Provided by: snmpd_5.7.3+dfsg-1ubuntu4.6_amd64 bug

NAME

       snmpd.conf - configuration file for the Net-SNMP SNMP agent

DESCRIPTION

       The  Net-SNMP  agent uses one or more configuration files to control its operation and the
       management information provided.  These files (snmpd.conf  and  snmpd.local.conf)  can  be
       located in one of several locations, as described in the snmp_config(5) manual page.

       The  (perl)  application snmpconf can be used to generate configuration files for the most
       common agent requirements.  See the snmpconf(1) manual page for more information,  or  try
       running the command:

              snmpconf -g basic_setup

       There  are  a large number of directives that can be specified, but these mostly fall into
       four distinct categories:

       •      those controlling who can access the agent

       •      those configuring the information that is supplied by the agent

       •      those controlling active monitoring of the local system

       •      those concerned with extending the functionality of the agent.

       Some directives don't fall naturally into any of these four categories,  but  this  covers
       the  majority  of  the  contents  of a typical snmpd.conf file.  A full list of recognised
       directives can be obtained by running the command:

              snmpd -H

AGENT BEHAVIOUR

       Although most configuration directives are concerned with the MIB information supplied  by
       the  agent,  there  are  a  handful  of  directives  that  control  the behaviour of snmpd
       considered simply as a daemon providing a network service.

       agentaddress [<transport-specifier>:]<transport-address>[,...]
              defines a list of listening addresses, on which to receive incoming SNMP  requests.
              See  the  section  LISTENING  ADDRESSES  in  the  snmpd(8)  manual  page  for  more
              information about the format of listening addresses.

              The default behaviour is to listen on UDP port 161 on all IPv4 interfaces.

       agentgroup {GROUP|#GID}
              changes to the specified group after opening the listening port(s).  This may refer
              to a group by name (GROUP), or a numeric group ID starting with '#' (#GID).

       agentuser {USER|#UID}
              changes  to the specified user after opening the listening port(s).  This may refer
              to a user by name (USER), or a numeric user ID starting with '#' (#UID).

       leave_pidfile yes
              instructs the agent  to  not  remove  its  pid  file  on  shutdown.  Equivalent  to
              specifying "-U" on the command line.

       maxGetbulkRepeats NUM
              Sets  the  maximum  number  of responses allowed for a single variable in a getbulk
              request.  Set to 0 to enable the default and set it  to  -1  to  enable  unlimited.
              Because  memory  is  allocated  ahead  of  time,  setting  this to unlimited is not
              considered safe if your user population  can  not  be  trusted.   A  repeat  number
              greater than this will be truncated to this value.

              This is set by default to -1.

       maxGetbulkResponses NUM
              Sets the maximum number of responses allowed for a getbulk request.  This is set by
              default to 100.  Set to 0 to enable  the  default  and  set  it  to  -1  to  enable
              unlimited.  Because memory is allocated ahead of time, setting this to unlimited is
              not considered safe if your user population can not be trusted.

              In general, the total number of  responses  will  not  be  allowed  to  exceed  the
              maxGetbulkResponses  number  and  the  total  number  returned  will  be an integer
              multiple of the number of  variables  requested  times  the  calculated  number  of
              repeats allow to fit below this number.

              Also not that processing of maxGetbulkRepeats is handled first.

   SNMPv3 Configuration - Real Security
       SNMPv3  is  added  flexible  security models to the SNMP packet structure so that multiple
       security solutions could be used.  SNMPv3 was original defined with a "User-based Security
       Model"  (USM) [RFC3414] that required maintaining a SNMP-specific user database.  This was
       later determined to be troublesome to maintain and had some minor  security  issues.   The
       IETF  has  since  added  additional  security models to tunnel SNMP over SSH [RFC5592] and
       DTLS/TLS [RFC-to-be].  Net-SNMP contains robust support for  SNMPv3/USM,  SNMPv3/TLS,  and
       SNMPv3/DTLS.   It  contains  partial  support  for  SNMPv3/SSH as well but has not been as
       extensively tested.  It also contains code for support for an experimental Kerberos  based
       SNMPv3 that never got standardized.

       Hopefully  more SNMP software and devices will eventually support SNMP over (D)TLS or SSH,
       but it is likely that devices with original support for SNMP will only contain support for
       USM  users.  If your network manager supports SNMP over (D)TLS or SNMP over SSH we suggest
       you use one of these mechanisms instead of using USM, but as always with Net-SNMP we  give
       you the options to pick from so you can make the choice that is best for you.

   SNMPv3 generic parameters
       These  parameters  are  generic  to  all the forms of SNMPv3.  The SNMPv3 protocol defines
       "engineIDs" that uniquely identify an agent.  The string must be consistent  through  time
       and  should not change or conflict with another agent's engineID.  Ever.  Internally, Net-
       SNMP by default creates a unique engineID that is based off of the current system time and
       a  random  number.   This  should be sufficient for most users unless you're embedding our
       agent in a device where these numbers won't vary between  boxes  on  the  devices  initial
       boot.

              EngineIDs  are  used  both as a "context" for selecting information from the device
              and SNMPv3 with USM uses it to create unique entries for users in its user table.

              The Net-SNMP agent offers the following mechanisms for setting  the  engineID,  but
              again you should only use them if you know what you're doing:

       engineID STRING
              specifies that the engineID should be built from the given text STRING.

       engineIDType 1|2|3
              specifies that the engineID should be built from the IPv4 address (1), IPv6 address
              (2) or MAC address (3).  Note that  changing  the  IP  address  (or  switching  the
              network interface card) may cause problems.

       engineIDNic INTERFACE
              defines which interface to use when determining the MAC address.  If engineIDType 3
              is not specified, then this directive has no effect.

              The default is to use eth0.

   SNMPv3 over TLS
       SNMPv3 may be tunneled over TLS and  DTLS.   TLS  runs  over  TCP  and  DTLS  is  the  UDP
       equivalent.   Wes Hardaker (the founder of Net-SNMP) performed a study and presented it at
       an IETF meeting that showed that TCP based protocols are sufficient  for  stable  networks
       but  quickly  becomes  a  problem in unstable networks with even moderate levels of packet
       loss (~ 20-30%).  If you are going to use TLS or DTLS, you should use the one  appropriate
       for  your  networking  environment.   You  should  potentially  turn  them both on so your
       management system can access either the UDP or the TCP port as needed.

       Many of the configuration tokens described below are prefixed with a '[snmp]' tag.  If you
       place these tokens in your snmpd.conf file, this take is required.  See the snmp_config(5)
       manual page for the meaning of this context switch.

       [snmp] localCert <specifier>
              This token defines the default X.509 public key to use as  the  server's  identity.
              It  should  either be a fingerprint or a filename.  To create a public key for use,
              please run the "net-snmp-cert" utility which will  help  you  create  the  required
              certificate.

              The  default  value  for  this  is the certificate in the "snmpd" named certificate
              file.

       [snmp] tlsAlgorithms <algorithms>
              This string will select the algorithms to  use  when  negotiating  security  during
              (D)TLS  session  establishment.  See the openssl manual page ciphers(1) for details
              on the format.  Examples strings include:

              DEFAULT
              ALL
              HIGH
              HIGH:!AES128-SHA

              The default value is whatever openssl itself was configured with.

       [snmp] x509CRLFile
              If you are  using  a  Certificate  Authority  (CA)  that  publishes  a  Certificate
              Revocation  List  (CRL)  then this token can be used to specify the location in the
              filesystem of a copy of the CRL file.  Note that Net-SNMP will not pull a CRL  over
              http  and  this must be a file, not a URL.  Additionally, OpenSSL does not reload a
              CRL file when it has changed so modifications or updates to the file will  only  be
              noticed upon a restart of the snmpd agent.

       certSecName PRIORITY FINGERPRINT OPTIONS
              OPTIONS can be one of <--sn SECNAME | --rfc822 | --dns | --ip | --cn | --any>.

              The certSecName token will specify how to map a certificate field from the client's
              X.509 certificate to a SNMPv3 username.  Use the  --sn  SECNAME  flag  to  directly
              specify  a  securityName  for  a  given  certificate.   The  other  flags extract a
              particular component of the certificate for use as a  snmpv3  securityName.   These
              fields   are   one   of:   A   SubjectAltName   containing   an  rfc822  value  (eg
              hardaker@net-snmp.org),  A  SubjectAltName  containing  a  dns   name   value   (eg
              foo.net-snmp.org),  an  IP  address (eg 192.0.2.1) or a common name "Wes Hardaker".
              The --any flag specifies that any of the subjecAltName fields may  be  used.   Make
              sure  once  a securityName has been selected that it is given authorization via the
              VACM controls discussed later in this manual page.

              See  the  http://www.net-snmp.org/wiki/index.php/Using_DTLS  web  page   for   more
              detailed instructions for setting up (D)TLS.

       trustCert <specifier>
              For X509 to properly verify a certificate, it should be verifiable up until a trust
              anchor for it.  This trust anchor is typically a CA certificate but it  could  also
              be  a  self-signed  certificate.   The  "trustCert"  token  should  be used to load
              specific trust anchors into the verification engine.

