Provided by: libvistaio-dev_1.2.16-1_amd64 bug

NAME

       VistaIOImage - image representation

SYNOPSIS

       #include <vistaio.h>

       VistaIOImage image;

DESCRIPTION

   Introduction
       Vista represents an image as one or more two-dimensional arrays of pixel values. Each two-
       dimensional array, called a band, has the same size, which is expressed  as  a  number  of
       rows  and  a  number  of  columns.  Multiple  bands may, for example, be used to represent
       multiple color components, multiple frames of a motion sequence, the  real  and  imaginary
       components  of a complex image, or some combination of these. Besides pixel data, an image
       may also has an arbitrary list of attributes associated with it.

       An image in memory is referred to by the C pointer type VistaIOImage. In data  files  it's
       identified   by  the  type  name  image,  and  in  memory,  by  the  VistaIORepnKind  code
       VistaIOImageRepn. Since it is a standard object type with built-in support  in  the  Vista
       library,  images  can  be  read from data files, written to data files, and manipulated as
       part of attribute lists by routines such as VistaIOReadFile(3),  VistaIOWriteFile(3),  and
       VistaIOGetAttr(3).

   Creating and Destroying Images
       The following routines create and destroy images.

       VistaIOImage VistaIOCreateImage (int nbands, int nrows, int ncolumns, VistaIOPixelRepn
                 pixel_repn)

            VistaIOCreateImage allocates memory for a new image with  the  specified  numbers  of
            bands,  rows,  and  columns. Its pixel values are not initialized, and it is given an
            empty attribute list. The pixel_repn  argument  is  described  below,  under  ``Pixel
            Representation''. (See VistaIOCreateImage(3) for details.)

       void VistaIODestroyImage (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIODestroyImage  releases the memory occupied by image, including that occupied
              by its pixel data and attribute list.

   Image Size
       An image's numbers of bands, row, and columns are sometimes abbreviated as nbands,  nrows,
       and ncolumns. The following macros access those numbers.

       int VistaIOImageNBands (VistaIOImage image)

       int VistaIOImageNRows (VistaIOImage image)

       int VistaIOImageNColumns (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOImageNBands,  VistaIOImageNRows,  VistaIOImageNColumns  return the number of
              bands, rows, and columns that image has.

       int VistaIOImageNPixels (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOImageNPixels returns the number of pixel values image has altogether  (i.e.,
              the product nbands * nrows * ncolumns).

   Pixel Representation
       An  image's  pixel  values  may have any of the following types: VistaIOBit, VistaIOUByte,
       VistaIOSByte, VistaIOShort, VistaIOLong, VistaIOFloat, or  VistaIODouble.  VistaIOariables
       meant  to hold pixel values or pointers to pixel values should be defined using these same
       types (rather  than  built-in  C  types  such  as  short  and  long)  to  ensure  software
       portability.

       The following macros return information about an image's pixel representation:

       VistaIORepnKind VistaIOPixelRepn (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOPixelRepn  returns  a code indicating image's pixel representation. If image
              has VistaIOBit pixels, for example, it returns VistaIOBitRepn.

       size_t VistaIOPixelSize (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOPixelSize returns the size, in bytes, used for storing  a  single  pixel  of
              image  (i.e, a pixel within a single band, row, and column).  This value depends on
              machine architecture.

       int VistaIOPixelPrecision (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOPixelPrecision returns the minimum size, in bits, needed for representing  a
              single pixel of image. This value does not depend on machine architecture, but only
              on the kind of pixel value representation used by image. If  image  has  VistaIOBit
              pixels, for example, this macro returns 1.

       VistaIOStringConst VistaIOPixelRepnName (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOPixelRepnName   returns   a  string  describing  the  type  of  pixel  value
              representation used by image. For example, if  image  has  VistaIOBit  pixels,  the
              string ``bit'' is returned.

       VistaIODouble VistaIOPixelMaxValue (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOPixelMaxValue  returns the maximum value that a pixel of image may have. For
              example, if image has VistaIOSByte pixels, it returns 127.0.

