Provided by: fssync_1.5-1build1_all 
NAME
fssync - File system synchronization tool (1-way, over SSH)
SYNOPSIS
fssync -d db -r root [option...] host
DESCRIPTION
fssync is a 1-way file-synchronization tool that tracks inodes and maintains a local database of files
that are on the remote side, making it able to:
• handle efficiently a huge number of dirs/files
• detect renames/moves and hard-links
It aims at minimizing network traffic and synchronizing every detail of a file system:
• all types of inode: file, dir, block/character/fifo, socket, symlink
• preserve hard links
• modification time, ownership/permission/ACL, extended attributes
• sparse files
Other features:
• it can be configured to exclude files from synchronization
• fssync can be interrupted and resumed at any time, making it tolerant to random failures (e.g. network
error)
• algorithm to synchronize file content is designed to handle big files like VM images efficiently, by
updating fixed-size modified blocks in-place
Main usage of fssync is to prevent data loss in case of hardware failure, where RAID1 is not possible
(e.g. in laptops).
On Btrfs [1] file systems, fssync is an useful alternative to btrfs send (and receive) commands, thanks
to filtering capabilities. This can be combined with Btrfs snapshotting at destination side for a full
backup solution.
USAGE
Use fssync --help to get the complete list of options.
The most important thing to remember is that the local database must match exactly what's on the
destination host:
• Files that are copied on the destination host must not be modified. And nothing should be manually
created inside destination directories. If you still want to access data on remote host, you should do
it through a read-only bind mounts (requires Linux >= 2.6.26).
• You must have 1 database per destination, if you plan to have several copies of the same source
directory.
Look at -c option if you wonder whether your database matches the destination directory.
First run of fssync:
• The easiest way is to let fssync do everything. Specify a non-existing file path to -d option and a
empty or non-existing destination directory (see -R option). fssync will automatically creates the
database and copy all dirs/files to remote host.
• A faster way may be to do the initial copy by other means, like a raw copy of a partition. If you're
absolutely sure the source and destination are exactly the same, you can initialize the database by
specifying - as host. If inode numbers are the same on both sides, which is the case if data were
copied at block level, you can modify the source partition while you are initializing the DB on the
destination one, and get back the DB locally.
An example of wrapper around fssync, with a filter, can be found at examples/fssync_home
fssync does never descend directories on other filesystems. Inodes masked by mount points are also
skipped, so they should be unmounted temporarily if you want them to be synchronized. The same result can
be achieved by synchronizing from a bind mount.
See also the NONE cipher switching [2] patch if you don't need encryption and you want to speed up your
SSH connection.
HOW IT WORKS
fssync maintains a single SQLite table of all dirs/files that are on the remote side. Each row matches a
path, with its inode (on local side), other metadata (on remote side) and a checked flag.
When running, fssync iterates recursively through all local dirs/files and for each path that is not
ignored (see -f option), it queries the DB to decide what to do. If already checked, path is skipped
immediately. When a path is synchronized, it is marked as checked. At the end, all rows that are not
checked corresponds to paths that don't exist anymore. Once they are deleted on the remote side, all
checked flags are reset.
Failure tolerance
In fact, fssync doesn't require that the database matches perfectly the destination. It tolerates some
differences in order to recover any interrupted synchronization caused by a network failure, a file
operation error, or anything other than an operating system crash of the local host (or something similar
like a power failure).
In most cases, this is done by the remote host, which automatically create (or overwrite) an inode of the
expected type if necessary. The only exception is that the remote will never delete a non-empty directory
on its own. For most complex cases, fssync journalizes the operation in the database: in case of
failure, fssync will be able to recover on next sync.
Race conditions
A race condition means that other processes on the local host are modifying inodes that fssync is
synchronizing. fssync handles any kind of race condition. In fact, fssync has nothing to do for most
cases.
When a race condition happens, fssync does not guarantee that the remote data is in a consistent state.
Each sync always fixes existing inconsistencies but may introduces others, so fssync is not suitable for
hot backuping of databases.
With Btrfs, you can get consistency by snapshotting at source side.
SIMILAR PROJECTS
The idea of maintaining a local database actually comes from csync2 [3]. I was about to adopt it when I
realized that I really needed a tool that always detects renames/moves of big files. That's why I see
fssync as a partial rewrite of csync2, with inode tracking and without bidirectional synchronization.
The local database really makes fssync & csync2 faster than the well-known rsync [4].
SEE ALSO
sqlite3(1), ssh(1)
BUGS/LIMITATIONS/TODO
1. For performance reasons, the SQLite database is never flushed to disk while fssync is running. Which
means that if the operating system crashes, the DB might become corrupted, and even if it isn't, it
may not reflect anymore the status of the remote host and later runs may fail (for example, fssync
refuses to replace a non-empty folder it doesn't know by a non-folder). So in any case, it is advised
to rebuild the DB.
If the DB is not corrupted and you don't want to rebuild it, you can try to update it by running
fssync again as soon as possible, so that the same changes are replayed. fssync should be able to
detect that all remote operations are already performed. See also -c and -F options.
2. fssync should not trash the page cache by using posix_fadvise(2). Unfortunately, Linux does not
implement POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE yet (see https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/6/24/136 for more information).
3. fssync process on remote side might leave parent directories with wrong permissions or modification
times if it is terminated during specific operation like recovery (at the very beginning), cleanup (at
the end), rename (if a directory is moved). That is, all operations that need to temporarily alter a
directory that is not being checked. "Wontfix" for now, because it is unlikely to happen and any
solution would be quite heavy, for little benefit.
4. What is not synchronized:
• access & change times: I won't implement it.
• inode flags (see chattr(1) and lsattr(1)): some flags like C or c are important on Btrfs so this
could be a nice improvement, at least if it was implemented partially.
• file-system specific properties ?
5. Add 2 options to map specific users or groups. You may want this if you get permission errors and this
is certainly a better solution than an option not to preserve ownership. Currently, on destination
host, you must either run fssync as root, or configure security so that it is allowed to change
ownership with same uid/gid than on source (or with same user/group names if --map-users option is
given).
6. Don't rely on permissions settings to prevent access to inodes on destination side. This is because
metadata are synchronized after data (in the case of a directory, it means all inodes under this
directory is synchronized before its metadata) and in some cases, an attacker could access to
sensitive data while fssync is running. Access should be denied on a parent directory of your
destination tree (or at the root of this tree if you're careful enough to keep it secure on source
side).
NOTES
[1] https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/
[2] http://www.psc.edu/networking/projects/hpn-ssh/
[3] http://oss.linbit.com/csync2/
[4] http://rsync.samba.org/
AUTHOR
Julien Muchembled <jm@jmuchemb.eu> FSSYNC(1)