       SNMP over (D)TLS requires the use of the Transport  Security  Model  (TSM),  so  read  the
       section  on  the  usage  of  the  Transport  Security  Model  as well.  Make sure when you
       configure the VACM to accept connections from (D)TLS  that  you  use  the  "tsm"  security
       model.  E.G.:

       rwuser -s tsm hardaker@net-snmp.org

   SNMPv3 over SSH Support
       To  use  SSH,  you'll  need  to  configure sshd to invoke the sshtosnmp program as well as
       configure the access control settings to allow access through the tsm security model using
       the user name provided to snmpd by the ssh transport.

   SNMPv3 with the Transport Security Model (TSM)
       The  Transport  Security  Model  [RFC5591]  defines  a SNMPv3 security system for use with
       "tunneled" security protocols like TLS, DTLS and SSH.  It is a very simple security  model
       that  simply  lets  properly  protected packets to pass through into the snmp application.
       The transport is required to pass a securityName to  use  to  the  TSM  and  the  TSM  may
       optionally prefix this with a transport string (see below).

       tsmUseTransportPrefix (1|yes|true|0|no|false)
              If  set  to true, the TSM module will take every securityName passed to it from the
              transports underneath and prefix it with a string that specifically identities  the
              transport  it  came  from.   This  is  useful  to  avoid  securityName clashes with
              transports that generate  identical  security  names.   For  example,  if  the  ssh
              security  transport  delivered the security name of "hardaker" for a SSH connection
              and the TLS security transport also delivered the security name of "hardaker" for a
              TLS  connection  then  it  would  be  impossible to separate out these two users to
              provide separate access control rights.   With  the  tsmUseTransportPrefix  set  to
              true,  however,  the  securityNames  would  be  prefixed appropriately with one of:
              "tls:", "dtls:" or "ssh:".

   SNMPv3 with the User-based Security Model (USM)
       SNMPv3 was originally defined using the User-Based Security Model (USM), which contains  a
       private  list  of  users  and  keys  specific  to  the  SNMPv3  protocol.  The operational
       community, however, declared it a pain to manipulate yet another database and would prefer
       to  use  existing  infrastructure.  To that end the IETF created the ISMS working group to
       battle that problem, and the ISMS working group decided to tunnel SNMP over SSH  and  DTLS
       to make use existing user and authentication infrastructures.

   SNMPv3 USM Users
       To use the USM based SNMPv3-specific users, you'll need to create them.  It is recommended
       you use the net-snmp-config command to do this,  but  you  can  also  do  it  by  directly
       specifying createUser directives yourself instead:

       createUser [-e ENGINEID] username (MD5|SHA) authpassphrase [DES|AES] [privpassphrase]

              MD5  and  SHA  are  the  authentication  types to use.  DES and AES are the privacy
              protocols to use.  If the privacy passphrase is not specified, it is assumed to  be
              the  same  as  the  authentication passphrase.  Note that the users created will be
              useless unless they are also added to the  VACM  access  control  tables  described
              above.

              SHA  authentication  and  DES/AES  privacy  require OpenSSL to be installed and the
              agent to be built with OpenSSL support.  MD5 authentication  may  be  used  without
              OpenSSL.

              Warning: the minimum pass phrase length is 8 characters.

              SNMPv3 users can be created at runtime using the snmpusm(1) command.

              Instead  of figuring out how to use this directive and where to put it (see below),
              just run "net-snmp-config --create-snmpv3-user" instead,  which  will  add  one  of
              these lines to the right place.

              This  directive  should be placed into the /var/lib/snmp/snmpd.conf file instead of
              the other normal locations.  The reason is that the information is  read  from  the
              file  and  then the line is removed (eliminating the storage of the master password
              for that user) and replaced with the key that is derived from it.  This  key  is  a
              localized  key,  so that if it is stolen it can not be used to access other agents.
              If the password is stolen, however, it can be.

              If you need to localize the user to a particular EngineID (this is useful mostly in
              the  similar  snmptrapd.conf  file),  you  can  use  the  -e argument to specify an
              EngineID as a hex value (EG, "0x01020304").

              If you want to generate either your master or localized keys directly, replace  the
              given  password with a hexstring (preceded by a "0x") and precede the hex string by
              a -m or -l token (respectively).  EGs:

              [these keys are *not* secure but are easy to visually parse for
              counting purposes.  Please generate random keys instead of using
              these examples]

              createUser myuser SHA -l 0x0001020304050607080900010203040506070809 AES -l 0x00010203040506070809000102030405
              createUser myuser SHA -m 0x0001020304050607080900010203040506070809 AES -m 0x0001020304050607080900010203040506070809

              Due to the way localization happens, localized privacy keys are expected to be  the
              length  needed  by  the  algorithm (128 bits for all supported algorithms).  Master
              encryption keys, though, need to be  the  length  required  by  the  authentication
              algorithm  not the length required by the encrypting algorithm (MD5: 16 bytes, SHA:
              20 bytes).

ACCESS CONTROL

       snmpd supports the View-Based Access Control Model (VACM)  as  defined  in  RFC  2575,  to
       control  who  can  retrieve  or  update  information.   To this end, it recognizes various
       directives relating to access control.

   Traditional Access Control
       Most  simple  access  control  requirements  can  be  specified   using   the   directives
       rouser/rwuser (for SNMPv3) or rocommunity/rwcommunity (for SNMPv1 or SNMPv2c).

       rouser [-s SECMODEL] USER [noauth|auth|priv [OID | -V VIEW [CONTEXT]]]

       rwuser [-s SECMODEL]  USER [noauth|auth|priv [OID | -V VIEW [CONTEXT]]]
              specify  an  SNMPv3  user that will be allowed read-only (GET and GETNEXT) or read-
              write (GET, GETNEXT and SET) access respectively.  By default,  this  will  provide
              access  to  the  full  OID  tree  for  authenticated  (including  encrypted) SNMPv3
              requests, using the default context.  An alternative minimum security level can  be
              specified using noauth (to allow unauthenticated requests), or priv (to enforce use
              of encryption).  The OID field restricts access for that user to the subtree rooted
              at the given OID, or the named view.  An optional context can also be specified, or
              "context*" to denote a context prefix.  If no context field is  specified  (or  the
              token "*" is used), the directive will match all possible contexts.

              If  SECMODEL is specified then it will be the security model required for that user
              (note that identical user names may come in over different security models and will
              be  appropriately separated via the access control settings).  The default security
              model is "usm" and the other common security models are  likely  "tsm"  when  using
              (D)TLS or SSH support and "ksm" if the Kerberos support has been compiled in.

       rocommunity COMMUNITY [SOURCE [OID | -V VIEW [CONTEXT]]]

       rwcommunity COMMUNITY [SOURCE [OID | -V VIEW [CONTEXT]]]
              specify  an  SNMPv1  or  SNMPv2c  community that will be allowed read-only (GET and
              GETNEXT) or read-write (GET, GETNEXT and SET)  access  respectively.   By  default,
              this  will  provide  access  to  the full OID tree for such requests, regardless of
              where they were sent from. The SOURCE token can  be  used  to  restrict  access  to
              requests  from the specified system(s) - see com2sec for the full details.  The OID
              field restricts access for that community to the subtree rooted at the  given  OID,
              or  named  view.   Contexts  are  typically  less  relevant to community-based SNMP
              versions, but the same behaviour applies here.

       rocommunity6 COMMUNITY [SOURCE [OID | -V VIEW [CONTEXT]]]

       rwcommunity6 COMMUNITY [SOURCE [OID | -V VIEW [CONTEXT]]]
              are directives relating to requests received using IPv6 (if the agent supports such
              transport domains).  The interpretation of the SOURCE, OID, VIEW and CONTEXT tokens
              are exactly the same as for the IPv4 versions.

       In each case, only one directive should be specified for a given SNMPv3 user, or community
       string.   It  is not appropriate to specify both rouser and rwuser directives referring to
       the same SNMPv3 user (or equivalent community settings). The rwuser directive provides all
       the  access  of  rouser  (as  well  as allowing SET support).  The same holds true for the
       community-based directives.

       More complex access requirements (such as access to two or more distinct OID subtrees,  or
       different  views  for  GET  and  SET  requests) should use one of the other access control
       mechanisms.  Note that if several distinct communities or SNMPv3 users need to be  granted
       the  same  level  of  access,  it  would  also  be  more  efficient  to  use the main VACM
       configuration directives.

   VACM Configuration
       The full flexibility of the VACM  is  available  using  four  configuration  directives  -
       com2sec,  group,  view  and  access.  These provide direct configuration of the underlying
       VACM tables.

       com2sec  [-Cn CONTEXT] SECNAME SOURCE COMMUNITY

       com2sec6 [-Cn CONTEXT] SECNAME SOURCE COMMUNITY
              map an SNMPv1 or SNMPv2c community string to  a  security  name  -  either  from  a
              particular range of source addresses, or globally ("default").  A restricted source
              can either be a specific hostname (or  address),  or  a  subnet  -  represented  as
              IP/MASK  (e.g.  10.10.10.0/255.255.255.0),  or IP/BITS (e.g. 10.10.10.0/24), or the
              IPv6 equivalents.

              The  same  community  string  can  be  specified  in  several  separate  directives
              (presumably   with   different  source  tokens),  and  the  first  source/community
              combination  that  matches  the  incoming  request  will  be   selected.    Various
              source/community combinations can also map to the same security name.