       VistaIODouble VistaIOPixelMinValue (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOPixelMinValue returns the minimum value that a pixel of image may have.  For
              example, if image has VistaIOSByte pixels, it returns -128.0.

       size_t VistaIOImageSize (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOImageSize  returns the size, in bytes, of image's block of pixel data, which
              contains the values of all pixels in all  bands.  This  value  depends  on  machine
              architecture.

   Pixel VistaIOalues
       A  particular  pixel value is indexed by a band number, a row number, and a column number.
       Bands, rows, and columns are numbered  consecutively  from  zero.  Rows  number  down  and
       columns  number  to  the  right so that row 0, column 0 is at the upper-left corner of the
       image.

       type VistaIOPixel (VistaIOImage image, int band, int row, int column, type)

            VistaIOPixel accesses the pixel at a specified band, row and column in an image whose
            pixels  are  of  a  specified  type. The pixel type, type, must be one of VistaIOBit,
            VistaIOUByte,   VistaIOSByte,    VistaIOShort,    VistaIOLong,    VistaIOFloat,    or
            VistaIODouble. The macro may be used either as an rvalue (to fetch the pixel's value)
            or as an lvalue (to modify it or  obtain  its  address).  The  ``EXAMPLES''  section,
            below, demonstrates its use as an rvalue.

       VistaIOPointer VistaIOPixelPtr (VistaIOImage image, int band, int row, int column)

              VistaIOPixelPtr  returns  the  address  of  a pixel specified by its band, row, and
              column coordinates. The pixel at that address can be fetched or modified  by  first
              coercing the pointer to the appropriate type for the pixel. For example:

                     pixel = VistaIOPixelPtr (image, band, row, column);
                     if (VistaIOPixelRepn (image) == VistaIOBitRepn)
                            * (VistaIOBit *) pixel = new_value;
                     else ...

       type ** VistaIOPixelArray (VistaIOImage image, type)

              VistaIOPixelArray  returns  a pointer that can be used to access any image pixel by
              indexing it first with the pixel's band number, then its row number, and  then  its
              column number. For example:

                     VistaIOUByte **pixels = VistaIOPixelArray (image, VistaIOUByte);
                     pixels[band][row][column] = new_value;

       VistaIOPointer VistaIOImageData (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOImageData  returns  a pointer to image's block of pixel data.  The block has
              the size VistaIOImageSize (image) bytes.

   Other Image Attributes
       In addition to its pixel values an image may have any number of other attributes; they are
       represented as an attribute list.

       VistaIOAttrList VistaIOImageAttrList (VistaIOImage image)

              VistaIOImageAttrList is a macro for accessing the attribute list associated with an
              image. The macro may be used as an rvalue to reach attributes within the list:

                     VistaIOGetAttr (VistaIOImageAttrList (image), VistaIONameAttr, ...)

              or as an lvalue to manipulate the entire list:

                     VistaIODestroyAttrList (VistaIOImageAttrList (image));
                     VistaIOImageAttrList (image) = VistaIOCopyAttrList (other_list);

   Band Interpretation
       The bands of a multi-band  image  might  represent  the  successive  frames  of  a  motion
       sequence, the left and right halves of a stereo pair, or the red, green, and blue channels
       of a color image. They might even  represent  a  combination  of  such  dimensions  —  for
       example,  a  stereo pair of color images. Because a great many different uses of the bands
       are possible, each  image  includes  information  describing  how  its  bands  are  to  be
       interpreted.   This  information  assigns  each  band  an  interpretation in terms of four
       dimensions:

         frame     covers the various frames of a motion sequence

         viewpoint covers, for example, the left and right channels of a stereo pair

         color     covers, for example, the red, green, and blue channels of a color image

         component covers, for example, the real and imaginary components of a complex image

       Although these four dimensions do not account for all conceivable ways one might  wish  to
       use  the  bands of a multi-band image, they do cover most cases. The scheme can usually be
       adapted to cover cases not  explicitly  handled.  For  example,  a  collection  of  images
       obtained  under  various  lighting  conditions  could  be  represented  by using the frame
       dimension to index the lighting condition.

