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NAME
seccomp - operate on Secure Computing state of the process
SYNOPSIS
#include <linux/seccomp.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
#include <linux/signal.h>
#include <sys/ptrace.h>
int seccomp(unsigned int operation, unsigned int flags, void *args);
DESCRIPTION
The seccomp() system call operates on the Secure Computing (seccomp) state of the calling
process.
Currently, Linux supports the following operation values:
SECCOMP_SET_MODE_STRICT
The only system calls that the calling thread is permitted to make are read(2),
write(2), _exit(2) (but not exit_group(2)), and sigreturn(2). Other system calls
result in the delivery of a SIGKILL signal. Strict secure computing mode is useful
for number-crunching applications that may need to execute untrusted byte code,
perhaps obtained by reading from a pipe or socket.
Note that although the calling thread can no longer call sigprocmask(2), it can use
sigreturn(2) to block all signals apart from SIGKILL and SIGSTOP. This means that
alarm(2) (for example) is not sufficient for restricting the process's execution
time. Instead, to reliably terminate the process, SIGKILL must be used. This can
be done by using timer_create(2) with SIGEV_SIGNAL and sigev_signo set to SIGKILL,
or by using setrlimit(2) to set the hard limit for RLIMIT_CPU.
This operation is available only if the kernel is configured with CONFIG_SECCOMP
enabled.
The value of flags must be 0, and args must be NULL.
This operation is functionally identical to the call:
prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT);
SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER
The system calls allowed are defined by a pointer to a Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF)
passed via args. This argument is a pointer to a struct sock_fprog; it can be
designed to filter arbitrary system calls and system call arguments. If the filter
is invalid, seccomp() fails, returning EINVAL in errno.
If fork(2) or clone(2) is allowed by the filter, any child processes will be
constrained to the same system call filters as the parent. If execve(2) is
allowed, the existing filters will be preserved across a call to execve(2).
In order to use the SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER operation, either the caller must have
the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability, or the thread must already have the no_new_privs bit
set. If that bit was not already set by an ancestor of this thread, the thread
must make the following call:
prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1);
Otherwise, the SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER operation will fail and return EACCES in
errno. This requirement ensures that an unprivileged process cannot apply a
malicious filter and then invoke a set-user-ID or other privileged program using
execve(2), thus potentially compromising that program. (Such a malicious filter
might, for example, cause an attempt to use setuid(2) to set the caller's user IDs
to non-zero values to instead return 0 without actually making the system call.
Thus, the program might be tricked into retaining superuser privileges in
circumstances where it is possible to influence it to do dangerous things because
it did not actually drop privileges.)
If prctl(2) or seccomp(2) is allowed by the attached filter, further filters may be
added. This will increase evaluation time, but allows for further reduction of the
attack surface during execution of a thread.
The SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER operation is available only if the kernel is configured
with CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER enabled.
When flags is 0, this operation is functionally identical to the call:
prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER, args);
The recognized flags are:
SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_TSYNC
When adding a new filter, synchronize all other threads of the calling
process to the same seccomp filter tree. A "filter tree" is the ordered
list of filters attached to a thread. (Attaching identical filters in
separate seccomp() calls results in different filters from this
perspective.)
If any thread cannot synchronize to the same filter tree, the call will not
attach the new seccomp filter, and will fail, returning the first thread ID
found that cannot synchronize. Synchronization will fail if another thread
in the same process is in SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT or if it has attached new
seccomp filters to itself, diverging from the calling thread's filter tree.
Filters
When adding filters via SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER, args points to a filter program:
struct sock_fprog {
unsigned short len; /* Number of BPF instructions */
struct sock_filter *filter; /* Pointer to array of
BPF instructions */
};
Each program must contain one or more BPF instructions:
struct sock_filter { /* Filter block */
__u16 code; /* Actual filter code */
__u8 jt; /* Jump true */
__u8 jf; /* Jump false */
__u32 k; /* Generic multiuse field */
};
When executing the instructions, the BPF program operates on the system call information
made available (i.e., use the BPF_ABS addressing mode) as a (read-only) buffer of the
following form:
struct seccomp_data {
int nr; /* System call number */
__u32 arch; /* AUDIT_ARCH_* value
(see <linux/audit.h>) */
__u64 instruction_pointer; /* CPU instruction pointer */
__u64 args[6]; /* Up to 6 system call arguments */
};
Because numbering of system calls varies between architectures and some architectures
(e.g., x86-64) allow user-space code to use the calling conventions of multiple
architectures, it is usually necessary to verify the value of the arch field.