              If  a  CONTEXT  is  specified (using -Cn), the community string will be mapped to a
              security name in the named SNMPv3 context. Otherwise the default context ("")  will
              be used.

       com2secunix [-Cn CONTEXT] SECNAME SOCKPATH COMMUNITY
              is the Unix domain sockets version of com2sec.

       group GROUP {v1|v2c|usm|tsm|ksm} SECNAME
              maps a security name (in the specified security model) into a named group.  Several
              group directives can specify the same group name, allowing a single access  setting
              to apply to several users and/or community strings.

              Note  that  groups must be set up for the two community-based models separately - a
              single com2sec (or equivalent) directive will typically be accompanied by two group
              directives.

       view VNAME TYPE OID [MASK]
              defines  a named "view" - a subset of the overall OID tree. This is most commonly a
              single subtree, but several view directives can be given with the  same  view  name
              (VNAME), to build up a more complex collection of OIDs.  TYPE is either included or
              excluded, which can again define a more complex  view  (e.g  by  excluding  certain
              sensitive objects from an otherwise accessible subtree).

              MASK is a list of hex octets (optionally separated by '.' or ':') with the set bits
              indicating which  subidentifiers  in  the  view  OID  to  match  against.   If  not
              specified,  this defaults to matching the OID exactly (all bits set), thus defining
              a simple OID subtree.  So:
                     view iso1 included .iso  0xf0
                     view iso2 included .iso
                     view iso3 included .iso.org.dod.mgmt  0xf0

              would all define the same view, covering the whole of the  'iso(1)'  subtree  (with
              the third example ignoring the subidentifiers not covered by the mask).

              More  usefully, the mask can be used to define a view covering a particular row (or
              rows) in a table, by matching  against  the  appropriate  table  index  value,  but
              skipping the column subidentifier:

                     view ifRow4 included .1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.0.4  0xff:a0

              Note that a mask longer than 8 bits must use ':' to separate the individual octets.

       access GROUP CONTEXT {any|v1|v2c|usm|tsm|ksm} LEVEL PREFX READ WRITE NOTIFY
              maps  from  a  group  of  users/communities  (with  a particular security model and
              minimum security level, and in a specific context) to one of three views, depending
              on the request being processed.

              LEVEL  is  one  of  noauth,  auth,  or priv.  PREFX specifies how CONTEXT should be
              matched against the context of the incoming request, either exact or prefix.  READ,
              WRITE  and  NOTIFY  specifies  the  view  to  be used for GET*, SET and TRAP/INFORM
              requests (althought the NOTIFY view is not currently used).  For v1 or v2c  access,
              LEVEL will need to be noauth.

   Typed-View Configuration
       The  final  group  of  directives extend the VACM approach into a more flexible mechanism,
       which can be applied to other access control requirements. Rather  than  the  fixed  three
       views of the standard VACM mechanism, this can be used to configure various different view
       types.  As far as the main SNMP agent is concerned, the two main view types are  read  and
       write,  corresponding  to  the READ and WRITE views of the main access directive.  See the
       'snmptrapd.conf(5)' man page for discussion of other view types.

       authcommunity TYPES  COMMUNITY   [SOURCE [OID | -V VIEW [CONTEXT]]]
              is an alternative to the rocommunity/rwcommunity directives.  TYPES will usually be
              read  or  read,write  respectively.   The  view  specification can either be an OID
              subtree (as before), or a named view (defined using the view directive) for greater
              flexibility.  If this is omitted, then access will be allowed to the full OID tree.
              If  CONTEXT  is  specified,  access  is  configured  within  this  SNMPv3  context.
              Otherwise the default context ("") is used.

       authuser   TYPES [-s MODEL] USER  [LEVEL [OID | -V VIEW [CONTEXT]]]
              is an alternative to the rouser/rwuser directives.  The fields TYPES, OID, VIEW and
              CONTEXT have the same meaning as for authcommunity.

       authgroup  TYPES [-s MODEL] GROUP [LEVEL [OID | -V VIEW [CONTEXT]]]
              is a companion to the authuser directive, specifying access for a particular  group
              (defined  using the group directive as usual).  Both authuser and authgroup default
              to authenticated requests - LEVEL can also be specified as noauth or priv to  allow
              unauthenticated  requests,  or  require encryption respectively.  Both authuser and
              authgroup directives also default to configuring access for SNMPv3/USM  requests  -
              use  the  '-s' flag to specify an alternative security model (using the same values
              as for access above).

       authaccess TYPES [-s MODEL] GROUP VIEW [LEVEL [CONTEXT]]
              also configures the access for a particular group, specifying the name and type  of
              view  to  apply.  The MODEL and LEVEL fields are interpreted in the same way as for
              authgroup.  If CONTEXT is  specified,  access  is  configured  within  this  SNMPv3
              context  (or  contexts  with  this  prefix  if  the  CONTEXT  field ends with '*').
              Otherwise the default context ("") is used.

       setaccess GROUP CONTEXT MODEL LEVEL PREFIX VIEW TYPES
              is a direct equivalent to the original access directive, typically listing the view
              types  as read or read,write as appropriate.  (or see 'snmptrapd.conf(5)' for other
              possibilities).  All other fields have the same interpretation as with access.

SYSTEM INFORMATION

       Most of the information reported by the Net-SNMP agent is retrieved  from  the  underlying
       system,  or dynamically configured via SNMP SET requests (and retained from one run of the
       agent to the next).  However, certain MIB objects can be configured or controlled via  the
       snmpd.conf(5) file.

   System Group
       Most of the scalar objects in the 'system' group can be configured in this way:

       sysLocation STRING

       sysContact STRING

       sysName STRING
              set the system location, system contact or system name (sysLocation.0, sysContact.0
              and sysName.0) for the agent respectively.  Ordinarily these objects  are  writable
              via  suitably  authorized  SNMP  SET  requests.   However,  specifying one of these
              directives makes the corresponding object read-only, and attempts to  SET  it  will
              result in a notWritable error response.

       sysServices NUMBER
              sets  the value of the sysServices.0 object.  For a host system, a good value is 72
              (application + end-to-end layers).  If this directive is  not  specified,  then  no
              value will be reported for the sysServices.0 object.

       sysDescr STRING

       sysObjectID OID
              sets the system description or object ID for the agent.  Although these MIB objects
              are not SNMP-writable, these directives can be used by a network  administrator  to
              configure suitable values for them.

   Interfaces Group
       interface NAME TYPE SPEED
              can be used to provide appropriate type and speed settings for interfaces where the
              agent fails to determine this information correctly.  TYPE is a type value as given
              in  the  IANAifType-MIB, and can be specified numerically or by name (assuming this
              MIB is loaded).

       interface_fadeout TIMEOUT
              specifies, for how long the  agent  keeps  entries  in  ifTable  after  appropriate
              interfaces  have  been  removed  from  system  (typically  various  ppp, tap or tun
              interfaces). Timeout value is in seconds. Default value is 300 (=5 minutes).

       interface_replace_old yes
              can be used to remove already existing entries in ifTable when  an  interface  with
              the  same  name  appears  on the system. E.g. when ppp0 interface is removed, it is
              still listed in the table for interface_fadeout seconds. This option ensures,  that
              the  old  ppp0  interface is removed even before the interface_fadeout timeour when
              new ppp0 (with different ifIndex) shows up.

   Host Resources Group
       This requires that the agent was built with support for the  host  module  (which  is  now
       included as part of the default build configuration on the major supported platforms).

       ignoreDisk STRING
              controls   which   disk   devices   are   scanned   as   part   of  populating  the
              hrDiskStorageTable (and hrDeviceTable).  The HostRes implementation code includes a
              list  of disk device patterns appropriate for the current operating system, some of
              which may cause the agent to block when  trying  to  open  the  corresponding  disk
              devices.   This  might  lead  to  a  timeout  when  walking  these tables, possibly
              resulting in inconsistent  behaviour.   This  directive  can  be  used  to  specify
              particular devices (either individually or wildcarded) that should not be checked.

              Note:  Please   consult   the   source   (host/hr_disk.c)   and   check   for   the
                     Add_HR_Disk_entry calls relevant for a particular O/S to determine the  list
                     of devices that will be scanned.

              The  pattern  can  include one or more wildcard expressions.  See snmpd.examples(5)
              for illustration of the wildcard syntax.

       skipNFSInHostResources true
              controls whether  NFS  and  NFS-like  file  systems  should  be  omitted  from  the
              hrStorageTable  (true or 1) or not (false or 0, which is the default).  If the Net-
              SNMP agent gets hung on NFS-mounted filesystems, you can try setting this to '1'.

       storageUseNFS [1|2]
              controls  how  NFS  and  NFS-like  file  systems  should   be   reported   in   the
              hrStorageTable.  as 'Network Disks' (1) or 'Fixed Disks' (2) Historically, the Net-
              SNMP agent has reported such file systems as 'Fixed Disks', and this is  still  the
              default  behaviour.   Setting  this  directive  to '1' reports such file systems as
              ´Network Disks', as required by the Host Resources MIB.

       realStorageUnits
              controlls  how  the  agent  reports  hrStorageAllocationUnits,  hrStorageSize   and
              hrStorageUsed  in  hrStorageTable.   For  big  storage drives with small allocation
              units  the  agent  re-calculates  these  values  so  they  all  fit  Integer32  and
              hrStorageAllocationUnits x hrStorageSize gives real size of the storage.