       Each image specifies the sizes of its four band interpretation dimensions.  For  a  stereo
       pair of color images, for example, the size of the viewpoint dimension is two, the size of
       the color dimension is three,  and  the  remaining  dimensions  have  sizes  of  one.  The
       dimension  sizes  are often abbreviated as nframes, nviewpoints, ncolors, and ncomponents.
       Their product should always equal the number of bands in the image. These macros exist for
       accessing the sizes:

              int VistaIOImageNFrames (VistaIOImage image)

              int VistaIOImageNViewpoints (VistaIOImage image)

              int VistaIOImageNColors (VistaIOImage image)

              int VistaIOImageNComponents (VistaIOImage image)

       Each macro may be used as rvalue to obtain the size of a dimension, or as an lvalue to set
       it.

       The four dimensions are mapped onto the single dimension, band, according to a  particular
       ordering:  component varies most rapidly, then color, then viewpoint, and finally frame. A
       macro is available for computing this mapping:

              int VistaIOBandIndex (VistaIOImage image, int frame, int viewpoint, int color,
                        int component)

       VistaIOBandIndex  returns  the  index  of  the  band  that  corresponds  to  a  particular
       combination of frame, viewpoint, channel, and component indices.

       An image's attribute list may include attributes indicating how the image employs the four
       band  interpretation dimensions. One attribute for each dimension provides the first level
       of description. Its value is an integer code, with some standard codes defined for  common
       uses.  Below is a list of the four attributes and their standard values. Shown in are both
       the symbolic constants that can be used C programs to refer to the integer values, and (in
       parentheses) the keywords used to represent the values externally, in Vista data files.

           frame_interp, which currently has no standard values defined for it

           viewpoint_interp, which has this standard value:

               VistaIOBandInterpStereoPair (stereo_pair)
                      The  two viewpoints represent (respectively) the left and right images of a
                      stereo pair.

           color_interp, which has these standard values:

               VistaIOBandInterpRGB (rgb)
                      The three colors  represent  (respectively)  red,  green,  and  blue  color
                      channels.

           component_interp, which has these standard values:

               VistaIOBandInterpComplex (complex)
                      The   two  components  represent  (respectively)  the  real  and  imaginary
                      components of a complex image.

               VistaIOBandInterpGradient (gradient)
                      There is a single component representing gradient magnitude, two components
                      representing  (respectively) the x (rightward) and y (upward) components of
                      gradient, or three representing the x, y, and z (forward in band  sequence)
                      components of gradient.

               VistaIOBandInterpIntensity (intensity)
                      There is a single component representing image intensity. For integer pixel
                      representations, pixel values normally span the range between zero and  the
                      maximum representable pixel values (e.g., [0,127] for VistaIOSByte pixels).
                      For floating point pixel representations, pixel values  normally  span  the
                      range [-1,+1].

               VistaIOBandInterpOrientation (orientation)
                      There  is a single component representing orientation. Pixel values express
                      orientation in radians, counterclockwise from the direction  of  increasing
                      column number (rightward).

       To  prevent  accidental  misspellings of the attribute names you should use these symbolic
       constants:

              #define VistaIOFrameInterpAttr "frame_interp"
              #define VistaIOViewpointInterpAttr "viewpoint_interp"
              #define VistaIOColorInterpAttr "color_interp"
              #define VistaIOComponentInterpAttr "component_interp"

       A dictionary, VistaIOBandInterpDict, defines the mapping between the  band  interpretation
       codes (e.g., VistaIOBandInterpComplex) and their keywords (e.g., complex):

              VistaIODictEntry VistaIOBandInterpDict[];

       For  each  of  the  four  band interpretation dimensions there is a routine you can use to
       simultaneously check both  the  dimension's  size  and,  if  present,  its  interpretation
       attribute. The VistaIOBandInterp(3) man page describes the four routines.

   Pixel Aspect Ratio
       Pixel  aspect  ratio is defined as the ratio of pixel width to pixel height.  An image may
       include, on its attribute list, an attribute specifying this ratio  as  a  floating  point
       value.  The  attribute  has the name pixel_aspect_ratio and a symbolic constant exists for
       referring to it:

              #define VistaIOPixelAspectRatioAttr "pixel_aspect_ratio"

       When the attribute is absent, a pixel aspect ratio of 1.0 is assumed.

