Provided by: radiance_4R1+20120125-1.1_amd64 
NAME
gendaylit - generates a RADIANCE description of the daylit sources using Perez models for diffuse and
direct components
SYNOPSIS
gendaylit month day hour [-P|-W|-L] direct_value diffuse_value [ options ]
gendaylit -ang altitude azimuth [-P|-W|-L] direct_value diffuse_value [ options ]
DESCRIPTION
Gendaylit produces a RADIANCE scene description based on an angular distribution of the daylight sources
(direct+diffuse) for the given atmospheric conditions (direct and diffuse component of the solar
radiation), date and local standard time. The default output is the radiance of the sun (direct) and the
sky (diffus) integrated over the visible spectral range (380-780 nm). We have used the calculation of the
sun's position and the ground brightness models which were programmed in
gensky.
The diffuse angular distribution is calculated using the Perez et al. sky luminance distribution model
(see Solar Energy Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 235-245, 1993) which, quoting Perez, describes "the mean
instantaneous sky luminance angular distribution patterns for all sky conditions from overcast to clear,
through partly cloudy, skies". The correctness of the resulting sky radiance/luminance values in this
simulation is ensured through the normalization of the modelled sky diffuse to the measured sky diffuse
irradiances/illuminances.
The direct radiation is understood here as the radiant flux coming from the sun and an area of
approximately 3 degrees around the sun (World Meteorological Organisation specifications for measuring
the direct radiation. The aperture angle of a pyrheliometer is approximately 6 degrees). To simplify the
calculations for the direct radiation, the sun is represented as a disk and no circumsolar radiation is
modelled in the 3 degrees around the sun. This means that all the measured/evaluated direct radiation is
added to the 0.5 degree sun source.
The direct and diffuse solar irradiances/illuminances are the inputs needed for the calculation. These
quantities are the commonly accessible data from radiometric measurement centres, conversion models (e.g.
global irradiance to direct irradiance), or from the Test Reference Year. The use of such data is the
recommended method for achieving the most accurate simulation results.
The atmospheric conditions are modelled with the Perez et al. parametrization (see Solar Energy Vol. 44,
No 5, pp. 271-289, 1990), which is dependent on the values for the direct and the diffuse irradiances.
The three parameters are epsilon, delta and the solar zenith angle. "Epsilon variations express the
transition from a totally overcast sky (epsilon=1) to a low turbidity clear sky (epsilon>6); delta
variations reflect the opacity/thickness of the clouds". Delta can vary from 0.05 representing a dark sky
to 0.5 for a very bright sky. Not every combination of epsilon, delta and solar zenith angle is possible.
For a clear day, if epsilon and the solar zenith angle are known, then delta can be determined. For
intermediate or overcast days, the sky can be dark or bright, giving a range of possible values for delta
when epsilon and the solar zenith are fixed. The relation between epsilon and delta is represented in a
figure on page 393 in Solar Energy Vol.42, No 5, 1989, or can be obtained from the author of this
RADIANCE extension upon request. Note that the epsilon parameter is a function of the solar zenith angle.
It means that a clear day will not be defined by fixed values of epsilon and delta. Consequently the
input parameters, epsilon, delta and the solar zenith angle, have to be determined on a graph. It might
be easier to work with the measured direct and diffuse components (direct normal irradiance/illuminance
and diffuse horizontal irradiance/illuminance) than with the epsilon and delta parameters.
The conversion of irradiance into illuminance for the direct and the diffuse components is determined by
the luminous efficacy models of Perez et al. (see Solar Energy Vol. 44, No 5, pp. 271-289, 1990). To
convert the luminance values into radiance integrated over the visible range of the spectrum, we devide
the luminance by the white light efficacy factor of 179 lm/W. This is consistent with the RADIANCE
calculation because the luminance will be recalculated from the radiance integrated over the visible
range by :
luminance = radiance_integrated_over_visible_range * 179 or
luminance = (RED*.263 + GREEN*.655 + BLUE*.082) * 179 with the capability to model colour (where
radiance_integrated_over_visible_range == (RED + GREEN + BLUE)/3).
