conf in the current directory (typically $HOME).

       -M, --dparam=OVERRIDE
              This option can be used to set a daemon-config parameter when starting up rsync  in
              daemon  mode.   It  is  equivalent to adding the parameter at the end of the global
              settings prior to the first  module’s  definition.   The  parameter  names  can  be
              specified without spaces, if you so desire.  For instance:

                  rsync --daemon -M pidfile=/path/rsync.pid

       --no-detach
              When  running  as  a  daemon,  this option instructs rsync to not detach itself and
              become a background process.  This option is required when running as a service  on
              Cygwin,  and  may  also  be  useful  when  rsync is supervised by a program such as
              daemontools or AIX’s System Resource Controller.  --no-detach is  also  recommended
              when rsync is run under a debugger.  This option has no effect if rsync is run from
              inetd or sshd.

       --port=PORT
              This specifies an alternate TCP port number for the daemon to listen on rather than
              the default of 873.  See also the "port" global option in the rsyncd.conf manpage.

       --log-file=FILE
              This  option tells the rsync daemon to use the given log-file name instead of using
              the "log file" setting in the config file.

       --log-file-format=FORMAT
              This option tells the rsync daemon to use the given FORMAT string instead of  using
              the  "log  format"  setting in the config file.  It also enables "transfer logging"
              unless the string is empty, in which case transfer logging is turned off.

       --sockopts
              This overrides the socket options setting in the rsyncd.conf file and has the  same
              syntax.

       -v, --verbose
              This  option increases the amount of information the daemon logs during its startup
              phase.  After the client connects, the daemon’s verbosity level will be  controlled
              by the options that the client used and the "max verbosity" setting in the module’s
              config section.

       -4, --ipv4 or -6, --ipv6
              Tells rsync to prefer IPv4/IPv6 when creating the incoming sockets that  the  rsync
              daemon will use to listen for connections.  One of these options may be required in
              older versions of Linux to work around an IPv6 bug in the kernel  (if  you  see  an
              "address  already in use" error when nothing else is using the port, try specifying
              --ipv6 or --ipv4 when starting the daemon).

              If rsync was complied without support for IPv6, the  --ipv6  option  will  have  no
              effect.  The --version output will tell you if this is the case.

       -h, --help
              When  specified  after  --daemon,  print  a  short help page describing the options
              available for starting an rsync daemon.

FILTER RULES

       The filter rules allow for flexible selection of which files  to  transfer  (include)  and
       which files to skip (exclude).  The rules either directly specify include/exclude patterns
       or they specify a way to acquire more include/exclude patterns (e.g. to read them  from  a
       file).

       As  the  list  of  files/directories  to  transfer  is built, rsync checks each name to be
       transferred against the list of include/exclude patterns in turn, and the  first  matching
       pattern  is acted on:  if it is an exclude pattern, then that file is skipped; if it is an
       include pattern then that filename is not skipped; if no matching pattern is  found,  then
       the filename is not skipped.

       Rsync  builds  an  ordered  list of filter rules as specified on the command-line.  Filter
       rules have the following syntax:

              RULE [PATTERN_OR_FILENAME]
              RULE,MODIFIERS [PATTERN_OR_FILENAME]

       You have your choice of using either short or long RULE names, as described below.  If you
       use  a  short-named rule, the ’,’ separating the RULE from the MODIFIERS is optional.  The
       PATTERN or FILENAME that follows (when present) must come after either a single  space  or
       an underscore (_).  Here are the available rule prefixes:

              exclude, - specifies an exclude pattern.
              include, + specifies an include pattern.
              merge, . specifies a merge-file to read for more rules.
              dir-merge, : specifies a per-directory merge-file.
              hide, H specifies a pattern for hiding files from the transfer.
              show, S files that match the pattern are not hidden.
              protect, P specifies a pattern for protecting files from deletion.
              risk, R files that match the pattern are not protected.
              clear, ! clears the current include/exclude list (takes no arg)

       When  rules are being read from a file, empty lines are ignored, as are comment lines that
       start with a "#".

