Ubuntu Manpage: srec_input - input file specifications

NAME

       srec_input - input file specifications

SYNOPSIS

       srec_* filename [ format ]

DESCRIPTION

This manual page describes the input file specifications for the srec_cat(1), srec_cmp(1)
and srec_info(1) commands.

Input files may be qualified in a number of ways: you may specify their format and you may
specify filters to apply to them. An input file specification looks like this:
filename [ format ][ -ignore‐checksums ][ filter ... ]

The filename may be specified as a file name, or the special name “-” which is understood
to mean the standard input.

Grouping with Parentheses
There are some cases where operator precedence of the filters can be ambiguous. Input
specifications may also be enclosed by ( parentheses ) to make grouping explicit.
Remember that the parentheses must be separate words, i.e. surrounded by spaces, and they
will need to be quoted to get them past the shell's interpretation of parentheses.

Those Option Names Sure Are Long
All options may be abbreviated; the abbreviation is documented as the upper case letters,
all lower case letters and underscores (_) are optional. You must use consecutive
sequences of optional letters.

All options are case insensitive, you may type them in upper case or lower case or a
combination of both, case is not important.

For example: the arguments “-help”, “-HEL” and “-h” are all interpreted to mean the -Help
option. The argument “-hlp” will not be understood, because consecutive optional
characters were not supplied.

Options and other command line arguments may be mixed arbitrarily on the command line.

The GNU long option names are understood. Since all option names for srec_input are long,
this means ignoring the extra leading “-”. The “--option=value” convention is also
understood.

File Formats
The format is specified by the argument after the file name. The format defaults to
Motorola S‐Record if not specified. The format specifiers are:

-Absolute_Object_Module_Format
This option says to use the Intel Absolute Object Module Format (AOMF) to read the
file. (See srec_aomf(5) for a description of this file format.)

-Ascii_Hex
This option says to use the Ascii‐Hex format to read the file. See
srec_ascii_hex(5) for a description of this file format.

-Atmel_Generic
This option says to use the Atmel Generic format to read the file. See
srec_atmel_genetic(5) for a description of this file format.

-Binary This option says the file is a raw binary file, and should be read literally.
(This option may also be written -Raw.) See srec_binary(5) for more information.

-B‐Record
This option says to use the Freescale MC68EZ328 Dragonball bootstrap b‐record
format to read the file. See srec_brecord(5) for a description of this file
format.

-COsmac This option says to use the RCA Cosmac Elf format to read the file. See
srec_cosmac(5) for a description of this file format.

-Dec_Binary
This option says to use the DEC Binary (XXDP) format to read the file. See
srec_dec_binary(5) for a description of this file format.

-Elektor_Monitor52
This option says to use the EMON52 format to read the file. See srec_emon52(5)
for a description of this file format.

-FAIrchild
This option says to use the Fairchild Fairbug format to read the file. See
srec_fairchild(5) for a description of this file format.

-Fast_Load
This option says to use the LSI Logic Fast Load format to read the file. See
srec_fastload(5) for a description of this file format.

-Formatted_Binary
This option says to use the Formatted Binary format to read the file. See
srec_formatted_binary(5) for a description of this file format.

-Four_Packed_Code
This option says to use the FPC format to read the file. See srec_fpc(5) for a
description of this file format.

-Guess This option may be used to ask the command to guess the input format. This is
slower than specifying an explicit format, as it may open and scan and close the
file a number of times.

-HEX_Dump
This option says to try to read a hexadecimal dump file, more or less in the style
output by the same option. This is not an exact reverse mapping, because if there
are ASCII equivalents on the right hand side, these may be confused for data
bytes. Also, it doesn't understand white space representing holes in the data in
the line.

-IDT This option says to the the IDT/sim binary format to read the file.

-Intel This option says to use the Intel hex format to read the file. See srec_intel(5)
for a description of this file format.

-INtel_HeX_16
This option says to use the Intel hex 16 (INHX16) format to read the file. See
srec_intel16(5) for a description of this file format.

-Memory_Initialization_File
This option says to use the Memory Initialization File (MIF) format by Altera to
read the file. See srec_mif (5) for a description of this file format.