   Calling Conventions
       A Vista library routine that processes one image to produce another usually takes three or
       more arguments, like this:

              VistaIOImage VistaIOProcessImage (VistaIOImage src, VistaIOImage dest,
                        VistaIOBand band)

       The first argument specifies the source image to be processed. The  second  specifies  the
       destination  image,  to  contain the result. You generally have three choices for how this
       destination image is provided:

         a)  you can have the routine create a destination image. If you pass NULL for dest,  the
             routine  will  create  and  return  a  destination image that is appropriate for the
             source image and for the type of operation being performed on it:

                  dest = VistaIOProcessImage (src, NULL, band);

         b)  you can supply a destination image provided it has the correct properties  (usually,
             an appropriate size and pixel representation):

                  dest = VistaIOCreateImageLike (src);
                  VistaIOProcessImage (src, dest, band);

         c)  you  can  specify  the  same image as both source and destination, in which case the
             source pixel values will be replaced by destination pixel values.   This  choice  is
             only  available for operations where the source and destination images have the same
             size and pixel representation.

                  VistaIOProcessImage (src, src, band);

       In all cases, the routine will return  the  destination  image  if  successful,  and  NULL
       otherwise.   Moreover,  if  NULL  is  returned,  the  routine  will  already  have  called
       VistaIOWarning(3) to issue a warning message describing the problem.

       The third argument to most image processing routines, band, may specify a particular  band
       of the source image to be processed; or it may be the constant VistaIOAllBands (defined as
       -1) to indicate that all bands of the source image are to be processed. When a  particular
       band is specified, band must be at least 0 and less than the number of bands in the source
       image; the destination image will usually have a single band to contain the  result.  When
       VistaIOAllBands  is  specified, the destination image will usually have the same number of
       bands as the source image.

       Normally a routine will copy the source image's attribute list to the  destination  image,
       replacing  any  attributes  the  destination image had already. The sizes of the four band
       interpretation dimensions (nframes, nviewpoints, etc.) are also copied. When  appropriate,
       however,  a routine may delete or modify the attributes and dimensional sizes as it copies
       them from source to destination. For example, a routine that converts an RGB  color  image
       to  a grey-scale one (VistaIORGBImageToGray(3)) expects a source image with the properties
       ncolors: 3 and color_interp: rgb; the destination image it produces has ncolors: 1 and  no
       color_interp attribute.

   Image Representation in Memory
       typedef struct {
              int nbands;              /* number of bands */
              int nrows;               /* number of rows */
              int ncolumns;            /* number of columns */
              VistaIORepnKind pixel_repn;/* representation of pixel values */
              unsigned long flags;     /* various flags */
              VistaIOAttrList attributes;/* list of other image attributes */
              VistaIOPointer data;     /* array of image pixel values */
              VistaIOPointer *row_index;/* ptr to first pixel of each row */
              VistaIOPointer *band_index;/* ptr to first row of each band */
              int nframes;             /* number of motion frames */
              int nviewpoints;         /* number of camera viewpoints */
              int ncolors;             /* number of color channels */
              int ncomponents;         /* number of vector components */
       } VistaIOImageRec, *VistaIOImage;

       An  image  is  represented  in  memory  by a value of type VistaIOImage, which points to a
       VistaIOImageRec structure. Programmers using images will usually not need to  access  this
       structure's  fields  directly  from  their code since there are Vista library routines and
       macros available for most purposes. However, when debugging, one may occasionally need  to
       examine  a  VistaIOImageRec structure's fields directly. The following paragraphs describe
       the fields.

       The nbands, nrows, and ncolumns fields of the structure describe how many bands, rows, and
       columns  the  image  has.  Its pixel_repn field specifies how the image's pixel values are
       represented;  it  contains  one  of  the   constants   VistaIOBitRepn,   VistaIOUByteRepn,
       VistaIOSByteRepn,      VistaIOShortRepn,     VistaIOLongRepn,     VistaIOFloatRepn,     or
       VistaIODoubleRepn. Its attributes field contains the list of  attributes  associated  with
       the image.