       Note that the --include/--exclude command-line options do not allow the full range of rule
       parsing  as  described  above  --  they  only  allow  the specification of include/exclude
       patterns plus a "!" token to clear the list (and the normal comment parsing when rules are
       read  from  a  file).   If a pattern does not begin with "- " (dash, space) or "+ " (plus,
       space), then the rule will be interpreted as if "+ " (for an include option) or "- "  (for
       an  exclude  option)  were  prefixed to the string.  A --filter option, on the other hand,
       must always contain either a short or long rule name at the start of the rule.

       Note also that the --filter, --include, and --exclude options take one rule/pattern  each.
       To  add  multiple ones, you can repeat the options on the command-line, use the merge-file
       syntax of the --filter option, or the --include-from/--exclude-from options.

INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERN RULES

       You can include and exclude files by specifying patterns using the "+", "-",  etc.  filter
       rules  (as  introduced in the FILTER RULES section above).  The include/exclude rules each
       specify a pattern that is matched against the names of the files  that  are  going  to  be
       transferred.  These patterns can take several forms:

       o      if  the  pattern  starts  with  a / then it is anchored to a particular spot in the
              hierarchy of files, otherwise it is matched against the end of the pathname.   This
              is  similar  to a leading ^ in regular expressions.  Thus "/foo" would match a name
              of "foo" at either the "root of the  transfer"  (for  a  global  rule)  or  in  the
              merge-file’s  directory  (for  a  per-directory  rule).  An unqualified "foo" would
              match a name of "foo" anywhere  in  the  tree  because  the  algorithm  is  applied
              recursively  from the top down; it behaves as if each path component gets a turn at
              being the end of the filename.  Even the unanchored "sub/foo" would  match  at  any
              point in the hierarchy where a "foo" was found within a directory named "sub".  See
              the section on ANCHORING INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERNS for a full discussion of  how  to
              specify a pattern that matches at the root of the transfer.

       o      if  the  pattern  ends  with a / then it will only match a directory, not a regular
              file, symlink, or device.

       o      rsync chooses between doing a simple string match and wildcard matching by checking
              if the pattern contains one of these three wildcard characters: ’*’, ’?’, and ’[’ .

       o      a ’*’ matches any path component, but it stops at slashes.

       o      use ’**’ to match anything, including slashes.

       o      a ’?’ matches any character except a slash (/).

       o      a ’[’ introduces a character class, such as [a-z] or [[:alpha:]].

       o      in  a wildcard pattern, a backslash can be used to escape a wildcard character, but
              it is matched literally when no wildcards are present.

       o      if the pattern contains a / (not counting a trailing /)  or  a  "**",  then  it  is
              matched  against  the  full  pathname,  including  any  leading directories. If the
              pattern doesn’t contain a / or a "**", then it is matched only  against  the  final
              component  of the filename.  (Remember that the algorithm is applied recursively so
              "full filename" can actually be any portion of a path from the  starting  directory
              on down.)

       o      a trailing "dir_name/***" will match both the directory (as if "dir_name/" had been
              specified)  and  everything  in  the  directory  (as  if  "dir_name/**"  had   been
              specified).  This behavior was added in version 2.6.7.

       Note  that,  when  using  the  --recursive  (-r)  option  (which  is implied by -a), every
       subcomponent of every path is visited from the top down, so include/exclude  patterns  get
       applied  recursively  to each subcomponent’s full name (e.g. to include "/foo/bar/baz" the
       subcomponents "/foo" and "/foo/bar" must not be excluded).  The exclude patterns  actually
       short-circuit  the  directory  traversal  stage  when rsync finds the files to send.  If a
       pattern excludes a particular parent directory, it can render  a  deeper  include  pattern
       ineffectual  because rsync did not descend through that excluded section of the hierarchy.
       This is particularly important when using a trailing ’*’ rule.  For instance,  this  won’t
       work:

              + /some/path/this-file-will-not-be-found
              + /file-is-included
              - *

       This fails because the parent directory "some" is excluded by the ’*’ rule, so rsync never
       visits any of the files in the "some" or "some/path" directories.  One solution is to  ask
       for all directories in the hierarchy to be included by using a single rule: "+ */" (put it
       somewhere before the "- *" rule), and perhaps use the --prune-empty-dirs option.   Another
       solution is to add specific include rules for all the parent dirs that need to be visited.
       For instance, this set of rules works fine:

              + /some/
              + /some/path/
              + /some/path/this-file-is-found
              + /file-also-included
              - *