From gensky , if the hour is preceded by a plus sign ('+'), then it is interpreted as local solar time
instead of standard time. The second form gives the solar angles explicitly. The altitude is measured
in degrees above the horizon, and the azimuth is measured in degrees west of South.
The x axis points east, the y axis points north, and the z axis corresponds to the zenith. The actual
material and surface(s) used for the sky is left up to the user.
In addition to the specification of a sky distribution function, gendaylit suggests an ambient value in a
comment at the beginning of the description to use with the -av option of the RADIANCE rendering
programs. (See rview(1) and rpict(1).) This value is the cosine-weighted radiance of the sky in
W/sr/m^2.
Gendaylit can be used with the following input parameters. They offer three possibilities to run it: with
the Perez parametrization, with the irradiance values and with the illuminance values.
-P epsilon delta (these are the Perez parameters)
-W direct-normal-irradiance (W/m^2), diffuse-horizontal-irradiance (W/m^2)
-L direct-normal-illuminance (lm/m^2), diffuse-horizontal-illuminance (lm/m^2)
The output can be set to either the radiance of the visible radiation (default), the solar radiance (full
spectrum) or the luminance.
-O[0|1|2] (0=output in W/m^2/sr visible radiation, 0=output in W/m^2/sr solar radiation, 2=output in
lm/m^2/sr luminance)
Gendaylit supports the following options.
-s The source description of the sun is not generated.
-g rfl Average ground reflectance is rfl. This value is used to compute skyfunc when Dz is negative.
The following options do not apply when the solar altitude and azimuth are given explicitly.
-a lat The site latitude is lat degrees north. (Use negative angle for south latitude.) This is used in
the calculation of sun angle.
-o lon The site longitude is lon degrees west. (Use negative angle for east longitude.) This is used in
the calculation of solar time and sun angle. Be sure to give the corresponding standard meridian
also! If solar time is given directly, then this option has no effect.
-m mer The site standard meridian is mer degrees west of Greenwich. (Use negative angle for east.) This
is used in the calculation of solar time. Be sure to give the correct longitude also! If solar
time is given directly, then this option has no effect.
EXAMPLES
A clear non-turbid sky for a solar altitude of 60 degrees and an azimut of 0 degree might be defined by:
gendaylit -ang 60 0 -P 6.3 0.12 or gendaylit -ang 60 0 -W 840 135 This sky description corresponds to
the clear sky standard of the CIE.
The corresponding sky with a high turbidity is:
gendaylit -ang 60 0 -P 3.2 0.24 or gendaylit -ang 60 0 -W 720 280
The dark overcast sky (corresponding to the CIE overcast standard, see CIE draft standard, Pub. No. CIE
DS 003, 1st Edition, 1994) is obtained by:
gendaylit -ang 60 0 -P 1 0.08
A bright overcast sky is modelled with a larger value of delta, for example:
gendaylit -ang 60 0 -P 1 0.35
To generate the same bright overcast sky for March 2th at 3:15pm standard time at a site latitude of 42
degrees, 108 degrees west longitude, and a 110 degrees standard meridian:
gendaylit 3 2 15.25 -a 42 -o 108 -m 110 -P 1 0.35
FILES
/usr/local/lib/ray/perezlum.cal
AUTHOR
Jean-Jacques Delaunay, FhG-ISE Freiburg, (jean@ise.fhg.de)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work on this program was supported by the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT)
under contract No. 0329294A, and a scholarship from the French Environment and Energy Agency (ADEME)
which was co-funded by Bouygues. Many thanks to Peter Apian-Bennewitz, Arndt Berger, Ann Kovach, R.
Perez, C. Gueymard and G. Ward for their help.
SEE ALSO
gensky(1), rpict(1), rview(1), xform(1)