-Mips_Flash_BigEndian

-Mips_Flash_LittleEndian
This option says to use the MIPS Flash file format to read the file. See
srec_mips_flash (5) for a description of this file format.

-MOS_Technologies
This option says to use the Mos Technologies format to read the file. See
srec_mos_tech(5) for a description of this file format.

-Motorola [ width ]
This option says to use the Motorola S‐Record format to read the file. (May be
written -S‐Record as well.) See srec_motorola(5) for a description of this file
format.

The optional width argument describes the number of bytes which form each address
multiple. For normal uses the default of one (1) byte is appropriate. Some
systems with 16‐bit or 32‐bit targets mutilate the addresses in the file; this
option will correct for that. Unlike most other parameters, this one cannot be
guessed.

-MsBin This option says to use the Windows CE Binary Image Data Format to read the file.
See srec_msbin(5) for a description of this file format.

-Needham_Hexadecimal
This option says to use the Needham Electronics ASCII file format to read the
file. See srec_needham(5) for a description of this file format.

-Ohio_Scientific
This option says to use the Ohio Scientific format. See srec_os65v(5) for a
description of this file format.

-PPB This option says to use the Stag Prom Programmer binary format. See srec_ppb(5)
for a description of this file format.

-PPX This option says to use the Stag Prom Programmer hexadecimal format. See
srec_ppx(5) for a description of this file format.

-SIGnetics
This option says to use the Signetics format. See srec_spasm(5) for a description
of this file format.

-SPAsm This option says to use the SPASM assembler output format (commonly used by PIC
programmers). See srec_spasm(5) for a description of this file format.

-SPAsm_LittleEndian
This option says to use the SPASM assembler output format (commonly used by PIC
programmers). But with the data the other way around.

-STewie This option says to use the Stewie binary format to read the file. See
srec_stewie(5) for a description of this file format.

-Tektronix
This option says to use the Tektronix hex format to read the file. See
srec_tektronix(5) for a description of this file format.

-Tektronix_Extended
This option says to use the Tektronix extended hex format to read the file. See
srec_tektronix_extended(5) for a description of this file format.

-Texas_Instruments_Tagged
This option says to use the Texas Instruments Tagged format to read the file. See
srec_ti_tagged(5) for a description of this file format.

-Texas_Instruments_Tagged_16
This option says to use the Texas Instruments SDSMAC 320 format to read the file.
See srec_ti_tagged_16(5) for a description of this file format.

-Texas_Instruments_TeXT
This option says to use the Texas Instruments TXT (MSP430) format to read the
file. See srec_ti_txt(5) for a description of this file format.

-VMem This option says to use the Verilog VMEM format to read the file. See
srec_vmem(5) for a description of this file format.

-WILson This option says to use the wilson format to read the file. See srec_wilson(5)
for a description of this file format.

Ignore Checksums
The -IGnore‐Checksums option may be used to disable checksum validation of input files,
for those formats which have checksums at all. Note that the checksum values are still
read in and parsed (so it is still an error if they are missing) but their values are not
checked. Used after an input file name, the option affects that file alone; used anywhere
else on the command line, it applies to all following files.

Generators
It is also possible to generate data, rather than read it from a file. You may use a
generator anywhere you could use a file. An input generator specification looks like
this:

-GENerate address‐range -data‐source

The -data‐source may be one of the following:

-CONSTant byte‐value
This generator manufactures data with the given byte value of the the given
address range. It is an error if the byte‐value is not in the range 0..255.

For example, to fill memory addresses 100..199 with newlines (0x0A), you could use
a command like

srec_cat -generate 100 200 -constant 10 -o newlines.srec

This can, of course, be combined with data from files.

-REPeat_Data byte‐value...
This generator manufactures data with the given byte values repeating over the the
given address range. It is an error if any of the the byte‐values are not in the
range 0..255.

For example, to create a data region with 0xDE in the even bytes and 0xAD in the
odd bytes, use a generator like this:

srec_cat -generate 0x1000 0x2000 -repeat‐data 0xDE 0xAD

The repeat boundaries are aligned with the base of the address range, modulo the
number of bytes.

-REPeat_String text
This generator is almost identical to -repeat‐data except that the data to be
repeated is the text of the given string.