              Example:
                     Linux  xfs  16TB filesystem with 4096 bytes large blocks will be reported as
                     hrStorageAllocationUnits = 8192 and hrStorageSize = 2147483647,  so  8192  x
                     2147483647 gives real size of the filesystem (=16 TB).

              Setting this directive to '1' turns off this calculation and the agent reports real
              hrStorageAllocationUnits, but it might report wrong hrStorageSize  for  big  drives
              because  the value won't fit into Integer32. In this case, hrStorageAllocationUnits
              x hrStorageSize won't give real size of the storage.

   Process Monitoring
       The hrSWRun group  of  the  Host  Resources  MIB  provides  information  about  individual
       processes  running  on the local system.  The prTable of the UCD-SNMP-MIB complements this
       by reporting on selected services (which may involve multiple processes).   This  requires
       that  the  agent was built with support for the ucd-snmp/proc module (which is included as
       part of the default build configuration).

       proc NAME [MAX [MIN]]
              monitors the number of processes called NAME (as reported by "/bin/ps -e")  running
              on the local system.

              If  the  number  of  NAMEd processes is less than MIN or greater than MAX, then the
              corresponding prErrorFlag instance will be set to 1,  and  a  suitable  description
              message reported via the prErrMessage instance.

              Note:  This situation will not automatically trigger a trap to report the problem -
                     see the DisMan Event MIB section later.

              If neither MAX nor  MIN  are  specified,  they  will  default  to  infinity  and  1
              respectively  ("at  least  one").   If only MAX is specified, MIN will default to 0
              ("no more than MAX").  If MAX is 0 (and MIN is not), this indicates  infinity  ("at
              least  MIN").   If both MAX and MIN are 0, this indicates a process that should not
              be running.

       procfix NAME PROG ARGS
              registers a command that can be run to fix errors  with  the  given  process  NAME.
              This will be invoked when the corresponding prErrFix instance is set to 1.

              Note:  This command will not be invoked automatically.

              The  procfix  directive  must  be  specified after the matching proc directive, and
              cannot be used on its own.

       If no proc directives are defined, then walking the prTable will fail (noSuchObject).

   Disk Usage Monitoring
       This requires that the agent was built with support for the ucd-snmp/disk module (which is
       included as part of the default build configuration).

       disk PATH [ MINSPACE | MINPERCENT% ]
              monitors the disk mounted at PATH for available disk space.

              The  minimum  threshold can either be specified in kB (MINSPACE) or as a percentage
              of the total disk (MINPERCENT% with  a  '%'  character),  defaulting  to  100kB  if
              neither are specified.  If the free disk space falls below this threshold, then the
              corresponding dskErrorFlag instance will be set to 1, and  a  suitable  description
              message reported via the dskErrorMsg instance.

              Note:  This situation will not automatically trigger a trap to report the problem -
                     see the DisMan Event MIB section later.

       includeAllDisks MINPERCENT%
              configures monitoring of all  disks  found  on  the  system,  using  the  specified
              (percentage)  threshold.   The threshold for individual disks can be adjusted using
              suitable disk directives (which can come either before or after the includeAllDisks
              directive).

              Note:  Whether  disk  directives appears before or after includeAllDisks may affect
                     the indexing of the dskTable.

              Only one includeAllDisks directive should be specified - any subsequent copies will
              be ignored.

              The  list  of  mounted  disks  will  be  determined when the agent starts using the
              setmntent(3) and getmntent(3), or fopen(3) and getmntent(3),  or  setfsent(3)   and
              getfsent(3)  system calls. If none of the above system calls are available then the
              root partition  "/" (which  is  assumed to exist on any UNIX based system) will  be
              monitored.  Disks mounted after the agent has started will not be monitored.

       If  neither  any disk directives or includeAllDisks are defined, then walking the dskTable
       will fail (noSuchObject).

   Disk I/O Monitoring
       This requires that the agent was built with support for the ucd-snmp/diskio module  (which
       is not included as part of the default build configuration).

       By  default,  all  block  devices  known  to  the  operating  system  are  included in the
       diskIOTable. On platforms other than Linux, this module has no configuration directives.

       On Linux systems, it is possible to exclude several classes  of  block  devices  from  the
       diskIOTable  in  order  to  avoid  cluttering  the  table with useless zero statistics for
       pseudo-devices that often are not in use but are configured by default to  exist  in  most
       recent Linux distributions.

       diskio_exclude_fd yes
              Excludes  all  Linux  floppy  disk block devices, whose names start with "fd", e.g.
              "fd0"

       diskio_exclude_loop yes
              Excludes all Linux loopback block devices, whose  names  start  with  "loop",  e.g.
              "loop0"

       diskio_exclude_ram yes
              Excludes  all  LInux  ramdisk  block  devices,  whose  names start with "ram", e.g.
              "ram0"

   System Load Monitoring
       This requires that the agent was built with support for either the ucd-snmp/loadave module
       or  the  ucd-snmp/memory  module  respectively  (both of which are included as part of the
       default build configuration).

       load MAX1 [MAX5 [MAX15]]
              monitors the load average of  the  local  system,  specifying  thresholds  for  the
              1-minute,  5-minute  and  15-minute  averages.   If  any  of these loads exceed the
              associated maximum value, then the corresponding laErrorFlag instance will  be  set
              to 1, and a suitable description message reported via the laErrMessage instance.

              Note:  This situation will not automatically trigger a trap to report the problem -
                     see the DisMan Event MIB section later.

              If the MAX15 threshold is omitted, it will default to the MAX5 value.  If both MAX5
              and  MAX15  are omitted, they will default to the MAX1 value.  If this directive is
              not specified, all three thresholds will default to a value of DEFMAXLOADAVE.

              If a threshold value of 0 is given, the  agent  will  not  report  errors  via  the
              relevant laErrorFlag or laErrMessage instances, regardless of the current load.

       Unlike  the  proc  and  disk  directives,  walking  the  walking  the laTable will succeed
       (assuming the ucd-snmp/loadave module was configured into the agent),  even  if  the  load
       directive is not present.

       swap MIN
              monitors  the  amount  of  swap space available on the local system.  If this falls
              below the specified threshold (MIN kB), then the memErrorSwap object will be set to
              1, and a suitable description message reported via memSwapErrorMsg.

              Note:  This situation will not automatically trigger a trap to report the problem -
                     see the DisMan Event MIB section later.
       If this directive is not specified, the default threshold is 16 MB.

   Log File Monitoring
       This requires that the agent was built  with  support  for  either  the  ucd-snmp/file  or
       ucd-snmp/logmatch  modules respectively (both of which are included as part of the default
       build configuration).

       file FILE [MAXSIZE]
              monitors the size of the specified file (in kB).  If MAXSIZE is specified, and  the
              size  of  the  file  exceeds  this  threshold, then the corresponding fileErrorFlag
              instance will be set to 1, and a suitable  description  message  reported  via  the
              fileErrorMsg instance.

              Note:  This situation will not automatically trigger a trap to report the problem -
                     see the DisMan Event MIB section later.

              Note: A maximum of 20 files can be monitored.

              Note: If no file directives are defined,  then  walking  the  fileTable  will  fail
              (noSuchObject).

       logmatch NAME FILE CYCLETIME REGEX
              monitors the specified file for occurances of the specified pattern REGEX. The file
              position is stored internally so the entire file  is  only  read  initially,  every
              subsequent pass will only read the new lines added to the file since the last read.

              NAME   name   of   the   logmatch  instance  (will  appear  as  logMatchName  under
                     logMatch/logMatchTable/logMatchEntry/logMatchName in the ucd-snmp MIB tree)

              FILE   absolute path to the logfile to  be  monitored.  Note  that  this  path  can
                     contain  date/time  directives  (like  in  the UNIX 'date' command). See the
                     manual page for 'strftime' for the various directives accepted.

              CYCLETIME
                     time interval for each logfile read and internal variable update in seconds.
                     Note:  an SNMPGET* operation will also trigger an immediate logfile read and
                     variable update.

              REGEX  the regular expression  to  be  used.  Note:  DO  NOT  enclose  the  regular
                     expression  in  quotes  even  if  there  are spaces in the expression as the
                     quotes will also become part of the pattern to be matched!

              Example:

                     logmatch    apache-GETs    /usr/local/apache/logs/access.log-%Y-%m-%d     60
                     GET.*HTTP.*

                     This  logmatch  instance  is  named 'apache-GETs', uses 'GET.*HTTP.*' as its
                     regular expression and it will monitor the file named (assuming today is May
                     6th  2009): '/usr/local/apache/logs/access.log-2009-05-06', tomorrow it will
                     look for 'access.log-2009-05-07'. The logfile is read every 60 seconds.

              Note: A maximum of 250 logmatch directives can be specified.

              Note: If no logmatch directives are defined, then walking  the  logMatchTable  will
              fail (noSuchObject).

ACTIVE MONITORING

       The  usual behaviour of an SNMP agent is to wait for incoming SNMP requests and respond to
       them - if no requests are received, an agent will typically not initiate any actions. This
       section describes various directives that can configure snmpd to take a more active role.