       An image's pixel values are stored in a contiguous block of memory where they are arranged
       as follows. Within each band pixel values are ordered, beginning with the pixel at row  0,
       column  0,  proceeding  to row 0, column 1, etc., and ending with the highest numbered row
       and column. Each band's array of pixel values occupies a separate  block  of  memory,  and
       these  blocks  are arranged contiguously. All of band 0's pixel values are first, followed
       by all of band 1's, etc. In summary, pixel values are ordered by band, then by row  within
       each  band,  and  then  by  column.  The  pixel  values themselves are of type VistaIOBit,
       VistaIOUByte, ..., or VistaIODouble.

       The data field of a VistaIOImageRec points to the block of memory containing pixel values.
       The  row_index  field  points to a vector of pointers to the first pixel value of each row
       within each band; this vector is of length (nbands *  nrows)  and  it  is  indexed  by  an
       expression  of  the  form (band * nrows + row). The band_index field points to a vector of
       pointers to the first row_index entry of each band; this vector is of length nbands and it
       is indexed by band number.

       Individual  bits of a VistaIOImageRec's flags field are used to denote various things. One
       bit is currently defined:

       VistaIOImageSingleAlloc
                            This bit, if nonzero, indicates that the VistaIOImageRec,  the  block
                            of  pixel values, the row index, and the band index were all obtained
                            with a single call to VistaIOMalloc(3). If the  bit  is  zero,  these
                            things  were allocated separately and therefore they must be released
                            separately.

       The nframes, nviewpoints, ncolors, and ncomponents fields describe the  number  of  motion
       frames,  camera  positions, color channels, and vector components that the image's various
       bands represent.  Together they should account for all bands of the image  —  i.e.,  their
       product should equal nbands. The image's bands are ordered according to these fields, with
       component index incrementing most rapidly and frame index incrementing least rapidly.

   Image Representation in a File
       attribute-name: image {
              nbands: nbands
              nrows: nrows
              ncolumns: ncolumns
              repn: pixel-representation
              nframes: nframes
              nviewpoints: nviewpoints
              ncolors: ncolors
              ncomponents: ncomponents
              data: data-offset
              length: data-length
              other attributes
       }

       pixel-representation ::=
              bit | ubyte | sbyte | short | long | float | double

       An image is represented in a Vista data file as an attribute. The attribute's value is  an
       object of type image containing the following attributes in any order:

         nbands    an integer-valued attribute specifying the number of bands in the image.

         nrows     an integer-valued attribute specifying the number of rows in the image.

         ncolumns  an integer-valued attribute specifying the number of columns in the image.

         repn      a  string-valued  attribute  specifying the image's pixel value representation
                   with one of the following keywords: bit, ubyte, sbyte, short, long, float,  or
                   double.

         nframes   an integer-valued attribute specifying the number of motion frames represented
                   by the image's bands.

         nviewpoints
                   an  integer-valued  attribute  specifying  the  number  of  camera  viewpoints
                   represented by the image's bands.

         ncolors   an   integer-valued   attribute   specifying  the  number  of  color  channels
                   represented by the image's bands.

         ncomponents
                   an  integer-valued  attribute  specifying  the  number  of  vector  components
                   represented by the image's bands.

         data      an  integer-valued  attribute  specifying the offset of the image's pixel data
                   within the binary data section of the file

         length    an integer-valued attribute specifying the size,  in  bytes,  of  the  image's
                   pixel data

       An  nbands,  nframes, nviewpoints, ncolors, or ncomponents attribute may be omitted if its
       value is 1. Moreover, the image object's attribute list may contain any  other  attributes
       associated  with  the  image.  See,  for example, the data file listed under ``EXAMPLES'',
       below.

   Pixel Representation in a File
       Image pixel values are represented in binary form in the binary data section  of  a  file.
       They occupy a contiguous block in which pixel values are ordered by band, row, and column,
       as in memory.

       Single-bit pixel values are packed eight to a byte, beginning  with  the  most-significant
       bit  of  each  byte.  Pixel  values  of  more  than 8 bits are packed into multiple bytes,
       beginning with the most-significant byte of the pixel value. Consecutive pixel values  are
       packed together, without intervening bits for padding or alignment. If necessary, however,
       the entire block of pixel values is padded so that its length is a multiple of 8 bits.