For example, to fill the holes in an EPROM image eprom.srec with the text
“Copyright (C) 1812 Tchaikovsky”, combine a generator and an -exclude filter, such
as the command

srec_cat eprom.srec \
-generate 0 0x100000 \
-repeat‐string 'Copyright (C) 1812 Tchaikovsky. ' \
-exclude -within eprom.srec \
-o eprom.filled.srec

The thing to note is that we have two data sources: the eprom.srec file, and
generated data over an address range which covers first megabyte of memory but
excluding areas covered by the eprom.srec data.

-Litte_Endian_CONSTant value width
This generator manufactures data with the given numeric value, of a given byte
width, in little‐endian byte order. It is an error if the given value does not
fit into the given byte width. It will repeat over and over within the address
range range.

For example, to insert a subversion commit number into 4 bytes at 0x0008..0x000B
you would use a command like

srec_cat -generate 8 12 -l‐e‐constant $VERSION 4 \
-o version.srec

This generator is a convenience wrapper around the -REPeat_Data generator. It
can, of course, be combined with data from files.

-Big_Endian_CONSTant value width
As above, but using big‐endian byte ordering.

Anything else will result in an error.

Input Filters
You may specify zero or more filters to be applied. Filters are applied in the order the
user specifies.

-AND value
This filter may be used to bit‐wise AND a value to every data byte. This is
useful if you need to clear bits. Only existing data is altered, no holes are
filled.

-Big_Endian_Adler_16 address
This filter may be used to insert an “Adler” 16‐bit checksum of the data into the
data. Two bytes, big‐endian order, are inserted at the address given. Holes in
the input data are ignored. Bytes are processed in ascending address order (not
in the order they appear in the input).

Note: If you have holes in your data, you will get a different Adler checksum than
if there were no holes. This is important because the in‐memory EPROM image will
not have holes. You almost always want to use the -fill filter before any of the
Adler checksum filters. You will receive a warning if the data presented for
Adler checksum has holes.

You should also be aware that the lower and upper bounds of your data may not be
the same as the lower and upper bounds of your EPROM. This is another reason to
use the -fill filter, because it will establish the data across the full EPROM
address range.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler‐32

-Big_Endian_Adler_32 address
This filter may be used to insert a Adler 32‐bit checksum of the data into the
data. Four bytes, big‐endian order, are inserted at the address given. Holes in
the input data are ignored. Bytes are processed in ascending address order (not
in the order they appear in the input).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler‐32

-Big_Endian_Checksum_BitNot address [ nbytes [ width ]]
This filter may be used to insert the one's complement checksum of the data into
the data, most significant byte first. The data is literally summed; if there are
duplicate bytes, this will produce an incorrect result, if there are holes, it
will be as if they were filled with zeros. If the data already contains bytes at
the checksum location, you need to use an exclude filter, or this will generate
errors. You need to apply and crop or fill filters before this filter. The value
will be written with the most significant byte first. The number of bytes of
resulting checksum defaults to 4. The width (the width in bytes of the values
being summed) defaults to 1.

-Big_Endian_Checksum_Negative address [ nbytes [ width ]]
This filter may be used to insert the two's complement (negative) checksum of the
data into the data. Otherwise similar to the above.

-Big_Endian_Checksum_Positive address [ nbytes [ width ]]
This filter may be used to insert the simple checksum of the data into the data.
Otherwise similar to the above.

-Big_Endian_CRC16 address [ modifier... ]
This filter may be used to insert an industry standard 16‐bit CRC checksum of the
data into the data. Two bytes, big‐endian order, are inserted at the address
given. Holes in the input data are ignored. Bytes are processed in ascending
address order (not in the order they appear in the input).

The following additional modifiers are understood:

number Set the polynomial to be used to the given number.

-Most_To_Least
The CRC calculation is performed with the most significant bit in each
byte processed first, and then proceeding towards the least significant
bit. This is the default.

-Least_To_Most
The CRC calculation is performed with the least significant bit in each
byte processed first, and then proceeding towards the most significant
bit.

-CCITT The CCITT calculation is performed. The initial seed is 0xFFFF. This is
the default.

-XMODEM The alternate XMODEM calculation is performed. The initial seed is
0x0000.