       Here are some examples of exclude/include matching:

       o      "- *.o" would exclude all names matching *.o

       o      "- /foo" would exclude a  file  (or  directory)  named  foo  in  the  transfer-root
              directory

       o      "- foo/" would exclude any directory named foo

       o      "-  /foo/*/bar"  would  exclude  any  file named bar which is at two levels below a
              directory named foo in the transfer-root directory

       o      "- /foo/**/bar" would exclude any file  named  bar  two  or  more  levels  below  a
              directory named foo in the transfer-root directory

       o      The  combination  of "+ */", "+ *.c", and "- *" would include all directories and C
              source files but nothing else (see also the --prune-empty-dirs option)

       o      The combination of "+ foo/", "+ foo/bar.c", and "- *" would include  only  the  foo
              directory  and foo/bar.c (the foo directory must be explicitly included or it would
              be excluded by the "*")

       The following modifiers are accepted after a "+" or "-":

       o      A / specifies that the include/exclude rule should be matched against the  absolute
              pathname  of  the  current  item.   For example, "-/ /etc/passwd" would exclude the
              passwd file any time the transfer was sending files from the "/etc" directory,  and
              "-/ subdir/foo" would always exclude "foo" when it is in a dir named "subdir", even
              if "foo" is at the root of the current transfer.

       o      A ! specifies that the include/exclude should take effect if the pattern  fails  to
              match.  For instance, "-! */" would exclude all non-directories.

       o      A C is used to indicate that all the global CVS-exclude rules should be inserted as
              excludes in place of the "-C".  No arg should follow.

       o      An s is used to indicate that the rule applies to the sending side.   When  a  rule
              affects the sending side, it prevents files from being transferred.  The default is
              for a rule to affect both sides unless --delete-excluded was  specified,  in  which
              case  default  rules  become  sender-side only.  See also the hide (H) and show (S)
              rules, which are an alternate way to specify sending-side includes/excludes.

       o      An r is used to indicate that the rule applies to the receiving side.  When a  rule
              affects  the  receiving  side,  it  prevents  files  from being deleted.  See the s
              modifier for more info.  See also the protect (P) and risk (R) rules, which are  an
              alternate way to specify receiver-side includes/excludes.

       o      A  p indicates that a rule is perishable, meaning that it is ignored in directories
              that are being deleted.  For instance, the -C option’s default rules  that  exclude
              things  like  "CVS"  and  "*.o"  are  marked  as perishable, and will not prevent a
              directory that was removed on the source from being deleted on the destination.

MERGE-FILE FILTER RULES

       You can merge whole files into your filter rules by specifying either a  merge  (.)  or  a
       dir-merge (:) filter rule (as introduced in the FILTER RULES section above).

       There  are  two kinds of merged files -- single-instance (’.’) and per-directory (’:’).  A
       single-instance merge file is read one time, and  its  rules  are  incorporated  into  the
       filter  list in the place of the "." rule.  For per-directory merge files, rsync will scan
       every directory that it traverses for the named file, merging its contents when  the  file
       exists  into  the current list of inherited rules.  These per-directory rule files must be
       created on the sending side because it is the sending side that is being scanned  for  the
       available  files  to  transfer.   These  rule files may also need to be transferred to the
       receiving side if you want them to affect what files don’t get deleted (see  PER-DIRECTORY
       RULES AND DELETE below).

       Some examples:

              merge /etc/rsync/default.rules
              . /etc/rsync/default.rules
              dir-merge .per-dir-filter
              dir-merge,n- .non-inherited-per-dir-excludes
              :n- .non-inherited-per-dir-excludes

       The following modifiers are accepted after a merge or dir-merge rule:

       o      A  - specifies that the file should consist of only exclude patterns, with no other
              rule-parsing except for in-file comments.

       o      A + specifies that the file should consist of only include patterns, with no  other
              rule-parsing except for in-file comments.

       o      A  C  is  a way to specify that the file should be read in a CVS-compatible manner.
              This turns on ’n’, ’w’, and ’-’, but also allows the list-clearing token (!) to  be
              specified.  If no filename is provided, ".cvsignore" is assumed.

       o      A  e will exclude the merge-file name from the transfer; e.g.  "dir-merge,e .rules"
              is like "dir-merge .rules" and "- .rules".

       o      An n specifies that the rules are not inherited by subdirectories.