       Each kind of pixel is represented as follows in the Vista data file:

              VistaIOBit
                        as a 1-bit unsigned integer

              VistaIOUByte
                        as an 8-bit unsigned integer

              VistaIOSByte
                        as an 8-bit two's-complement integer

              VistaIOShort
                        as a 16-bit two's-complement integer

              VistaIOLong
                        as a 32-bit two's-complement integer

              VistaIOFloat
                        as a 32-bit IEEE floating-point number

              VistaIODouble
                        as a 64-bit IEEE floating point number

       Note that a pixel's representation in a Vista data file is  independent  of  the  form  it
       takes  when stored in memory on any particular machine. Thus a VistaIOBit pixel may occupy
       8 bits in the main memory of a Sun SPARCstation 32 bits on a Cray machine, but  it  always
       occupies a single bit in a Vista data file.

EXAMPLES

       This code fragment sets all pixels with 1 in a one-band image of single-bit pixels:

              for (i = 0; i < VistaIOImageNRows (image); i++)
                     for (j = 0; j < VistaIOImageNColumns (image); j++)
                            VistaIOPixel (image, 0, i, j, VistaIOBit) = 1;

       The  previous  example  may be made more efficient by avoiding the repeated computation of
       pixel addresses:

              VistaIOBit *p = & VistaIOPixel (image, 0, 0, 0, VistaIOBit);

              for (i = 0; i < VistaIOImageNPixels (image); i++)
                     *p++ = 1;

       This code fragment creates an image of complex pixel values:

              image = VistaIOCreateImage (2, 256, 256, VistaIOFloatRepn);

              VistaIOImageNFrames (image) = VistaIOImageNViewpoints (image) =
                        VistaIOImageNColors (image) = 1;

              VistaIOImageNComponents (image) = 2;

              VistaIOSetAttr (VistaIOImageAttrList (image), VistaIOComponentInterpAttr, NULL,
                        VistaIOLongRepn, (VistaIOLong) VistaIOBandInterpComplex);

       Here is an example of a Vista data file containing two images:

              V-data 2 {
                     one: image {
                            nbands: 2
                            nrows: 256
                            ncolumns: 256
                            ncomponents: 2
                            component_interp: complex
                            repn: float
                            data: offset of first image's pixel values
                            length: 524288
                            name: "UFO sighted over VistaIOancouver"
                            pixel_aspect_ratio: 1.25
                     }
                     two: image {
                            nrows: 32
                            ncolumns: 32
                            repn: ubyte
                            data: offset of second image's pixel values
                            length: 128
                            name: "UFO icon"
                     }
              }
              ^L
              first image's pixel values
              second image's pixel values

SEE ALSO

       VistaIOattribute(3)

AUTHOR

       Art Pope <pope@cs.ubc.ca>

       Adaption to vistaio: Gert Wollny <gw.fossdev@gmail.com>

LIST OF ROUTINES

       The following table summarizes the Vista library routines that operate on images. Many  of
       these routine are documented elsewhere, by a section 3 man page named for the routine.

       For creating and destroying images in memory:

         VistaIOCreateImage  Create an image.

         VistaIOCreateImageLike
                             Create one image like another.

         VistaIODestroyImage Release memory occupied by an image.

       For fetching and storing pixel values:

         VistaIOGetPixel     Fetch a pixel value with any pixel representation.

         VistaIOSetPixel     Store a pixel value with any pixel representation.

         VistaIOSelectBand   Select bands of image pixels for processing.

         VistaIOSelectDestIamge
                             Select a destination for an image processing operation.

       For getting band interpretation information:

         VistaIOImageFrameInterp
                             Report meaning of frame dimension.

         VistaIOImageColorInterp
                             Report meaning of color dimension.

         VistaIOImageComponentInterp
                             Report meaning of component dimension.

         VistaIOImageViewpointInterp
                             Report meaning of viewpoint dimension.

       For reading and writing images:

         VistaIOReadImages   Read a set of images from a data file.

         VistaIOReadPlain    Read an image in Vista plain file format.

         VistaIOReadPnm      Read an image in Portable Anymap (PNM) format.

         VistaIOReadUbcIff   Read an image in UBC image file format.

         VistaIOWriteImages  Write a set of images to a data file.

         VistaIOWriteUbcIff  Write an image in UBC image file format.

