Provided by: auditd_2.3.2-2ubuntu1_amd64 bug

NAME

       audit.rules - a set of rules loaded in the kernel audit system

DESCRIPTION

       audit.rules  is  a  file  containing audit rules that will be loaded by the audit daemon's
       init script whenever  the  daemon  is  started.  The  auditctl  program  is  used  by  the
       initscripts to perform this operation. The syntax for the rules is essentially the same as
       when typing in an auditctl command at a shell prompt except you do not need  to  type  the
       auditctl command name since that is implied. The audit rules come in 3 varieties: control,
       file, and syscall.

   Control
       Control commands generally involve configuring the audit system  rather  than  telling  it
       what  to  watch for. These commands typically include deleting all rules, setting the size
       of the kernel's backlog queue, setting the failure mode, setting the event rate limit,  or
       to  tell  auditctl  to  ignore syntax errors in the rules and continue loading. Generally,
       these rules are at the top of the rules file.

   File System
       File System rules are sometimes called watches. These rules are used to  audit  access  to
       particular  files  or  directories that you may be interested in. If the path given in the
       rule is a directory, then the rule used is recursive to the bottom of the  directory  tree
       excluding  any  directories  that may be mount points. The syntax of these rules generally
       follow this format:

       -w path-to-file -p permissions -k keyname

       where the permission are any one of the following:

              r - read of the file

              w - write to the file

              x - execute the file

              a - change in the file's attribute

   System Call
       The system call rules are loaded into a matching engine that intercepts each syscall  that
       all programs on the system makes. Therefore it is very important to only use syscall rules
       when you have  to  since  these  affect  performance.  The  more  rules,  the  bigger  the
       performance hit. You can help the performance, though, by combining syscalls into one rule
       whenever possible.

       The Linux kernel has 4 rule matching lists or filters as they are sometimes  called.  They
       are: task, exit, user, and exclude. The task list is checked only during the fork or clone
       syscalls. It is rarely used in practice.

       The exit filter is the place  where  all  syscall  and  file  system  audit  requests  are
       evaluated.

       The  user  filter is used to filter (remove) some events that originate in user space.  By
       default, any event originating in user space is allowed. So, if there are some events that
       you  do  not  want to see, then this is a place where some can be removed. See auditctl(8)
       for fields that are valid.

       The exclude filter is used to exclude certain events from being emitted. The msgtype field
       is  used to tell the kernel which message types you do not want to record. This filter can
       remove the event as a whole and is not selective about any other attribute. The  user  and
       exit filters are better suited to selectively auditing events.

       Syscall rules take the general form of:

       -a action,list -S syscall -F field=value -k keyname

       The -a option tells the kernel's rule matching engine that we want to append a rule at the
       end of the rule list. But we need to specify which rule list it goes on and what action to
       take when it triggers. Valid actions are:

              always - always create an event

              never  - never create an event

       The  action  and  list  are separated by a comma but no space in between. Valid lists are:
       task, exit, user, and exclude. Their meaning was explained earlier.

       Next in the rule would normally be the -S option. This field can  either  be  the  syscall
       name  or  number.  For readability, the name is almost always used. You may give more than
       one syscall in a rule by specifying another -S option. When  sent  into  the  kernel,  all
       syscall  fields are put into a mask so that one compare can determine if the syscall is of
       interest. So, adding multiple syscalls in one rule is very efficient. When you  specify  a
       syscall  name,  auditctl  will  look up the name and get its syscall number. This leads to
       some problems on bi-arch machines. The 32 and 64 bit syscall numbers  sometimes,  but  not
       always,  line  up.  So,  to solve this problem, you would generally need to break the rule
       into 2 with one specifying -F arch=b32 and the other specifying -F arch=b64. This needs to
       go  in  front  of  the  -S  option  so  that auditctl looks at the right lookup table when
       returning the number.

       After the syscall is specified, you would normally have one or more -F options  that  fine
       tune  what  to  match against. Rather than list all the valid field types here, the reader
       should look at the auditctl man page which has a full listing of each field  and  what  it
       means. But its worth mentioning a couple things.

       The  audit  system considers uids to be unsigned numbers. The audit system uses the number
       -1 to indicate that a loginuid is not set. This means that when its printed out, it  looks
       like  4294967295.  If  you  write a rule that you wanted try to get the valid users of the
       system, you need to look in /etc/login.defs to see where user accounts start. For example,
       if  UID_MIN  is   500,  then  you  would  also need to take into account that the unsigned
       representation of -1 is higher than 500. So you would  address  this  with  the  following
       piece of a rule:

       -F auid>=500 -F auid!=4294967295

       These individual checks are "anded" and both have to be true.