It is strongly recommended to use a whitelisting approach whenever possible because such
an approach is more robust and simple. A blacklist will have to be updated whenever a
potentially dangerous system call is added (or a dangerous flag or option if those are
blacklisted), and it is often possible to alter the representation of a value without
altering its meaning, leading to a blacklist bypass.
The arch field is not unique for all calling conventions. The x86-64 ABI and the x32 ABI
both use AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64 as arch, and they run on the same processors. Instead, the
mask __X32_SYSCALL_BIT is used on the system call number to tell the two ABIs apart.
This means that in order to create a seccomp-based blacklist for system calls performed
through the x86-64 ABI, it is necessary to not only check that arch equals
AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64, but also to explicitly reject all system calls that contain
__X32_SYSCALL_BIT in nr.
The instruction_pointer field provides the address of the machine-language instruction
that performed the system call. This might be useful in conjunction with the use of
/proc/[pid]/maps to perform checks based on which region (mapping) of the program made the
system call. (Probably, it is wise to lock down the mmap(2) and mprotect(2) system calls
to prevent the program from subverting such checks.)
When checking values from args against a blacklist, keep in mind that arguments are often
silently truncated before being processed, but after the seccomp check. For example, this
happens if the i386 ABI is used on an x86-64 kernel: although the kernel will normally not
look beyond the 32 lowest bits of the arguments, the values of the full 64-bit registers
will be present in the seccomp data. A less surprising example is that if the x86-64 ABI
is used to perform a system call that takes an argument of type int, the more-significant
half of the argument register is ignored by the system call, but visible in the seccomp
data.
A seccomp filter returns a 32-bit value consisting of two parts: the most significant 16
bits (corresponding to the mask defined by the constant SECCOMP_RET_ACTION) contain one of
the "action" values listed below; the least significant 16-bits (defined by the constant
SECCOMP_RET_DATA) are "data" to be associated with this return value.
If multiple filters exist, they are all executed, in reverse order of their addition to
the filter tree—that is, the most recently installed filter is executed first. (Note that
all filters will be called even if one of the earlier filters returns SECCOMP_RET_KILL.
This is done to simplify the kernel code and to provide a tiny speed-up in the execution
of sets of filters by avoiding a check for this uncommon case.) The return value for the
evaluation of a given system call is the first-seen SECCOMP_RET_ACTION value of highest
precedence (along with its accompanying data) returned by execution of all of the filters.
In decreasing order of precedence, the values that may be returned by a seccomp filter
are:
SECCOMP_RET_KILL
This value results in the process exiting immediately without executing the system
call. The process terminates as though killed by a SIGSYS signal (not SIGKILL).
SECCOMP_RET_TRAP
This value results in the kernel sending a SIGSYS signal to the triggering process
without executing the system call. Various fields will be set in the siginfo_t
structure (see sigaction(2)) associated with signal:
* si_signo will contain SIGSYS.
* si_call_addr will show the address of the system call instruction.
* si_syscall and si_arch will indicate which system call was attempted.
* si_code will contain SYS_SECCOMP.
* si_errno will contain the SECCOMP_RET_DATA portion of the filter return value.
The program counter will be as though the system call happened (i.e., it will not
point to the system call instruction). The return value register will contain an
architecture-dependent value; if resuming execution, set it to something
appropriate for the system call. (The architecture dependency is because replacing
it with ENOSYS could overwrite some useful information.)
SECCOMP_RET_ERRNO
This value results in the SECCOMP_RET_DATA portion of the filter's return value
being passed to user space as the errno value without executing the system call.
SECCOMP_RET_TRACE
When returned, this value will cause the kernel to attempt to notify a
ptrace(2)-based tracer prior to executing the system call. If there is no tracer
present, the system call is not executed and returns a failure status with errno
set to ENOSYS.