       o      A w specifies that the rules are word-split on whitespace  instead  of  the  normal
              line-splitting.   This also turns off comments.  Note: the space that separates the
              prefix from the rule is treated specially, so "- foo + bar" is parsed as two  rules
              (assuming that prefix-parsing wasn’t also disabled).

       o      You may also specify any of the modifiers for the "+" or "-" rules (above) in order
              to have the rules that are read in from the file default to  having  that  modifier
              set  (except  for  the  !  modifier,  which  would  not  be useful).  For instance,
              "merge,-/ .excl" would treat the contents of .excl as absolute-path excludes, while
              "dir-merge,s  .filt"  and ":sC" would each make all their per-directory rules apply
              only on the sending side.  If the merge rule specifies sides to affect (via  the  s
              or  r  modifier  or both), then the rules in the file must not specify sides (via a
              modifier or a rule prefix such as hide).

       Per-directory rules are inherited  in  all  subdirectories  of  the  directory  where  the
       merge-file  was  found  unless  the  ’n’ modifier was used.  Each subdirectory’s rules are
       prefixed to the inherited per-directory rules from its parents,  which  gives  the  newest
       rules  a  higher priority than the inherited rules.  The entire set of dir-merge rules are
       grouped together in the spot where the merge-file was specified,  so  it  is  possible  to
       override  dir-merge  rules  via  a  rule  that got specified earlier in the list of global
       rules.  When the list-clearing rule ("!") is read  from  a  per-directory  file,  it  only
       clears the inherited rules for the current merge file.

       Another  way  to  prevent  a  single rule from a dir-merge file from being inherited is to
       anchor it with a leading slash.  Anchored rules in a per-directory merge-file are relative
       to  the merge-file’s directory, so a pattern "/foo" would only match the file "foo" in the
       directory where the dir-merge filter file was found.

       Here’s an example filter file which you’d specify via --filter=". file":

              merge /home/user/.global-filter
              - *.gz
              dir-merge .rules
              + *.[ch]
              - *.o

       This will merge the contents of the /home/user/.global-filter file at  the  start  of  the
       list  and  also  turns  the ".rules" filename into a per-directory filter file.  All rules
       read in prior to the start of the directory scan follow the global anchoring rules (i.e. a
       leading slash matches at the root of the transfer).

       If  a  per-directory merge-file is specified with a path that is a parent directory of the
       first transfer directory, rsync will scan all the parent dirs from that starting point  to
       the  transfer  directory  for  the  indicated per-directory file.  For instance, here is a
       common filter (see -F):

              --filter=': /.rsync-filter'

       That rule tells rsync to scan for the file .rsync-filter in all directories from the  root
       down  through  the  parent  directory  of  the  transfer  prior to the start of the normal
       directory scan of the file in the directories that are sent as a  part  of  the  transfer.
       (Note: for an rsync daemon, the root is always the same as the module’s "path".)

       Some examples of this pre-scanning for per-directory files:

              rsync -avF /src/path/ /dest/dir
              rsync -av --filter=': ../../.rsync-filter' /src/path/ /dest/dir
              rsync -av --filter=': .rsync-filter' /src/path/ /dest/dir

       The  first  two  commands above will look for ".rsync-filter" in "/" and "/src" before the
       normal scan begins looking for the file in "/src/path" and its subdirectories.   The  last
       command  avoids  the  parent-dir scan and only looks for the ".rsync-filter" files in each
       directory that is a part of the transfer.

       If you want to include the contents of a ".cvsignore" in your patterns, you should use the
       rule   ":C",  which  creates  a  dir-merge  of  the  .cvsignore  file,  but  parsed  in  a
       CVS-compatible manner.  You can use this to affect where the --cvs-exclude  (-C)  option’s
       inclusion  of the per-directory .cvsignore file gets placed into your rules by putting the
       ":C" wherever you like in your filter rules.  Without this, rsync would add the  dir-merge
       rule  for  the  .cvsignore  file  at  the  end  of all your other rules (giving it a lower
       priority than your command-line rules).  For example:

              cat <<EOT | rsync -avC --filter='. -' a/ b
              + foo.o
              :C
              - *.old
              EOT
              rsync -avC --include=foo.o -f :C --exclude='*.old' a/ b

       Both of the above rsync commands are identical.  Each one will merge all the per-directory
       .cvsignore  rules  in  the  middle  of the list rather than at the end.  This allows their
       dir-specific rules to supersede the rules that follow the :C instead of being  subservient
       to  all  your  rules.   To  affect  the  other CVS exclude rules (i.e. the default list of
       exclusions, the contents of $HOME/.cvsignore, and the value of $CVSIGNORE) you should omit
       the  -C  command-line  option  and instead insert a "-C" rule into your filter rules; e.g.
       "--filter=-C".