-BROKEN A common‐but‐broken calculation is performed (see note 2 below). The
initial seed is 0x84CF.

-AUGment
The CRC is augmented by sixteen zero bits at the end of the calculation.
This is the default.

-No‐AUGment
The CRC is not augmented at the end of the calculation. This is less
standard conforming, but some implementations do this.

Note: If you have holes in your data, you will get a different CRC than if there
were no holes. This is important because the in‐memory EPROM image will not have
holes. You almost always want to use the -fill filter before any of the CRC
filters. You will receive a warning if the data presented for CRC has holes.

Note 2: there are a great many CRC16 implementations out there, see
http://www.joegeluso.com/software/articles/ccitt.htm (now gone, reproduced at
http://srecord.sourceforge.net/crc16-ccitt.html) and “A painless guide to CRC
error detection algorithms” http://www.repairfaq.org/filipg/LINK/F_crc_v3.html for
more information. If all else fails, SRecord is open source software: read the
SRecord source code. The CRC16 source code (found in the srecord/crc16.cc file of
the distribution tarball) has a great many explanatory comments.

Please try all twelve combinations of the above options before reporting a bug in
the CRC16 calculation.

-Big_Endian_CRC32 address [ modifier... ]
This filter may be used to insert an industry standard 32‐bit CRC checksum of the
data into the data. Four bytes, big‐endian order, are inserted at the address
given. Holes in the input data are ignored. Bytes are processed in ascending
address order (not in the order they appear in the input). See also the note
about holes, above.

The following additional modifiers are understood:

-CCITT The CCITT calculation is performed. The initial seed is all one bits.
This is the default.

-XMODEM An alternate XMODEM‐style calculation is performed. The initial seed is
all zero bits.

-Big_Endian_Exclusive_Length address [ nbytes [ width ]]
The same as the -Big_Endian_Length filter, except that the result does not include
the length itself.

-Big_Endian_Exclusive_MAXimum address [ nbytes ]
The same as the -Big_Endian_MAXimum filter, except that the result does not
include the maximum itself.

-Big_Endian_Exclusive_MINimum address [ nbytes ]
The same as the -Big_Endian_MINimum filter, except that the result does not
include the minimum itself.

-Big_Endian_Fletcher_16 address [ sum1 sum2 [ answer ]]
This filter may be used to insert an Fletcher 16‐bit checksum of the data into the
data. Two bytes, big‐endian order, are inserted at the address given. Holes in
the input data are ignored. Bytes are processed in ascending address order (not
in the order they appear in the input).

Note: If you have holes in your data, you will get a different Fletcher checksum
than if there were no holes. This is important because the in‐memory EPROM image
will not have holes. You almost always want to use the -fill filter before any of
the Fletcher checksum filters. You will receive a warning if the data presented
for Fletcher checksum has holes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher%27s_checksum

It is possible to select seed values for sum1 and sum2 in the algorithm, by adding
seed values on the command line. They each default to 0xFF if not explicitly
stated. The default values (0) means that an empty EPROM (all 0x00 or all 0xFF)
will sum to zero; by changing the seeds, an empty EPROM will always fail.

The third optional argument is the desired sum, when the checksum itself is
summed. A common value is 0x0000, placed in the last two bytes of an EPROM, so
that the Fletcher 16 checksum of the EPROM is exactly 0x0000. No manipulation of
the final value is performed if this value if not specified.

-Big_Endian_Fletcher_32 address
This filter may be used to insert a Fletcher 32‐bit checksum of the data into the
data. Four bytes, big‐endian order, are inserted at the address given. Holes in
the input data are ignored. Bytes are processed in ascending address order (not
in the order they appear in the input).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher%27s_checksum

-Big_Endian_Length address [ nbytes [ width ]]
This filter may be used to insert the length of the data (high water minus low
water) into the data. This includes the length itself. If the data already
contains bytes at the length location, you need to use an exclude filter, or this
will generate errors. The value will be written with the most significant byte
first. The number of bytes defaults to 4. The width defaults to 1, and is
divided into the actual length, thus you can insert the width in units of words
(2) or longs (4).