   Notification Handling
       trapcommunity STRING
              defines the default community string to be used when sending traps.  Note that this
              directive must be used prior to any  community-based  trap  destination  directives
              that need to use it.

       trapsink HOST [COMMUNITY [PORT]]

       trap2sink HOST [COMMUNITY [PORT]]

       informsink HOST [COMMUNITY [PORT]]
              define  the  address  of  a notification receiver that should be sent SNMPv1 TRAPs,
              SNMPv2c TRAP2s, or SNMPv2  INFORM  notifications  respectively.   See  the  section
              LISTENING  ADDRESSES  in  the  snmpd(8)  manual page for more information about the
              format of listening addresses.  If COMMUNITY is  not  specified,  the  most  recent
              trapcommunity string will be used.

              If the transport address does not include an explicit port specification, then PORT
              will be used.  If this is not specified, the well known SNMP trap port  (162)  will
              be used.

              Note:  This  mechanism  is  being  deprecated,  and  the  listening  port should be
                     specified via the transport specification HOST instead.

              If several sink directives are specified, multiple copies of each notification  (in
              the appropriate formats) will be generated.

              Note:  It  is  not  normally appropriate to list two (or all three) sink directives
                     with the same destination.

       trapsess [SNMPCMD_ARGS] HOST
              provides  a  more  generic  mechanism  for  defining   notification   destinations.
              SNMPCMD_ARGS should be the command-line options required for an equivalent snmptrap
              (or snmpinform) command to send the desired notification.  The option  -Ci  can  be
              used  (with  -v2c  or  -v3)  to  generate  an  INFORM  notification  rather than an
              unacknowledged TRAP.

              This is  the  appropriate  directive  for  defining  SNMPv3  trap  receivers.   See
              http://www.net-snmp.org/tutorial/tutorial-5/commands/snmptrap-v3.html    for   more
              information about SNMPv3 notification behaviour.

       authtrapenable {1|2}
              determines whether to generate authentication failure  traps  (enabled(1))  or  not
              (disabled(2)   -   the   default).    Ordinarily   the   corresponding  MIB  object
              (snmpEnableAuthenTraps.0) is read-write, but specifying this directive  makes  this
              object  read-only,  and attempts to set the value via SET requests will result in a
              notWritable error response.

       v1trapaddress HOST
              defines the agent address, which is inserted into  SNMPv1  TRAPs.  Arbitrary  local
              IPv4 address is chosen if this option is ommited. This option is useful mainly when
              the agent is visible from outside world by specific address only (e.g.  because  of
              network address translation or firewall).

   DisMan Event MIB
       The  previous  directives can be used to configure where traps should be sent, but are not
       concerned with when to send such traps (or what traps should be generated).  This  is  the
       domain  of  the Event MIB - developed by the Distributed Management (DisMan) working group
       of the IETF.

       This requires that the agent was built with support for the disman/event module (which  is
       now included as part of the default build configuration for the most recent distribution).

              Note:  The  behaviour  of  the latest implementation differs in some minor respects
                     from the previous code - nothing too significant, but existing  scripts  may
                     possibly need some minor adjustments.

       iquerySecName NAME

       agentSecName NAME
              specifies  the  default SNMPv3 username, to be used when making internal queries to
              retrieve any necessary information (either for evaluating the monitored expression,
              or  building  a  notification  payload).  These internal queries always use SNMPv3,
              even if normal querying of the agent is done using SNMPv1 or SNMPv2c.

              Note that this  user  must  also  be  explicitly  created  (createUser)  and  given
              appropriate  access  rights (e.g. rouser).  This directive is purely concerned with
              defining which user should be used - not with actually setting this user up.

       monitor [OPTIONS] NAME EXPRESSION
              defines a MIB object to monitor.  If the EXPRESSION condition  holds  (see  below),
              then  this  will trigger the corresponding event, and either send a notification or
              apply a SET assignment (or both).  Note that the event will only be triggered once,
              when  the  expression  first matches.  This monitor entry will not fire again until
              the monitored condition first becomes false, and then matches again.   NAME  is  an
              administrative   name   for   this   expression,  and  is  used  for  indexing  the
              mteTriggerTable (and related tables).  Note also that such monitors use an internal
              SNMPv3 request to retrieve the values being monitored (even if normal agent queries
              typically use SNMPv1 or SNMPv2c).  See the iquerySecName token described above.

       EXPRESSION
              There are three types of monitor expression supported by the Event MIB - existence,
              boolean and threshold tests.

              OID | ! OID | != OID
                     defines  an  existence(0)  monitor  test.  A bare OID specifies a present(0)
                     test, which will fire when (an instance of) the monitored  OID  is  created.
                     An expression of the form ! OID specifies an absent(1) test, which will fire
                     when the monitored OID is delected.   An  expression  of  the  form  !=  OID
                     specifies a changed(2) test, which will fire whenever the monitored value(s)
                     change.  Note that there must be whitespace before the OID token.

              OID OP VALUE
                     defines a boolean(1)  monitor  test.   OP  should  be  one  of  the  defined
                     comparison  operators  (!=, ==, <, <=, >, >=) and VALUE should be an integer
                     value to compare against.  Note that there must be whitespace around the  OP
                     token.  A comparison such as OID !=0 will not be handled correctly.

              OID MIN MAX [DMIN DMAX]
                     defines  a  threshold(2)  monitor  test.   MIN  and  MAX are integer values,
                     specifying lower and upper thresholds.  If the value of  the  monitored  OID
                     falls  below  the  lower  threshold (MIN) or rises above the upper threshold
                     (MAX), then the monitor entry will trigger the corresponding event.

                     Note that the  rising  threshold  event  will  only  be  re-armed  when  the
                     monitored  value  falls  below  the  lower  threshold (MIN).  Similarly, the
                     falling threshold event will be re-armed by the upper threshold (MAX).

                     The optional parameters DMIN and DMAX configure a pair of similar  threshold
                     tests,  but  working  with  the  delta differences between successive sample
                     values.

       OPTIONS
              There are various options to control the behaviour  of  the  monitored  expression.
              These include:

              -D     indicates  that  the  expression should be evaluated using delta differences
                     between sample values (rather than the values themselves).

              -d OID

              -di OID
                     specifies a discontinuity marker for validating delta  differences.   A  -di
                     object  instance  will  be used exactly as given.  A -d object will have the
                     instance  subidentifiers  from  the  corresponding  (wildcarded)  expression
                     object  appended.   If the -I flag is specified, then there is no difference
                     between these two options.

                     This option also implies -D.

              -e EVENT
                     specifies the event to be invoked when this monitor entry is triggered.   If
                     this  option  is  not  given,  the  monitor  entry  will generate one of the
                     standard notifications defined in the DISMAN-EVENT-MIB.

              -I     indicates that the monitored expression should be applied to  the  specified
                     OID  as  a  single  instance.   By  default,  the  OID  will be treated as a
                     wildcarded object, and the monitor expanded to cover all matching instances.

              -i OID

              -o OID define additional varbinds to be added to the notification payload when this
                     monitor  trigger  fires.   For  a  wildcarded  expression, the suffix of the
                     matched instance will be added to any OIDs specified using  -o,  while  OIDs
                     specified  using  -i  will be treated as exact instances.  If the -I flag is
                     specified, then there is no difference between these two options.

                     See strictDisman for details of the ordering of notification payloads.

              -r FREQUENCY
                     monitors the given expression every FREQUENCY, where FREQUENCY is in seconds
                     or  optionally  suffixed  by one of s (for seconds), m (for minutes), h (for
                     hours), d (for days), or w (for weeks).  By default, the expression will  be
                     evaluated every 600s (10 minutes).

              -S     indicates that the monitor expression should not be evaluated when the agent
                     first starts up.  The first evaluation will be done once  the  first  repeat
                     interval has expired.

              -s     indicates  that  the  monitor  expression should be evaluated when the agent
                     first starts up.  This is the default behaviour.

                     Note:  Notifications triggered by  this  initial  evaluation  will  be  sent
                            before the coldStart trap.

              -u SECNAME
                     specifies a security name to use for scanning the local host, instead of the
                     default iquerySecName.  Once again, this user must be explicitly created and
                     given suitable access rights.

       notificationEvent ENAME NOTIFICATION [-m] [-i OID | -o OID ]*
              defines  a  notification  event  named  ENAME.   This can be triggered from a given
              monitor entry by specifying the option -e ENAME (see above).   NOTIFICATION  should
              be  the  OID  of  the  NOTIFICATION-TYPE  definition  for  the  notification  to be
              generated.

              If the -m option is given, the  notification  payload  will  include  the  standard
              varbinds  as  specified  in  the OBJECTS clause of the notification MIB definition.
              This option must come after the NOTIFICATION OID (and the relevant MIB file must be
              available  and  loaded  by  the  agent).   Otherwise, these varbinds must be listed
              explicitly (either here or in the corresponding monitor directive).

              The -i OID and -o OID options specify additional varbinds to  be  appended  to  the
              notification payload, after the standard list.  If the monitor entry that triggered
              this event involved a wildcarded expression, the suffix  of  the  matched  instance
              will be added to any OIDs specified using -o, while OIDs specified using -i will be
              treated as exact instances.  If the -I flag was specified to the monitor directive,
              then there is no difference between these two options.

       setEvent ENAME [-I] OID = VALUE
              defines  a  set  event  named ENAME, assigning the (integer) VALUE to the specified
              OID.  This can be triggered from a given monitor entry by specifying the option  -e
              ENAME (see above).