LIST-CLEARING FILTER RULE

       You can clear the current include/exclude list by using the "!" filter rule (as introduced
       in the FILTER RULES section above).  The "current" list is either the global list of rules
       (if the rule is encountered while parsing the filter options) or a  set  of  per-directory
       rules  (which are inherited in their own sub-list, so a subdirectory can use this to clear
       out the parent’s rules).

ANCHORING INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERNS

       As mentioned earlier, global include/exclude patterns are anchored at  the  "root  of  the
       transfer"  (as  opposed  to per-directory patterns, which are anchored at the merge-file’s
       directory).  If you think of the transfer as a subtree of names that are being  sent  from
       sender  to  receiver,  the  transfer-root is where the tree starts to be duplicated in the
       destination directory.  This root governs where patterns that start with a / match.

       Because the matching is relative to the transfer-root, changing the trailing  slash  on  a
       source path or changing your use of the --relative option affects the path you need to use
       in your matching (in addition to changing how much of the file tree is duplicated  on  the
       destination host).  The following examples demonstrate this.

       Let’s  say  that  we  want  to  match  two  source  files,  one  with  an absolute path of
       "/home/me/foo/bar", and one with a path of "/home/you/bar/baz".  Here is how  the  various
       command choices differ for a 2-source transfer:

              Example cmd: rsync -a /home/me /home/you /dest
              +/- pattern: /me/foo/bar
              +/- pattern: /you/bar/baz
              Target file: /dest/me/foo/bar
              Target file: /dest/you/bar/baz

              Example cmd: rsync -a /home/me/ /home/you/ /dest
              +/- pattern: /foo/bar               (note missing "me")
              +/- pattern: /bar/baz               (note missing "you")
              Target file: /dest/foo/bar
              Target file: /dest/bar/baz

              Example cmd: rsync -a --relative /home/me/ /home/you /dest
              +/- pattern: /home/me/foo/bar       (note full path)
              +/- pattern: /home/you/bar/baz      (ditto)
              Target file: /dest/home/me/foo/bar
              Target file: /dest/home/you/bar/baz

              Example cmd: cd /home; rsync -a --relative me/foo you/ /dest
              +/- pattern: /me/foo/bar      (starts at specified path)
              +/- pattern: /you/bar/baz     (ditto)
              Target file: /dest/me/foo/bar
              Target file: /dest/you/bar/baz

       The  easiest  way  to  see  what name you should filter is to just look at the output when
       using --verbose and put a / in front of the name (use the --dry-run option if  you’re  not
       yet ready to copy any files).

PER-DIRECTORY RULES AND DELETE

       Without a delete option, per-directory rules are only relevant on the sending side, so you
       can feel free to exclude the merge files themselves without affecting  the  transfer.   To
       make  this  easy,  the  ’e’  modifier  adds  this  exclude  for  you, as seen in these two
       equivalent commands:

              rsync -av --filter=': .excl' --exclude=.excl host:src/dir /dest
              rsync -av --filter=':e .excl' host:src/dir /dest

       However, if you want to do a delete on the receiving side AND you want some  files  to  be
       excluded  from  being  deleted,  you’ll need to be sure that the receiving side knows what
       files to exclude.  The easiest way is to include the  per-directory  merge  files  in  the
       transfer and use --delete-after, because this ensures that the receiving side gets all the
       same exclude rules as the sending side before it tries to delete anything:

              rsync -avF --delete-after host:src/dir /dest

       However, if the merge files are not a part of the transfer, you’ll need to either  specify
       some global exclude rules (i.e. specified on the command line), or you’ll need to maintain
       your own per-directory merge files on the receiving side.  An example of the first is this
       (assume that the remote .rules files exclude themselves):

       rsync -av --filter=’: .rules’ --filter=’. /my/extra.rules’
          --delete host:src/dir /dest

       In  the  above example the extra.rules file can affect both sides of the transfer, but (on
       the sending side) the rules are subservient to the rules  merged  from  the  .rules  files
       because they were specified after the per-directory merge rule.