-Big_Endian_MAXimum address [ nbytes ]
This filter may be used to insert the maximum address of the data (high water
+ 1) into the data. This includes the maximum itself. If the data already
contains bytes at the given address, you need to use an exclude filter, or this
will generate errors. The value will be written with the most significant byte
first. The number of bytes defaults to 4.

-Big_Endian_MINimum address [ nbytes ]
This filter may be used to insert the minimum address of the data (low water) into
the data. This includes the minimum itself. If the data already contains bytes
at the given address, you need to use an exclude filter, or this will generate
errors. The value will be written with the most significant byte first. The
number of bytes defaults to 4.

-bit_reverse [ width ]
This filter may be used to reverse the order of the bits in each data byte. By
specifying a width (in bytes) it is possible to reverse the order multi‐byte
values; this is implemented using the byte‐swap filter.

-Byte_Swap [ width ]
This filter may be used to swap pairs of odd and even bytes. By specifying a
width (in bytes) it is possible to reverse the order of 4 and 8 bytes, the default
is 2 bytes. (Widths in excess of 8 are assumed to be number of bits.) It is not
possible to swap non‐power‐of‐two addresses. To change the alignment, use the
offset filter before and after.

-Crop address‐range
This filter may be used to isolate a section of data, and discard the rest.

-Exclude address‐range
This filter may be used to exclude a section of data, and keep the rest. The is
the logical complement of the -Crop filter.

-eXclusive‐OR value
This filter may be used to bit‐wise XOR a value to every data byte. This is
useful if you need to invert bits. Only existing data is altered, no holes are
filled.

-Fill value address‐range
This filter may be used to fill any gaps in the data with bytes equal to value.
The fill will only occur in the address range given.

-Little_Endian_Adler_16 address
This filter may be used to insert an Adler 16‐bit checksum of the data into the
data. Two bytes, in little‐endian order, are inserted at the address given.
Holes in the input data are ignored. Bytes are processed in ascending address
order (not in the order they appear in the input).

Note: If you have holes in your data, you will get a different Adler checksum than
if there were no holes. This is important because the in‐memory EPROM image will
not have holes. You almost always want to use the -fill filter before any of the
Adler filters. You will receive a warning if the data presented for Adler
checksum has holes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler‐32

-Little_Endian_Adler_32 address
This filter may be used to insert a Adler 32‐bit checksum of the data into the
data. Four bytes, in little‐endian order, are inserted at the address given.
Holes in the input data are ignored. Bytes are processed in ascending address
order (not in the order they appear in the input).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler‐32

-Little_Endian_Checksum_BitNot address [ nbytes [ width ]]
This filter may be used to insert the one's complement (bitnot) checksum of the
data into the data, least significant byte first. Otherwise similar to the above.

-Little_Endian_Checksum_Negative address [ nbytes [ width ]]
This filter may be used to insert the two's complement (negative) checksum of the
data into the data. Otherwise similar to the above.

-Little_Endian_Checksum_Positive address [ nbytes [ width ]]
This filter may be used to insert the simple checksum of the data into the data.
Otherwise similar to the above.

-Little_Endian_CRC16 address [ modifier... ]
The same as the -Big_Endian_CRC16 filter, except little‐endian order.

-Little_Endian_CRC32 address
The same as the -Big_Endian_CRC32 filter, except little‐endian order.

-Little_Endian_Exclusive_Length address [ nbytes [ width ]]
The same as the -Little_Endian_Length filter, except that the result does not
include the length itself.

-Little_Endian_Exclusive_MAXimum address [ nbytes ]
The same as the -Little_Endian_MAXimum filter, except that the result does not
include the maximum itself.

-Little_Endian_Exclusive_MINimum address [ nbytes ]
The same as the -Little_Endian_MINimum filter, except that the result does not
include the minimum itself.

-Little_Endian_Fletcher_16 address
This filter may be used to insert an Fletcher 16‐bit checksum of the data into the
data. Two bytes, in little‐endian order, are inserted at the address given.
Holes in the input data are ignored. Bytes are processed in ascending address
order (not in the order they appear in the input).