A tracer will be notified if it requests PTRACE_O_TRACESECCOMP using
ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS). The tracer will be notified of a PTRACE_EVENT_SECCOMP
and the SECCOMP_RET_DATA portion of the filter's return value will be available to
the tracer via PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG.
The tracer can skip the system call by changing the system call number to -1.
Alternatively, the tracer can change the system call requested by changing the
system call to a valid system call number. If the tracer asks to skip the system
call, then the system call will appear to return the value that the tracer puts in
the return value register.
The seccomp check will not be run again after the tracer is notified. (This means
that seccomp-based sandboxes must not allow use of ptrace(2)—even of other
sandboxed processes—without extreme care; ptracers can use this mechanism to escape
from the seccomp sandbox.)
SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW
This value results in the system call being executed.
RETURN VALUE
On success, seccomp() returns 0. On error, if SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_TSYNC was used, the
return value is the ID of the thread that caused the synchronization failure. (This ID is
a kernel thread ID of the type returned by clone(2) and gettid(2).) On other errors, -1
is returned, and errno is set to indicate the cause of the error.
ERRORS
seccomp() can fail for the following reasons:
EACCESS
The caller did not have the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability, or had not set no_new_privs
before using SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER.
EFAULT args was not a valid address.
EINVAL operation is unknown; or flags are invalid for the given operation.
EINVAL operation included BPF_ABS, but the specified offset was not aligned to a 32-bit
boundary or exceeded sizeof(struct seccomp_data).
EINVAL A secure computing mode has already been set, and operation differs from the
existing setting.
EINVAL operation specified SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER, but the kernel was not built with
CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER enabled.
EINVAL operation specified SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER, but the filter program pointed to by
args was not valid or the length of the filter program was zero or exceeded
BPF_MAXINSNS (4096) instructions.
ENOMEM Out of memory.
ENOMEM The total length of all filter programs attached to the calling thread would exceed
MAX_INSNS_PER_PATH (32768) instructions. Note that for the purposes of calculating
this limit, each already existing filter program incurs an overhead penalty of 4
instructions.
ESRCH Another thread caused a failure during thread sync, but its ID could not be
determined.
VERSIONS
The seccomp() system call first appeared in Linux 3.17.
CONFORMING TO
The seccomp() system call is a nonstandard Linux extension.
NOTES
Rather than hand-coding seccomp filters as shown in the example below, you may prefer to
employ the libseccomp library, which provides a front-end for generating seccomp filters.
The Seccomp field of the /proc/[pid]/status file provides a method of viewing the seccomp
mode of a process; see proc(5).
seccomp() provides a superset of the functionality provided by the prctl(2) PR_SET_SECCOMP
operation (which does not support flags).
Seccomp-specific BPF details
Note the following BPF details specific to seccomp filters:
* The BPF_H and BPF_B size modifiers are not supported: all operations must load and
store (4-byte) words (BPF_W).
* To access the contents of the seccomp_data buffer, use the BPF_ABS addressing mode
modifier.
* The BPF_LEN addressing mode modifier yields an immediate mode operand whose value is
the size of the seccomp_data buffer.
EXAMPLE
The program below accepts four or more arguments. The first three arguments are a system
call number, a numeric architecture identifier, and an error number. The program uses
these values to construct a BPF filter that is used at run time to perform the following
checks:
[1] If the program is not running on the specified architecture, the BPF filter causes
system calls to fail with the error ENOSYS.
[2] If the program attempts to execute the system call with the specified number, the BPF
filter causes the system call to fail, with errno being set to the specified error
number.
The remaining command-line arguments specify the pathname and additional arguments of a
program that the example program should attempt to execute using execv(3) (a library
function that employs the execve(2) system call). Some example runs of the program are
shown below.