              If  the  monitor  entry that triggered this event involved a wildcarded expression,
              the suffix of the matched instance will normally be added to the OID.   If  the  -I
              flag  was  specified to either of the monitor or setEvent directives, the specified
              OID will be regarded as an exact single instance.

       strictDisman yes
              The definition of SNMP notifications states that the varbinds defined in the OBJECT
              clause should come first (in the order specified), followed by any "extra" varbinds
              that the notification generator feels might be useful.  The most  natural  approach
              would  be  to  associate these mandatory varbinds with the notificationEvent entry,
              and append any varbinds associated  with  the  monitor  entry  that  triggered  the
              notification  to  the  end of this list.  This is the default behaviour of the Net-
              SNMP Event MIB implementation.

              Unfortunately, the DisMan Event MIB specifications actually state that the trigger-
              related  varbinds  should  come  first,  followed  by the event-related ones.  This
              directive  can  be  used  to  restore  this  strictly-correct  (but  inappropriate)
              behaviour.

              Note:  Strict  DisMan  ordering  may  result  in  generating  invalid notifications
                     payload lists if the notificationEvent -n flag is used together with monitor
                     -o (or -i) varbind options.

              If  no monitor entries specify payload varbinds, then the setting of this directive
              is irrelevant.

       linkUpDownNotifications yes
              will configure the Event MIB tables to monitor the ifTable for  network  interfaces
              being  taken  up  or  down,  and  triggering  a  linkUp or linkDown notification as
              appropriate.

              This is exactly equivalent to the configuration:

                     notificationEvent  linkUpTrap    linkUp   ifIndex ifAdminStatus ifOperStatus
                     notificationEvent  linkDownTrap  linkDown ifIndex ifAdminStatus ifOperStatus

                     monitor  -r 60 -e linkUpTrap   "Generate linkUp" ifOperStatus != 2
                     monitor  -r 60 -e linkDownTrap "Generate linkDown" ifOperStatus == 2

       defaultMonitors yes
              will configure the Event MIB tables to monitor the various UCD-SNMP-MIB tables  for
              problems (as indicated by the appropriate xxErrFlag column objects).

              This is exactly equivalent to the configuration:

                     monitor   -o prNames -o prErrMessage "process table" prErrorFlag != 0
                     monitor   -o memErrorName -o memSwapErrorMsg "memory" memSwapError != 0
                     monitor   -o extNames -o extOutput "extTable" extResult != 0
                     monitor   -o dskPath -o dskErrorMsg "dskTable" dskErrorFlag != 0
                     monitor   -o laNames -o laErrMessage  "laTable" laErrorFlag != 0
                     monitor   -o fileName -o fileErrorMsg  "fileTable" fileErrorFlag != 0

       In  both  these  latter cases, the snmpd.conf must also contain a iquerySecName directive,
       together with a corresponding createUser entry and suitable access control configuration.

   DisMan Schedule MIB
       The DisMan working group also produced a mechanism for scheduling  particular  actions  (a
       specified  SET  assignment)  at  given times.  This requires that the agent was built with
       support for the disman/schedule module (which is included as part  of  the  default  build
       configuration for the most recent distribution).

       There are three ways of specifying the scheduled action:

       repeat FREQUENCY OID = VALUE
              configures  a  SET assignment of the (integer) VALUE to the MIB instance OID, to be
              run every FREQUENCY seconds, where FREQUENCY is in seconds or  optionally  suffixed
              by  one of s (for seconds), m (for minutes), h (for hours), d (for days), or w (for
              weeks).

       cron MINUTE HOUR DAY MONTH WEEKDAY  OID = VALUE
              configures a SET assignment of the (integer) VALUE to the MIB instance OID,  to  be
              run  at the times specified by the fields MINUTE to WEEKDAY.  These follow the same
              pattern as the equivalent crontab(5) fields.

              Note:  These fields should be specified as  a  (comma-separated)  list  of  numeric
                     values.   Named  values  for the MONTH and WEEKDAY fields are not supported,
                     and neither are value ranges. A wildcard match can be specified as '*'.

              The DAY field can also accept negative values, to indicate days counting  backwards
              from the end of the month.

       at MINUTE HOUR DAY MONTH WEEKDAY  OID = VALUE
              configures  a  one-shot  SET  assignment,  to  be run at the first matching time as
              specified by the fields MINUTE to WEEKDAY.  The interpretation of these  fields  is
              exactly the same as for the cron directive.

   Data Delivery via Notfiications
       Note:  this  functionality is only available if the deliver/deliverByNotify mib module was
       complied in to the agent

       In some situations it may be advantageous to deliver SNMP  data  over  SNMP  Notifications
       (TRAPs  and  INFORMs) rather than the typical process of having the manager issue requests
       for the data (via GETs and GETNEXTs).  Reasons for doing this are numerous, but frequently
       corner  cases.   The  most  common  reason  for wanting this behaviour might be to monitor
       devices that reside behind NATs or Firewalls that prevent incoming SNMP traffic.

       It should  be  noted  that  although  most  management  software  is  capable  of  logging
       notifications,  very  little  (if  any)  management software will updated their "knowledge
       database" based on the contents of SNMP notifications.  IE, it won't (for example)  update
       the interface traffic counter history that is used to produce graphs.  Most larger network
       management packages have a separate database for storing data received via  SNMP  requests
       (GETs and GETNEXTs) vs those received from notifications.  Researching the capabilities of
       your management station software is required before assuming this functionality will solve
       your data delivery requirements.

       Notifications  generated via this mechanism will be sent to the standard set of configured
       notification targets.  See the  "Notification  Handling"  section  of  this  document  for
       further information.

       deliverByNotify [-p] [-m] [-s MAXSIZE] FREQUENCY OID
              This  directive tells the SNMP agent to self-walk the OID, collect all the data and
              send it out every FREQUENCY seconds, where FREQUENCY is in  seconds  or  optionally
              suffixed  by  one of s (for seconds), m (for minutes), h (for hours), d (for days),
              or w (for weeks).  By default scalars are included in the notification that specify
              the how often the notification will be sent (unless the -p option is specified) and
              which message number of how many messages a particular notification is  (unless  -m
              is specified).  To break the notifications into manageable packet sizes, use the -s
              flag to specify the approximate maximum number of bytes that a notification message
              should  be  limited  to.   If  more  than  MAXSIZE of bytes is needed then multiple
              notifications will be sent to deliver the data.  Note  that  the  calculations  for
              ensuring  the  maximum size is met are approximations and thus it can be absolutely
              guaranteed they'll be under that size, so leave a padding buffer if it is  critical
              that  you  avoid  fragmentation.   A  value of -1 indicates force everything into a
              single message no matter how big it is.

              Example usage: the following will deliver the contents of the ifTable once an  hour
              and the contents of the system group once every 2 hours:

              deliverByNotify 3600 ifTable
              deliverByNotify 7200 system

       deliverByNotifyMaxPacketSize SIZEINBYTES
              Sets the default notification size limit (see the -s flag above).

       deliverByNotifyOid OID

       deliverByNotifyFrequencyOid OID

       deliverByNotifyMessageNumberOid OID

       deliverByNotifyMaxMessageNumberOid OID
              These  set  the  data OID that the notification will be sent under, the scalar OID,
              the message number OID, and the maximum  message  number  OID.   These  default  to
              objects in the NET-SNMP-PERIODIC-NOTIFY-MIB.

EXTENDING AGENT FUNCTIONALITY

       One  of  the  first  distinguishing  features of the original UCD suite was the ability to
       extend the functionality of the agent - not just by recompiling  with  code  for  new  MIB
       modules, but also by configuring the running agent to report additional information. There
       are a number of techniques to support this, including:

       •      running external commands (exec, extend, pass)

       •      loading new code dynamically (embedded perl, dlmod)

       •      communicating with other agents (proxy, SMUX, AgentX)

   Arbitrary Extension Commands
       The earliest extension mechanism was the  ability  to  run  arbitrary  commands  or  shell
       scripts.  Such  commands  do  not  need  to be aware of SNMP operations, or conform to any
       particular behaviour - the MIB structures are designed to accommodate any form of  command
       output.   Use  of  this  mechanism  requires that the agent was built with support for the
       ucd-snmp/extensible and/or agent/extend modules (which are both included as  part  of  the
       default build configuration).

       exec [MIBOID] NAME PROG ARGS

       sh [MIBOID] NAME PROG ARGS
              invoke the named PROG with arguments of ARGS.  By default the exit status and first
              line of output from the command will be reported via the extTable,  discarding  any
              additional output.

              Note:  Entries  in  this  table  appear  in  the  order  they  are  read  from  the
                     configuration file.  This means that adding new exec (or sh) directives  and
                     restarting the agent, may affect the indexing of other entries.

              The  PROG  argument for exec directives must be a full path to a real binary, as it
              is executed via the exec() system call.  To invoke  a  shell  script,  use  the  sh
              directive instead.

              If  MIBOID  is  specified, then the results will be rooted at this point in the OID
              tree, returning the exit statement as MIBOID.100.0 and the entire command output in
              a pseudo-table based at MIBNUM.101 - with one 'row' for each line of output.

              Note:  The  layout  of  this  "relocatable"  form  of  exec (or sh) output does not
                     strictly form a valid MIB structure.  This mechanism is being  deprecated  -
                     please see the extend directive (described below) instead.