       For comparing images:

         VistaIOSameImageRange
                             Test whether two images have the same size and pixel representation.

         VistaIOSameImageSize
                             Test whether two images have the same size.

       For copying images:

         VistaIOCombineBands Copy  selected bands of pixel values from various source images to a
                             single destination image.

         VistaIOCopyBand     Copy one or all bands of pixel values from one image to another.

         VistaIOCopyImage    Copy one image to another.

         VistaIOCopyImageAttrs
                             Copy one image's attributes to another.

         VistaIOCopyImagePixels
                             Copy one image's pixel values to another.

       For converting an image's pixel representation:

         VistaIOConvertImageCopy
                             Convert an image's pixel representation while simply  copying  pixel
                             values.

         VistaIOConvertImageLinear
                             Convert an image's pixel representation using some linear mapping of
                             pixel values.

         VistaIOConvertImageOpt
                             Convert an image's pixel representation  while  mapping  the  actual
                             range  of  source  pixel  values  to  the  full  range  of  possible
                             destination pixel values.

         VistaIOConvertImageRange
                             Convert an image's pixel representation while mapping the full range
                             of  possible  source  pixel  values  to  the  full range of possible
                             destination pixel values.

       For rotating or transposing an image:

         VistaIOFlipImage    Flip an image horizontally or vertically.

         VistaIORotateImage  Rotate an image by any angle.

         VistaIOTransposeImage
                             Transpose the rows and columns of an image.

       For changing the size of an image:

         VistaIOCropImage    Extract a rectangular region from an image.

         VistaIOExpandImage  Increase the size of an image by an integer factor.

         VistaIOReduceImage  Decrease the size of an image by an integer factor.

         VistaIOScaleImage   Scale the size of an image, up or down, by any factor.

       For filtering and transforming images:

         VistaIOAdjustImage  Adjust image brightness and/or contrast.

         VistaIOCanny        Detect edges in an image using a Canny operator.

         VistaIOConvolveImage
                             Convolve an image with a mask.

         VistaIOGaussianConvolveImage
                             Convolve an image with a Gaussian filter or its derivative.

         VistaIOImageFFT     Compute a forward or inverse Fourier transform.

         VistaIOImageGradient
                             Compute the horizontal and vertical components of image gradient.

         VistaIOImageOp      Perform an arithmetic or  logical  operation  on  an  image's  pixel
                             values.

         VistaIOInvertImage  Invert an image's pixel values, swapping black and white.

         VistaIOLinkImage    Create an edge set by linking connected, non-zero image pixels.

         VistaIONegateImage  Negate an image's pixel values.

         VistaIOZeroCrossings
                             Mark the zero crossings in an image.

       For computing image statistics:

         VistaIOImageStats   Compute the minimum, maximum, mean, and variance of an image's pixel
                             values.

       For working with complex images:

         VistaIOBuildComplexImage
                             Build a complex image from separate images  of  real  and  imaginary
                             components.

         VistaIOImageMagnitude
                             Compute the magnitude of a complex image.

         VistaIOImagePhase   Compute the phase of a complex image, or the gradient direction of a
                             two-component gradient image.

       For displaying or rendering images:

         VistaIOImageBandToPS
                             Render an image band using PostScript.

         VistaIORGBImageToPS Render an RGB color image using PostScript.

         VistaIOImageView    An X Toolkit widget for displaying an image.

         VistaIOImageWindowSize
                             Compute appropriate window dimensions for displaying an image.

       For filling images with patterns:

         VistaIOFillImage    Fill an image with a constant pixel value.

         VistaIORampImage    Fill an image with an intensity ramp.

         VistaIOSineGratingImage
                             Fill an image with a sine grating.

         VistaIOZonePlateImage
                             Fill an image with a zone plate pattern.

         VistaIOBilinearNoiseImage
                             Fill an image with a random mixture of two pixel values.

         VistaIONormalNoiseImage
                             Fill an image with pixel values drawn from a normal distribution.

         VistaIOUniformNoiseImage
                             Fill an image with pixel values drawn from a uniform distribution.

       Miscellaneous:

         VistaIOOptFlowWLS   compute optical flow by weighted least squares.