First, we display the architecture that we are running on (x86-64) and then construct a
shell function that looks up system call numbers on this architecture:
$ uname -m
x86_64
$ syscall_nr() {
cat /usr/src/linux/arch/x86/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl | \
awk '$2 != "x32" && $3 == "'$1'" { print $1 }'
}
When the BPF filter rejects a system call (case [2] above), it causes the system call to
fail with the error number specified on the command line. In the experiments shown here,
we'll use error number 99:
$ errno 99
EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 Cannot assign requested address
In the following example, we attempt to run the command whoami(1), but the BPF filter
rejects the execve(2) system call, so that the command is not even executed:
$ syscall_nr execve
59
$ ./a.out
Usage: ./a.out <syscall_nr> <arch> <errno> <prog> [<args>]
Hint for <arch>: AUDIT_ARCH_I386: 0x40000003
AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64: 0xC000003E
$ ./a.out 59 0xC000003E 99 /bin/whoami
execv: Cannot assign requested address
In the next example, the BPF filter rejects the write(2) system call, so that, although it
is successfully started, the whoami(1) command is not able to write output:
$ syscall_nr write
1
$ ./a.out 1 0xC000003E 99 /bin/whoami
In the final example, the BPF filter rejects a system call that is not used by the
whoami(1) command, so it is able to successfully execute and produce output:
$ syscall_nr preadv
295
$ ./a.out 295 0xC000003E 99 /bin/whoami
cecilia
Program source
#include <errno.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <linux/seccomp.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#define X32_SYSCALL_BIT 0x40000000
static int
install_filter(int syscall_nr, int t_arch, int f_errno)
{
unsigned int upper_nr_limit = 0xffffffff;
/* Assume that AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64 means the normal x86-64 ABI */
if (t_arch == AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64)
upper_nr_limit = X32_SYSCALL_BIT - 1;
struct sock_filter filter[] = {
/* [0] Load architecture from 'seccomp_data' buffer into
accumulator */
BPF_STMT(BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_ABS,
(offsetof(struct seccomp_data, arch))),
/* [1] Jump forward 5 instructions if architecture does not
match 't_arch' */
BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K, t_arch, 0, 5),
/* [2] Load system call number from 'seccomp_data' buffer into
accumulator */
BPF_STMT(BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_ABS,
(offsetof(struct seccomp_data, nr))),
/* [3] Check ABI - only needed for x86-64 in blacklist use
cases. Use JGT instead of checking against the bit
mask to avoid having to reload the syscall number. */
BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JGT | BPF_K, upper_nr_limit, 3, 0),
/* [4] Jump forward 1 instruction if system call number
does not match 'syscall_nr' */
BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K, syscall_nr, 0, 1),
/* [5] Matching architecture and system call: don't execute
the system call, and return 'f_errno' in 'errno' */
BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K,
SECCOMP_RET_ERRNO | (f_errno & SECCOMP_RET_DATA)),
/* [6] Destination of system call number mismatch: allow other
system calls */
BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW),
/* [7] Destination of architecture mismatch: kill process */
BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_KILL),
};
struct sock_fprog prog = {
.len = (unsigned short) (sizeof(filter) / sizeof(filter[0])),
.filter = filter,
};
if (seccomp(SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER, 0, &prog)) {
perror("seccomp");
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if (argc < 5) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: "
"%s <syscall_nr> <arch> <errno> <prog> [<args>]\n"
"Hint for <arch>: AUDIT_ARCH_I386: 0x%X\n"
" AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64: 0x%X\n"
"\n", argv[0], AUDIT_ARCH_I386, AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0)) {
perror("prctl");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (install_filter(strtol(argv[1], NULL, 0),
strtol(argv[2], NULL, 0),
strtol(argv[3], NULL, 0)))
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
execv(argv[4], &argv[4]);
perror("execv");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
SEE ALSO
bpf(2), prctl(2), ptrace(2), sigaction(2), proc(5), signal(7), socket(7)
Various pages from the libseccomp library, including: scmp_sys_resolver(1),
seccomp_init(3), seccomp_load(3), seccomp_rule_add(3), and seccomp_export_bpf(3).
The kernel source files Documentation/networking/filter.txt and
Documentation/prctl/seccomp_filter.txt.
McCanne, S. and Jacobson, V. (1992) The BSD Packet Filter: A New Architecture for User-
level Packet Capture, Proceedings of the USENIX Winter 1993 Conference
⟨http://www.tcpdump.org/papers/bpf-usenix93.pdf⟩
COLOPHON
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