              The agent does not cache the exit status or output of the executed program.

       execfix NAME PROG ARGS
              registers  a command that can be invoked on demand - typically to respond to or fix
              errors with the corresponding exec or sh entry.  When the extErrFix instance for  a
              given NAMEd entry is set to the integer value of 1, this command will be called.

              Note:  This  directive can only be used in combination with a corresponding exec or
                     sh directive,  which  must  be  defined  first.   Attempting  to  define  an
                     unaccompanied execfix directive will fail.

       exec and sh extensions can only be configured via the snmpd.conf file.  They cannot be set
       up via SNMP SET requests.

       extend [-cacheTime TIME] [-execType TYPE] [MIBOID] NAME PROG ARGS
              works in a similar manner to the exec directive, but with a number of improvements.
              The  MIB  tables  (nsExtendConfigTable  etc)  are indexed by the NAME token, so are
              unaffected by the order in which entries are read  from  the  configuration  files.
              There  are  two  result  tables  -  one  (nsExtendOutput1Table) containing the exit
              status, the first line and full output (as a single string) for each extend  entry,
              and  the other (nsExtendOutput2Table) containing the complete output as a series of
              separate lines.

              If -cacheTime is specified, then its argument is used  as  the  cache  timeout  (in
              whole seconds) for this extend entry. This mechanism provides a non-volatile way to
              specify the cache timeout.

              If -execType is specified and has a value of sh, then this extend entry will be run
              in  a  shell.  Otherwise it will be run in the default exec fashion. This mechanism
              provides a non-volatile way to specify the exec type.

              If MIBOID is specified, then the configuration and result tables will be rooted  at
              this  point  in the OID tree, but are otherwise structured in exactly the same way.
              This means that several separate extend directives  can  specify  the  same  MIBOID
              root, without conflicting.

              The  exit  status  and  output  is  cached  for each entry individually, and can be
              cleared (and the caching behaviour configured) using the nsCacheTable.

       extendfix NAME PROG ARGS
              registers a command that can be invoked  on  demand,  by  setting  the  appropriate
              nsExtendRunType  instance  to  the  value  run-command(3).   Unlike  the equivalent
              execfix, this directive does not need to be  paired  with  a  corresponding  extend
              entry, and can appear on its own.

       Both  extend  and  extendfix  directives  can  be  configured  dynamically, using SNMP SET
       requests to the NET-SNMP-EXTEND-MIB.

   MIB-Specific Extension Commands
       The first group of extension directives invoke arbitrary commands, and  rely  on  the  MIB
       structure  (and  management  applications)  having  the  flexibility  to  accommodate  and
       interpret the output.  This is a convenient way to make information available quickly  and
       simply,  but is of no use when implementing specific MIB objects, where the extension must
       conform to the structure of the MIB (rather than vice  versa).   The  remaining  extension
       mechanisms  are  all  concerned  with  such MIB-specific situations - starting with "pass-
       through" scripts.  Use of this mechanism requires that the agent was  built  with  support
       for  the  ucd-snmp/pass and ucd-snmp/pass_persist modules (which are both included as part
       of the default build configuration).

       pass [-p priority] MIBOID PROG
              will pass control of the subtree rooted at MIBOID to the  specified  PROG  command.
              GET  and  GETNEXT  requests  for  OIDs  within this tree will trigger this command,
              called as:

                     PROG -g OID

                     PROG -n OID

              respectively, where OID is the requested OID.  The PROG command should  return  the
              response  varbind as three separate lines printed to stdout - the first line should
              be the OID of the returned value, the second should be its TYPE (one  of  the  text
              strings  integer,  gauge, counter, timeticks, ipaddress, objectid, or string ), and
              the third should be the value itself.

              If the command cannot return an appropriate varbind - e.g the specified OID did not
              correspond  to  a  valid  instance  for  a  GET request, or there were no following
              instances for a GETNEXT - then it should exit without producing any  output.   This
              will result in an SNMP noSuchName error, or a noSuchInstance exception.

                     Note:  The  SMIv2  type  counter64 and SNMPv2 noSuchObject exception are not
                            supported.

              A SET request will result in the command being called as:

                     PROG -s OID TYPE VALUE

              where TYPE is one of the tokens listed above, indicating  the  type  of  the  value
              passed as the third parameter.

              If the assignment is successful, the PROG command should exit without producing any
              output. Errors should be indicated by writing one of the strings  not-writable,  or
              wrong-type to stdout, and the agent will generate the appropriate error response.

                     Note:  The other SNMPv2 errors are not supported.

              In  either  case,  the  command  should exit once it has finished processing.  Each
              request (and each  varbind  within  a  single  request)  will  trigger  a  separate
              invocation of the command.

              The  default  registration  priority  is 127.  This can be changed by supplying the
              optional -p flag, with lower priority registrations being  used  in  preference  to
              higher priority values.

       pass_persist [-p priority] MIBOID PROG
              will  also  pass  control  of  the  subtree  rooted at MIBOID to the specified PROG
              command.  However this command will continue to run after the initial  request  has
              been  answered,  so  subsequent  requests  can  be  processed  without  the startup
              overheads.

              Upon initialization, PROG will be passed the string "PING\n" on stdin,  and  should
              respond by printing "PONG\n" to stdout.

              For  GET  and GETNEXT requests, PROG will be passed two lines on stdin, the command
              (get or getnext) and the requested OID.  It should respond by printing three  lines
              to stdout - the OID for the result varbind, the TYPE and the VALUE itself - exactly
              as for the pass directive above.  If  the  command  cannot  return  an  appropriate
              varbind, it should print print "NONE\n" to stdout (but continue running).

              For  SET  requests, PROG will be passed three lines on stdin, the command (set) and
              the requested OID, followed by the type and value (both on the same line).  If  the
              assignment  is  successful,  the  command  should print "DONE\n" to stdout.  Errors
              should be indicated  by  writing  one  of  the  strings  not-writable,  wrong-type,
              wrong-length,  wrong-value  or  inconsistent-value  to  stdout,  and the agent will
              generate the appropriate error  response.   In  either  case,  the  command  should
              continue running.

              The  registration  priority  can be changed using the optional -p flag, just as for
              the pass directive.

       pass and pass_persist extensions can only be configured via  the  snmpd.conf  file.   They
       cannot be set up via SNMP SET requests.

   Embedded Perl Support
       Programs  using  the  previous  extension  mechanisms  can  be  written  in any convenient
       programming language  -  including  perl,  which  is  a  common  choice  for  pass-through
       extensions  in  particular.  However the Net-SNMP agent also includes support for embedded
       perl technology (similar to mod_perl for the Apache web server).  This allows the agent to
       interpret  perl  scripts  directly,  thus  avoiding the overhead of spawning processes and
       initializing the perl system when a request is received.

       Use of this mechanism requires that the agent was built with support for the embedded perl
       mechanism,  which  is  not  part  of  the default build environment. It must be explicitly
       included by specifying the '--enable-embedded-perl' option to the  configure  script  when
       the package is first built.

       If enabled, the following directives will be recognised:

       disablePerl true
              will  turn  off embedded perl support entirely (e.g. if there are problems with the
              perl installation).

       perlInitFile FILE
              loads the specified initialisation file (if present) immediately before  the  first
              perl directive is parsed.  If not explicitly specified, the agent will look for the
              default initialisation file /usr/share/snmp/snmp_perl.pl.

              The default initialisation file creates an instance of a NetSNMP::agent object -  a
              variable $agent which can be used to register perl-based MIB handler routines.

       perl EXPRESSION
              evaluates the given expression.  This would typically register a handler routine to
              be called when a section of the OID tree was requested:
                     perl use Data::Dumper;
                     perl sub myroutine  { print "got called: ",Dumper(@_),"\n"; }
                     perl $agent->register('mylink', '.1.3.6.1.8765', \&myroutine);

              This expression could also source an external file:
                     perl 'do /path/to/file.pl';

              or perform any other perl-based processing that might be required.

   Dynamically Loadable Modules
       Most of the MIBs supported by the Net-SNMP agent are implemented as C code modules,  which
       were  compiled  and  linked into the agent libraries when the suite was first built.  Such
       implementation modules can also be compiled independently  and  loaded  into  the  running
       agent  once  it has started.  Use of this mechanism requires that the agent was built with
       support for the ucd-snmp/dlmod module (which is included as  part  of  the  default  build
       configuration).

       dlmod NAME PATH
              will  load  the shared object module from the file PATH (an absolute filename), and
              call the initialisation routine init_NAME.

              Note:  If the specified PATH  is  not  a  fully  qualified  filename,  it  will  be
                     interpreted  relative  to /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/snmp/dlmod, and .so will
                     be appended to the filename.

       This functionality can also be configured using SNMP SET requests to the UCD-DLMOD-MIB.

   Proxy Support
       Another mechanism for extending the  functionality  of  the  agent  is  to  pass  selected
       requests  (or  selected  varbinds) to another SNMP agent, which can be running on the same
       host (presumably listening on a different port), or on  a  remote  system.   This  can  be
       viewed  either  as  the  main  agent delegating requests to the remote one, or acting as a
       proxy for it.  Use of this mechanism requires that the agent was built  with  support  for
       the ucd-snmp/proxy module (which is included as part of the default build configuration).

       proxy [-Cn CONTEXTNAME] [SNMPCMD_ARGS] HOST OID [REMOTEOID]
              will  pass  any  incoming  requests  under  OID  to the agent listening on the port
              specified by the transport address HOST.  See the section  LISTENING  ADDRESSES  in
              the  snmpd(8)  manual  page  for  more  information  about  the format of listening
              addresses.