Note: If you have holes in your data, you will get a different Fletcher checksum
than if there were no holes. This is important because the in‐memory EPROM image
will not have holes. You almost always want to use the -fill filter before any of
the Fletcher filters. You will receive a warning if the data presented for
Fletcher checksum has holes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher%27s_checksum

-Little_Endian_Fletcher_32 address
This filter may be used to insert a Fletcher 32‐bit checksum of the data into the
data. Four bytes, in little‐endian order, are inserted at the address given.
Holes in the input data are ignored. Bytes are processed in ascending address
order (not in the order they appear in the input).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher%27s_checksum

-Little_Endian_Length address [ nbytes [ width ]]
The same as the -Big_Endian_Length filter, except the value will be written with
the least significant byte first.

-Little_Endian_MAXimum address [ nbytes ]
The same as the -Big_Endian_MAXimum filter, except the value will be written with
the least significant byte first.

-Little_Endian_MINimum address [ nbytes ]
The same as the -Big_Endian_MINimum filter, except the value will be written with
the least significant byte first.

-Message_Digest_5 address
This filter may be used to insert a 16 byte MD5 hash into the data, at the address
given.

-NOT This filter may be used to bit‐wise NOT the value of every data byte. This is
useful if you need to invert the data. Only existing data is altered, no holes
are filled.

-OFfset nbytes
This filter may be used to offset the addresses by the given number of bytes. No
data is lost, the addresses will wrap around in 32 bits, if necessary. You may
use negative numbers for the offset, if you wish to move data lower in memory.

Please note: the execution start address is a different concept than the first
address in memory of your data. If you want to change where your monitor will
start executing, use the -execution‐start‐address option (srec_cat(1) only).

-OR value
This filter may be used to bit‐wise OR a value to every data byte. This is useful
if you need to set bits. Only existing data is altered, no holes are filled.

-Random_Fill address‐range
This filter may be used to fill any gaps in the data with random bytes. The fill
will only occur in the address range given.

-Ripe_Message_Digest_160 address
This filter may be used to insert an RMD160 hash into the data.

-Secure_Hash_Algorithm_1 address
This filter may be used to insert a 20 byte SHA1 hash into the data, at the
address given.

-Secure_Hash_Algorithm_224 address
This filter may be used to insert a 28 byte SHA224 hash into the data, at the
address given. See Change Notice 1 for FIPS 180‐2 for the specification.

-Secure_Hash_Algorithm_256 address
This filter may be used to insert a 32 byte SHA256 hash into the data, at the
address given. See FIPS 180‐2 for the specification.

-Secure_Hash_Algorithm_384 address
This filter may be used to insert a 48 byte SHA384 hash into the data, at the
address given. See FIPS 180‐2 for the specification.

-Secure_Hash_Algorithm_512 address
This filter may be used to insert a 64 byte SHA512 hash into the data, at the
address given. See FIPS 180‐2 for the specification.

-SPlit multiple [ offset [ width ] ]
This filter may be used to split the input into a subset of the data, and compress
the address range so as to leave no gaps. This useful for wide data buses and
memory striping. The multiple is the bytes multiple to split over, the offset is
the byte offset into this range (defaults to 0), the width is the number of bytes
to extract (defaults to 1) within the multiple. In order to leave no gaps, the
output addresses are (width / multiple) times the input addresses.

-TIGer address
This filter may be used to insert a 24 byte TIGER/192 hash into the data at the
address given.

-UnFill value [ min‐run‐length ]
This filter may be used to create gaps in the data with bytes equal to value. You
can think of it as reversing the effects of the -Fill filter. The gaps will only
be created if the are at least min‐run‐length bytes in a row (defaults to 1).

-Un_SPlit multiple [ offset [ width ] ]
This filter may be used to reverse the effects of the split filter. The arguments
are identical. Note that the address range is expanded (multiple / width) times,
leaving holes between the stripes.

-WHIrlpool address
This filter may be used to insert a 64 byte WHIRLPOOL hash into the data, at the
address given.

Address Ranges
There are eight ways to specify an address range:

minimum maximum
If you specify two number on the command line (decimal, octal and hexadecimal are
understood, using the C conventions) this is an explicit address range. The
minimum is inclusive, the maximum is exclusive (one more than the last address).
If the maximum is given as zero then the range extends to the end of the address
space.

-Within input‐specification
This says to use the specified input file as a mask. The range includes all the
places the specified input has data, and holes where it has holes. The input
specification need not be just a file name, it may be anything any other input
specification can be.