       In  one  final  example,  the  remote  side  is excluding the .rsync-filter files from the
       transfer, but we want to use our own .rsync-filter files to control what gets  deleted  on
       the receiving side.  To do this we must specifically exclude the per-directory merge files
       (so that they don’t get deleted) and then put rules into the local files to  control  what
       else should not get deleted.  Like one of these commands:

           rsync -av --filter=':e /.rsync-filter' --delete \
               host:src/dir /dest
           rsync -avFF --delete host:src/dir /dest

BATCH MODE

       Batch mode can be used to apply the same set of updates to many identical systems. Suppose
       one has a tree which is replicated on a number of hosts.  Now suppose  some  changes  have
       been  made to this source tree and those changes need to be propagated to the other hosts.
       In order to do this using batch mode, rsync is run with the write-batch  option  to  apply
       the  changes  made  to  the  source tree to one of the destination trees.  The write-batch
       option causes the rsync client to store in a "batch file" all the  information  needed  to
       repeat this operation against other, identical destination trees.

       Generating the batch file once saves having to perform the file status, checksum, and data
       block generation more than  once  when  updating  multiple  destination  trees.  Multicast
       transport  protocols  can  be  used to transfer the batch update files in parallel to many
       hosts at once, instead of sending the same data to every host individually.

       To apply the recorded changes to another destination tree, run rsync with  the  read-batch
       option,  specifying  the  name  of  the  same batch file, and the destination tree.  Rsync
       updates the destination tree using the information stored in the batch file.

       For your convenience, a script file is also created when the write-batch option  is  used:
       it  will  be  named  the  same  as  the  batch file with ".sh" appended.  This script file
       contains a command-line suitable for updating a  destination  tree  using  the  associated
       batch  file.  It can be executed using a Bourne (or Bourne-like) shell, optionally passing
       in an alternate destination tree pathname which is  then  used  instead  of  the  original
       destination  path.   This  is  useful  when  the destination tree path on the current host
       differs from the one used to create the batch file.

       Examples:

              $ rsync --write-batch=foo -a host:/source/dir/ /adest/dir/
              $ scp foo* remote:
              $ ssh remote ./foo.sh /bdest/dir/

              $ rsync --write-batch=foo -a /source/dir/ /adest/dir/
              $ ssh remote rsync --read-batch=- -a /bdest/dir/ <foo

       In these examples,  rsync  is  used  to  update  /adest/dir/  from  /source/dir/  and  the
       information  to  repeat this operation is stored in "foo" and "foo.sh".  The host "remote"
       is then  updated  with  the  batched  data  going  into  the  directory  /bdest/dir.   The
       differences  between  the two examples reveals some of the flexibility you have in how you
       deal with batches:

       o      The first example shows that the initial copy doesn’t have to be local --  you  can
              push  or  pull  data  to/from a remote host using either the remote-shell syntax or
              rsync daemon syntax, as desired.

       o      The first example uses the created "foo.sh" file to get  the  right  rsync  options
              when running the read-batch command on the remote host.

       o      The  second  example reads the batch data via standard input so that the batch file
              doesn’t need to be copied to the remote machine first.   This  example  avoids  the
              foo.sh  script  because  it  needed  to use a modified --read-batch option, but you
              could edit the script file if you wished to make use of it (just be  sure  that  no
              other  option  is  trying  to  use  standard  input, such as the "--exclude-from=-"
              option).

       Caveats:

       The read-batch option expects the destination tree that it is updating to be identical  to
       the  destination tree that was used to create the batch update fileset.  When a difference
       between the destination trees is encountered the update might be discarded with a  warning
       (if  the  file  appears  to be up-to-date already) or the file-update may be attempted and
       then, if the file fails to verify, the update discarded with an error.  This means that it
       should  be  safe  to re-run a read-batch operation if the command got interrupted.  If you
       wish to force the batched-update to always be attempted regardless of the file’s size  and
       date,  use  the  -I  option (when reading the batch).  If an error occurs, the destination
       tree will probably be in a partially updated state. In that case, rsync can be used in its
       regular (non-batch) mode of operation to fix up the destination tree.