              Note:  To proxy the entire MIB tree, use the OID .1.3 (not the top-level .1)

       The SNMPCMD_ARGS should provide  sufficient  version  and  administrative  information  to
       generate a valid SNMP request (see snmpcmd(1)).

       Note:  The  proxied  request  will  not  use the administrative settings from the original
              request.

       If a CONTEXTNAME is specified, this will register the proxy delegation  within  the  named
       context  in  the  local  agent.   Defining  multiple proxy directives for the same OID but
       different contexts can be used to query several remote agents through a single  proxy,  by
       specifying  the  appropriate  SNMPv3  context  in  the incoming request (or using suitable
       configured community strings - see the com2sec directive).

       Specifying the REMOID parameter will map the local MIB tree rooted at OID to an equivalent
       subtree rooted at REMOID on the remote agent.

   SMUX Sub-Agents
       The  Net-SNMP  agent  supports the SMUX protocol (RFC 1227) to communicate with SMUX-based
       subagents (such as gated, zebra or quagga).  Use of this mechanism requires that the agent
       was  built  with  support  for  the  smux  module,  which is not part of the default build
       environment, and must be explicitly included by specifying  the  '--with-mib-modules=smux'
       option to the configure script when the package is first built.

              Note:  This  extension  protocol has been officially deprecated in favour of AgentX
                     (see below).

       smuxpeer OID PASS
              will register a subtree for SMUX-based processing, to be  authenticated  using  the
              password  PASS.  If a subagent (or "peer") connects to the agent and registers this
              subtree then requests for OIDs within it will be passed to that SMUX  subagent  for
              processing.

              A  suitable entry for an OSPF routing daemon (such as gated, zebra or quagga) might
              be something like
                     smuxpeer .1.3.6.1.2.1.14 ospf_pass

       smuxsocket <IPv4-address>
              defines the IPv4 address for SMUX peers to communicate  with  the  Net-SNMP  agent.
              The default is to listen on all IPv4 interfaces ("0.0.0.0"), unless the package has
              been configured with "--enable-local-smux" at build time, which causes it  to  only
              listen on 127.0.0.1 by default. SMUX uses the well-known TCP port 199.

       Note  the  Net-SNMP  agent  will  only operate as a SMUX master agent. It does not support
       acting in a SMUX subagent role.

   AgentX Sub-Agents
       The Net-SNMP agent supports the AgentX protocol (RFC 2741) in  both  master  and  subagent
       roles.   Use  of  this  mechanism  requires  that the agent was built with support for the
       agentx module (which is included as part of the default  build  configuration),  and  also
       that this support is explicitly enabled (e.g. via the snmpd.conf file).

       There are two directives specifically relevant to running as an AgentX master agent:

       master agentx
              will  enable  the  AgentX  functionality and cause the agent to start listening for
              incoming AgentX registrations.  This can also be activated by specifying  the  '-x'
              command-line option (to specify an alternative listening socket).

       agentXPerms SOCKPERMS [DIRPERMS [USER|UID [GROUP|GID]]]
              Defines  the  permissions  and  ownership of the AgentX Unix Domain socket, and the
              parent directories of this socket.  SOCKPERMS and DIRPERMS  must  be  octal  digits
              (see  chmod(1) ). By default this socket will only be accessible to subagents which
              have the same userid as the agent.

       There is one directive specifically relevant to running as an AgentX sub-agent:

       agentXPingInterval NUM
              will make the subagent try and reconnect every NUM seconds to the master if it ever
              becomes (or starts) disconnected.

       The remaining directives are relevant to both AgentX master and sub-agents:

       agentXSocket [<transport-specifier>:]<transport-address>[,...]
              defines the address the master agent listens at, or the subagent should connect to.
              The default  is  the  Unix  Domain  socket  "/var/agentx/master".   Another  common
              alternative  is  tcp:localhost:705.   See  the  section  LISTENING ADDRESSES in the
              snmpd(8) manual page for more information about the format of addresses.

              Note:  Specifying  an  AgentX  socket  does   not   automatically   enable   AgentX
                     functionality (unlike the '-x' command-line option).

       agentXTimeout NUM
              defines  the  timeout  period  (NUM  seconds)  for an AgentX request.  Default is 1
              second.  NUM also be specified with a suffix of one of  s  (for  seconds),  m  (for
              minutes), h (for hours), d (for days), or w (for weeks).

       agentXRetries NUM
              defines the number of retries for an AgentX request.  Default is 5 retries.

       net-snmp ships with both C and Perl APIs to develop your own AgentX subagent.

OTHER CONFIGURATION

       override [-rw] OID TYPE VALUE
              This  directive allows you to override a particular OID with a different value (and
              possibly a different type of value).  The -rw flag will allow snmp SETs  to  modify
              it's  value  as  well. (note that if you're overriding original functionality, that
              functionality will be entirely lost.  Thus SETS will do nothing  more  than  modify
              the   internal   overridden  value  and  will  not  perform  any  of  the  original
              functionality intended to be provided by the MIB object.  It's an emulation  only.)
              An example:

                     override sysDescr.0 octet_str "my own sysDescr"

              That  line  will  set  the sysDescr.0 value to "my own sysDescr" as well as make it
              modifiable with SNMP SETs as well (which is actually illegal according to  the  MIB
              specifications).

              Note  that care must be taken when using this.  For example, if you try to override
              a property of the 3rd interface in the ifTable with  a  new  value  and  later  the
              numbering  within  the  ifTable  changes  it's  index  ordering  you'll end up with
              problems and your modified value won't appear in the right place in the table.

              Valid TYPEs are:  integer,  uinteger,  octet_str,  object_id,  counter,  null  (for
              gauges,  use  "uinteger";  for bit strings, use "octet_str").  Note that setting an
              object to "null" effectively delete's it as being accessible.  No VALUE needs to be
              given if the object type is null.

              More types should be available in the future.

       If  you're  trying  to  figure  out aspects of the various mib modules (possibly some that
       you've added yourself), the  following  may  help  you  spit  out  some  useful  debugging
       information.   First  off,  please  read  the  snmpd manual page on the -D flag.  Then the
       following configuration snmpd.conf token, combined with the -D flag,  can  produce  useful
       output:

       injectHandler HANDLER modulename [beforeThis]
              This  will  insert  new  handlers  into  the  section of the mib tree referenced by
              "modulename".  If "beforeThis" is specified then the module will be injected before
              the  named  module.   This  is  useful  for  getting a handler into the exact right
              position in the chain.

              The types of handlers available for insertion are:

              stash_cache
                     Caches information returned from the lower level.   This  greatly  help  the
                     performance  of  the agent, at the cost of caching the data such that its no
                     longer "live" for 30 seconds (in this future, this  will  be  configurable).
                     Note  that  this  means  snmpd  will  use  more  memory  as  well  while the
                     information is cached.  Currently this only works  for  handlers  registered
                     using  the  table_iterator  support, which is only a few mib tables.  To use
                     it, you need to make sure to install it before the table_iterator  point  in
                     the chain, so to do this:

                       injectHandler stash_cache NAME table_iterator

                     If  you  want  a  table to play with, try walking the nsModuleTable with and
                     without this injected.

              debug  Prints out lots of debugging information when  the  -Dhelper:debug  flag  is
                     passed to the snmpd application.

              read_only
                     Forces turning off write support for the given module.

              serialize
                     If  a  module is failing to handle multiple requests properly (using the new
                     5.0 module API), this will force the module to only receive one request at a
                     time.

              bulk_to_next
                     If  a  module  registers  to  handle getbulk support, but for some reason is
                     failing to implement it properly,  this  module  will  convert  all  getbulk
                     requests to getnext requests before the final module receives it.

       dontLogTCPWrappersConnects
              If  the  snmpd was compiled with TCP Wrapper support, it logs every connection made
              to the agent. This setting disables the  log  messages  for  accepted  connections.
              Denied connections will still be logged.

       Figuring out module names
              To  figure  out  which  modules  you  can  inject  things into, run snmpwalk on the
              nsModuleTable which will give a list of all named  modules  registered  within  the
              agent.

   Internal Data tables
       table NAME

       add_row NAME INDEX(ES) VALUE(S)

NOTES

       o      The  Net-SNMP  agent  can be instructed to re-read the various configuration files,
              either     via      an      snmpset      assignment      of      integer(1)      to
              UCD-SNMP-MIB::versionUpdateConfig.0  (.1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.100.11.0),  or by sending a
              kill -HUP signal to the agent process.

       o      All directives listed with a value of "yes" actually  accept  a  range  of  boolean
              values.   These  will  accept  any  of  1,  yes or true to enable the corresponding
              behaviour, or any of 0, no or false to disable it.  The default in each case is for
              the feature to be turned off, so these directives are typically only used to enable
              the appropriate behaviour.

EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION FILE

       See the EXAMPLE.CONF file in the top level source directory for a more detailed example of
       how the above information is used in real examples.

FILES

       /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf

SEE ALSO

       snmpconf(1),    snmpusm(1),    snmp.conf(5),   snmp_config(5),   snmpd(8),   EXAMPLE.conf,
       netsnmp_config_api(3).