       The last thing to know about syscall rules is that you can add a key field which is a free
       form text string that you want inserted into the event to help identify its meaning.  This
       is discussed in more detail in the NOTES section.

NOTES

       The  purpose  of auditing is to be able to do an investigation periodically or whenever an
       incident occurs. A few simple steps in planning up front will make this  job  easier.  The
       best  advice  is  to use keys in both the watches and system call rules to give the rule a
       meaning. If rules are related or together meet a specific requirement, then  give  them  a
       common  key name. You can use this during your investigation to select only results with a
       specific meaning.

       When doing an investigation, you would normally start off with the main aureport output to
       just get an idea about what is happening on the system. This report mostly tells you about
       events that are hard coded by the audit system such as login/out, uses of  authentication,
       system  anomalies,  how  many users have been on the machine, and if SE Linux has detected
       any AVCs.

       aureport --start this-week

       After looking at the report, you probably want to get a second view about what  rules  you
       loaded that have been triggering. This is where keys become important. You would generally
       run the key summary report like this:

       aureport --start this-week --key --summary

       This will give an ordered listing of  the  keys  associated  with  rules  that  have  been
       triggering. If, for example, you had a syscall audit rule that triggered on the failure to
       open files with EPERM that had a key field of access like this:

       -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S open -F exit=-EPERM -k access

       Then you can isolate these failures with ausearch and pipe the  results  to  aureport  for
       display.  Suppose  your  investigation  noticed  a lot of the access denied events. If you
       wanted to see the files that unauthorized access has been attempted,  you  could  run  the
       following command:

       ausearch --start this-week -k access --raw | aureport --file --summary

       This  will  give  an  ordered  list  showing which files are being accessed with the EPERM
       failure. Suppose you wanted to see which users might be having failed  access,  you  would
       run the following command:

       ausearch --start this-week -k access --raw | aureport --user --summary

       If  your investigation showed a lot of failed accesses to a particular file, you could run
       the following report to see who is doing it:

       ausearch --start this-week -k access -f /path-to/file --raw | aureport --user -i

       This report will give you the individual access attempts by person. If you needed  to  see
       the actual audit event that is being reported, you would look at the date, time, and event
       columns. Assuming the event was 822 and it occurred at 2:30 on 09/01/2009 and you use  the
       en_US.utf8 locale, the command would look something like this:

       ausearch --start 09/01/2009 02:30 -a 822 -i --just-one

       This  will  select  the  first event from that day and time with the matching event id and
       interpret the numeric values into human readable values.

       The most important step in being able to do this kind of analysis is setting up key fields
       when  the  rules  were originally written. It should also be pointed out that you can have
       more than one key field associated with any given rule.

TROUBLESHOOTING

       If you are not getting events on syscall rules that you think you should,  try  running  a
       test  program  under  strace  so that you can see the syscalls. There is a chance that you
       might have identified the wrong syscall.

       If you get a warning from auditctl saying, "32/64 bit syscall mismatch  in  line  XX,  you
       should  specify an arch". This means that you specified a syscall rule on a bi-arch system
       where the syscall has a different syscall number for the 32 and 64  bit  interfaces.  This
       means  that on one of those interfaces you are likely auditing the wrong syscall. To solve
       the problem, re-write the rule as two rules specifying the intended arch  for  each  rule.
       For example,

       -always,exit -S open -k access

       would be rewritten as

       -always,exit -F arch=b32 -S open -k access
       -always,exit -F arch=b64 -S open -k access

       If  you  get  a  warning  that says, "entry rules deprecated, changing to exit rule". This
       means that you have a rule intended for the entry filter, but that  filter  is  no  longer
       available. Auditctl moved your rule to the exit filter so that it's not lost. But to solve
       this so that you do not get the warning any more, you need to change  the  offending  rule
       from entry to exit.

EXAMPLES

       The  following  rule shows how to audit failed access to files due to permission problems.
       Note that it takes two rules for each arch ABI to audit this since file  access  can  fail
       with two different failure codes indicating permission problems.

       -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S open -S openat -F exit=-EACCES -k access
       -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S open -S openat -F exit=-EPERM -k access
       -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S open -S openat -F exit=-EACCES -k access
       -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S open -S openat -F exit=-EPERM -k access

SEE ALSO

       auditctl(8), auditd(8).

AUTHOR

       Steve Grubb