       The  rsync  version  used  on  all destinations must be at least as new as the one used to
       generate the batch file.  Rsync will die with an error if  the  protocol  version  in  the
       batch  file  is  too  new  for the batch-reading rsync to handle.  See also the --protocol
       option for a way to have the creating rsync generate a batch file that an older rsync  can
       understand.   (Note  that  batch files changed format in version 2.6.3, so mixing versions
       older than that with newer versions will not work.)

       When reading a batch file, rsync will force the value of certain options to match the data
       in  the batch file if you didn’t set them to the same as the batch-writing command.  Other
       options can (and should) be changed.  For instance --write-batch changes to  --read-batch,
       --files-from  is  dropped,  and  the  --filter/--include/--exclude  options are not needed
       unless one of the --delete options is specified.

       The code that creates the BATCH.sh file transforms any filter/include/exclude options into
       a single list that is appended as a "here" document to the shell script file.  An advanced
       user can use this to modify the exclude list if a change in what gets deleted by  --delete
       is desired.  A normal user can ignore this detail and just use the shell script as an easy
       way to run the appropriate --read-batch command for the batched data.

       The original batch mode in rsync was based on "rsync+", but the latest version uses a  new
       implementation.

SYMBOLIC LINKS

       Three  basic  behaviors  are  possible when rsync encounters a symbolic link in the source
       directory.

       By default, symbolic links are not transferred at all.  A message  "skipping  non-regular"
       file is emitted for any symlinks that exist.

       If  --links  is  specified,  then  symlinks  are  recreated  with  the  same target on the
       destination.  Note that --archive implies --links.

       If --copy-links is specified, then symlinks are "collapsed"  by  copying  their  referent,
       rather than the symlink.

       Rsync  can  also  distinguish  "safe"  and "unsafe" symbolic links.  An example where this
       might be used is a web site mirror that wishes to ensure that the  rsync  module  that  is
       copied  does  not include symbolic links to /etc/passwd in the public section of the site.
       Using --copy-unsafe-links will cause any links to be copied as the file they point  to  on
       the  destination.   Using  --safe-links  will cause unsafe links to be omitted altogether.
       (Note that you must specify --links for --safe-links to have any effect.)

       Symbolic links are considered unsafe if they are absolute symlinks (start with /),  empty,
       or if they contain enough ".." components to ascend from the directory being copied.

       Here’s  a  summary  of  how  the symlink options are interpreted.  The list is in order of
       precedence, so if your combination of options isn’t mentioned, use the first line that  is
       a complete subset of your options:

       --copy-links
              Turn  all  symlinks into normal files (leaving no symlinks for any other options to
              affect).

       --links --copy-unsafe-links
              Turn all unsafe symlinks into files and duplicate all safe symlinks.

       --copy-unsafe-links
              Turn all unsafe symlinks into files, noisily skip all safe symlinks.

       --links --safe-links
              Duplicate safe symlinks and skip unsafe ones.

       --links
              Duplicate all symlinks.

DIAGNOSTICS

       rsync occasionally produces error messages that may seem a little cryptic.  The  one  that
       seems to cause the most confusion is "protocol version mismatch -- is your shell clean?".

       This  message is usually caused by your startup scripts or remote shell facility producing
       unwanted garbage on the stream that rsync is using for its transport. The way to  diagnose
       this problem is to run your remote shell like this:

              ssh remotehost /bin/true > out.dat

       then  look  at  out.dat.  If everything is working correctly then out.dat should be a zero
       length file. If you are getting the above error from rsync then  you  will  probably  find
       that  out.dat contains some text or data. Look at the contents and try to work out what is
       producing it. The most common cause is incorrectly configured shell startup scripts  (such
       as .cshrc or .profile) that contain output statements for non-interactive logins.

       If  you  are having trouble debugging filter patterns, then try specifying the -vv option.
       At this level of verbosity rsync will  show  why  each  individual  file  is  included  or
       excluded.

EXIT VALUES

       0      Success

       1      Syntax or usage error

       2      Protocol incompatibility

       3      Errors selecting input/output files, dirs

       4      Requested action not supported: an attempt was made to manipulate 64-bit files on a
              platform that cannot support them; or an option was specified that is supported  by
              the client and not by the server.