See also the -over option for a discussion on operator precedence.

-OVER input‐specification
This says to use the specified input file as a mask. The range extends from the
minimum to the maximum address used by the input, without any holes, even if the
input has holes. The input specification need not be just a file name, it may be
anything any other input specification can be.

You may need to enclose input‐specification in parentheses to make sure it can't
misinterpret which arguments go with which input specification. This is
particularly important when a filter is to follow. For example
filename -fill 0 -over filename2 -swap‐bytes
groups as
filename -fill 0 -over '(' filename2 -swap‐bytes ')'
when what you actually wanted was
'(' filename -fill 0 -over filename2 ')' -swap‐bytes
The command line expression parsing tends to be “greedy” (or right associative)
rather than conservative (or left associative).

address‐range -RAnge‐PADding number
It is also possible to pad ranges to be whole aligned multiples of the given
number. For example
input‐file -fill 0xFF -within input‐file -range‐pad 512
will fill the input‐file so that it consists of whole 512‐byte blocks, aligned on
512 byte boundaries. Any large holes in the data will also be multiples of 512
bytes, though they may have been shrunk as blocks before and after are padded.

This operator has the same precedence as the explicit union operator.

address‐range -INTERsect address‐range
You can intersect two address ranges to produce a smaller address range. The
intersection operator has higher precedence than the implicit union operator
(evaluated left to right).

address‐range -UNIon address‐range
You can union two address ranges to produce a larger address range. The union
operator has lower precedence than the intersection operator (evaluated left to
right).

address‐range -DIFference address‐range
You can difference two address ranges to produce a smaller address range. The
result is the left hand range with all of the right hand range removed. The
difference operator has the same precedence as the implicit union operator
(evaluated left to right).

address‐range address‐range
In addition, all of these methods may be used, and used more than once, and the
results will be combined (implicit union operator, same precedence as explicit
union operator).

Calculated Values
Most of the places above where a number is expected, you may supply one of the following:

- value
The value of this expression is the negative of the expression argument. Note the
space between the minus sign and its argument: this space is mandatory.
srec_cat in.srec -offset − -minimum‐addr in.srec -o out.srec
This example shows how to move data to the base of memory.

( value )
You may use parentheses for grouping. When using parentheses, they must each be a
separate command line argument, they can't be within the text of the preceding or
following option, and you will need to quote them to get them past the shell, such
as '(' and ')'.

-MINimum‐Address input‐specification
This inserts the minimum address of the specified input file. The input
specification need not be just a file name, it may be anything any other input
specification can be.

See also the -over option for a discussion on operator precedence.

-MAXimum‐Address input‐specification
This inserts the maximum address of the specified input file, plus one. The input
specification need not be just a file name, it may be anything any other input
specification can be.

See also the -over option for a discussion on operator precedence.

-Length input‐specification
This inserts the length of the address range in the specified input file, ignoring
any holes. The input specification need not be just a file name, it may be
anything any other input specification can be.

See also the -over option for a discussion on operator precedence.

For example, the -OVER input‐specification option can be thought of as short‐hand for '('
-min file -max file ')', except that it is much easier to type, and also more efficient.

In addition, calculated values may optionally be rounded in one of three ways:

value -Round_Down number
The value is rounded down to the the largest integer smaller than or equal to a
whole multiple of the number.

value -Round_Nearest number
The value is rounded to the the nearest whole multiple of the number.

value -Round_Up number
The value is rounded up to the the smallest integer larger than or equal to a
whole multiple of the number.

When using parentheses, they must each be a separate command line argument, they can't be
within the text of the preceding or following option, and you will need to quote them to
get them past the shell, as '(' and ')'.

COPYRIGHT

       srec_input version 1.58
       Copyright  (C)  1998,  1999,  2000,  2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009,
       2010, 2011 Peter Miller

       The srec_input program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details use the  'srec_input
       -VERSion  License'  command.  This is free software and you are welcome to redistribute it
       under certain conditions; for details use the 'srec_input -VERSion License' command.

AUTHOR

       Peter Miller   E‐Mail:   pmiller@opensource.org.au
       /\/\*             WWW:   http://miller.emu.id.au/pmiller/