       5      Error starting client-server protocol

       6      Daemon unable to append to log-file

       10     Error in socket I/O

       11     Error in file I/O

       12     Error in rsync protocol data stream

       13     Errors with program diagnostics

       14     Error in IPC code

       20     Received SIGUSR1 or SIGINT

       21     Some error returned by waitpid()

       22     Error allocating core memory buffers

       23     Partial transfer due to error

       24     Partial transfer due to vanished source files

       25     The --max-delete limit stopped deletions

       30     Timeout in data send/receive

       35     Timeout waiting for daemon connection

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

       CVSIGNORE
              The  CVSIGNORE  environment  variable supplements any ignore patterns in .cvsignore
              files. See the --cvs-exclude option for more details.

       RSYNC_ICONV
              Specify a default --iconv setting using this environment variable. (First supported
              in 3.0.0.)

       RSYNC_PROTECT_ARGS
              Specify  a  non-zero  numeric  value  if  you  want the --protect-args option to be
              enabled by default, or a zero value to make sure that it is  disabled  by  default.
              (First supported in 3.1.0.)

       RSYNC_RSH
              The RSYNC_RSH environment variable allows you to override the default shell used as
              the transport for rsync.  Command line options  are  permitted  after  the  command
              name, just as in the -e option.

       RSYNC_PROXY
              The  RSYNC_PROXY  environment  variable allows you to redirect your rsync client to
              use a web proxy when connecting to a rsync daemon. You should set RSYNC_PROXY to  a
              hostname:port pair.

       RSYNC_PASSWORD
              Setting  RSYNC_PASSWORD  to  the  required password allows you to run authenticated
              rsync connections to an rsync daemon without user intervention. Note that this does
              not  supply  a password to a remote shell transport such as ssh; to learn how to do
              that, consult the remote shell’s documentation.

       USER or LOGNAME
              The USER or LOGNAME  environment  variables  are  used  to  determine  the  default
              username  sent  to  an  rsync  daemon.  If neither is set, the username defaults to
              "nobody".

       HOME   The HOME environment variable is used to find the user’s default .cvsignore file.

FILES

       /etc/rsyncd.conf or rsyncd.conf

SEE ALSO

       rsyncd.conf(5)

BUGS

       times are transferred as *nix time_t values

       When transferring to FAT filesystems rsync may re-sync unmodified files.  See the comments
       on the --modify-window option.

       file permissions, devices, etc. are transferred as native numerical values

       see also the comments on the --delete option

       Please report bugs! See the web site at http://rsync.samba.org/

VERSION

       This man page is current for version 3.1.0 of rsync.

INTERNAL OPTIONS

       The  options --server and --sender are used internally by rsync, and should never be typed
       by a user under normal circumstances.  Some awareness of these options may  be  needed  in
       certain  scenarios,  such  as  when setting up a login that can only run an rsync command.
       For instance, the support directory of the rsync distribution has an example script  named
       rrsync (for restricted rsync) that can be used with a restricted ssh login.

CREDITS

       rsync  is  distributed  under  the  GNU  General Public License.  See the file COPYING for
       details.

       A WEB site is available at http://rsync.samba.org/.   The  site  includes  an  FAQ-O-Matic
       which may cover questions unanswered by this manual page.

       The primary ftp site for rsync is ftp://rsync.samba.org/pub/rsync.

       We  would  be  delighted  to  hear  from you if you like this program.  Please contact the
       mailing-list at rsync@lists.samba.org.

       This program uses the excellent zlib compression library written by Jean-loup  Gailly  and
       Mark Adler.

THANKS

       Special  thanks  go  out  to:  John  Van  Essen, Matt McCutchen, Wesley W. Terpstra, David
       Dykstra, Jos Backus,  Sebastian  Krahmer,  Martin  Pool,  and  our  gone-but-not-forgotten
       compadre, J.W. Schultz.

       Thanks also to Richard Brent, Brendan Mackay, Bill Waite, Stephen Rothwell and David Bell.
       I’ve probably missed some people, my apologies if I have.

AUTHOR

       rsync was originally written by Andrew Tridgell and  Paul  Mackerras.   Many  people  have
       later contributed to it.  It is currently maintained by Wayne Davison.

       Mailing lists for support and development are available at http://lists.samba.org

                                           28 Sep 2013                                   rsync(1)