Provided by: groff-base_1.22.3-7_amd64 
NAME
tbl - format tables for troff
SYNOPSIS
tbl [-Cv] [files ...]
DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the GNU version of tbl, which is part of the groff document formatting system.
tbl compiles descriptions of tables embedded within troff input files into commands that are understood
by troff. Normally, it should be invoked using the -t option of groff. It is highly compatible with
Unix tbl. The output generated by GNU tbl cannot be processed with Unix troff; it must be processed with
GNU troff. If no files are given on the command line or a filename of - is given, the standard input is
read.
OPTIONS
-C Enable compatibility mode to recognize .TS and .TE even when followed by a character other than
space or newline. Leader characters (\a) are handled as interpreted.
-v Print the version number.
LANGUAGE OVERVIEW
tbl expects to find table descriptions wrapped in the .TS (table start) and .TE (table end) macros.
Within each such table sections, another table can be defined by using the request .T& before the final
command .TE. Each table definition has the following structure:
Global options
This is optional. This table part can use several of these options distributed in 1 or more
lines. The global option part must always be finished by a semi-colon ; .
Table format specification
This part must be given, it is not optional. It determines the number of columns (cells) of the
table. Moreover each cell is classified by being central, left adjusted, or numerical, etc. This
specification can have several lines, but must be finished by a dot . at the end of the last
line. After each cell definition, column specifiers can be appended, but that's optional.
Cells are separated by a tab character by default. That can be changed by the global option tbl(c),
where c is an arbitrary character.
SIMPLE EXAMPLES
The easiest table definition is.
.TS
c c c .
This is centered
Well, this also
.TE
By using c c c, each cell in the whole table will be centered. The separating character is here the
default tab.
The result is
This is centered
Well, this also
This definition is identical to
.TS
tab(@);
ccc.
This@is@centered
Well,@this@also
.TE
Here, the separating tab character is changed to the letter @.
Moreover a title can be added and the centering directions can be changed to many other formats:
.TS
tab(@);
c s s
l c n .
Title
left@centers@123
another@number@75
.TE
The result is
Title
left centers 123
another number 75
Here l means left-justified, and n means numerical, which is here right-justified.
USAGE
Global options
The line immediately following the .TS macro may contain any of the following global options (ignoring
the case of characters – Unix tbl only accepts options with all characters lowercase or all characters
uppercase), separated by spaces, tabs, or commas:
allbox Enclose each item of the table in a box.
box Enclose the table in a box.
center Center the table (default is left-justified). The alternative keyword name centre is also
recognized (this is a GNU tbl extension).
decimalpoint(c)
Set the character to be recognized as the decimal point in numeric columns (GNU tbl only).
delim(xy)
Use x and y as start and end delimiters for eqn(1).
doublebox
Enclose the table in a double box.
doubleframe
Same as doublebox (GNU tbl only).
expand Make the table as wide as the current line length (providing a column separation factor). Ignored
if one or more ‘x’ column specifiers are used (see below).
In case the sum of the column widths is larger than the current line length, the column separation
factor is set to zero; such tables extend into the right margin, and there is no column separation
at all.
frame Same as box (GNU tbl only).
linesize(n)
Set lines or rules (e.g. from box) in n-point type.
nokeep Don't use diversions to prevent page breaks (GNU tbl only). Normally tbl attempts to prevent
undesirable breaks in boxed tables by using diversions. This can sometimes interact badly with
macro packages own use of diversions, when footnotes, for example, are used.
nospaces
Ignore leading and trailing spaces in data items (GNU tbl only).
nowarn Turn off warnings related to tables exceeding the current line width (GNU tbl only).
tab(x) Use the character x instead of a tab to separate items in a line of input data.
The global options must end with a semicolon. There might be whitespace between an option and its
argument in parentheses.
Table format specification
After global options come lines describing the format of each line of the table. Each such format line
describes one line of the table itself, except that the last format line (which you must end with a
period) describes all remaining lines of the table. A single-key character describes each column of each
line of the table. Key characters can be separated by spaces or tabs. You may run format specifications
for multiple lines together on the same line by separating them with commas.
You may follow each key character with specifiers that determine the font and point size of the
corresponding item, that determine column width, inter-column spacing, etc.
The longest format line defines the number of columns in the table; missing format descriptors at the end
of format lines are assumed to be L. Extra columns in the data (which have no corresponding format
entry) are ignored.
The available key characters are:
a,A Center longest line in this column and then left-justifies all other lines in this column with
respect to that centered line. The idea is to use such alphabetic subcolumns (hence the name of
the key character) in combination with L; they are called subcolumns because A items are indented
by 1n relative to L entries. Example:
.TS
tab(;);
ln,an.
item one;1
subitem two;2
subitem three;3
.T&
ln,an.
item eleven;11
subitem twentytwo;22
subitem thirtythree;33
.TE
Result:
item one 1
subitem two 2
subitem three 3
item eleven 11
subitem twentytwo 22
subitem thirtythree 33
c,C Center item within the column.
l,L Left-justify item within the column.
n,N Numerically justify item in the column: Units positions of numbers are aligned vertically. If
there is one or more dots adjacent to a digit, use the rightmost one for vertical alignment. If
there is no dot, use the rightmost digit for vertical alignment; otherwise, center the item within
the column. Alignment can be forced to a certain position using ‘\&’; if there is one or more
instances of this special (non-printing) character present within the data, use the leftmost one
for alignment. Example:
.TS
n.
1
1.5
1.5.3
abcde
a\&bcde
.TE
Result:
1
1.5
1.5.3
abcde
abcde
If numerical entries are combined with L or R entries – this can happen if the table format is
changed with .T& – center the widest number (of the data entered under the N specifier regime)
relative to the widest L or R entry, preserving the alignment of all numerical entries. Contrary
to A type entries, there is no extra indentation.
Using equations (to be processed with eqn) within columns which use the N specifier is problematic
in most cases due to tbl's algorithm for finding the vertical alignment, as described above.
Using the global delim option, however, it is possible to make tbl ignore the data within eqn
delimiters for that purpose.
r,R Right-justify item within the column.
s,S Span previous item on the left into this column. Not allowed for the first column.
^ Span down entry from previous row in this column. Not allowed for the first row.
_,- Replace this entry with a horizontal line. Note that ‘_’ and ‘-’ can be used for table fields
only, not for column separator lines.
= Replace this entry with a double horizontal line. Note that ‘=’ can be used for table fields
only, not for column separator lines.
| The corresponding column becomes a vertical rule (if two of these are adjacent, a double vertical
rule).
A vertical bar to the left of the first key letter or to the right of the last one produces a line at the
edge of the table.
To change the data format within a table, use the .T& command (at the start of a line). It is followed
by format and data lines (but no global options) similar to the .TS request.
Column specifiers
Here are the specifiers that can appear in suffixes to column key letters (in any order):
b,B Short form of fB (make affected entries bold).
d,D Start an item that vertically spans rows, using the ‘^’ column specifier or ‘\^’ data item, at the
bottom of its range rather than vertically centering it (GNU tbl only). Example:
.TS
tab(;) allbox;
l l
l ld
r ^
l rd.
0000;foobar
T{
1111
.br
2222
T};foo
r;
T{
3333
.br
4444
T};bar
\^;\^
.TE
Result:
┌──────┬────────┐
│ 0000 │ foobar │
├──────┼────────┤
│ 1111 │ │
│ 2222 │ │
├──────┤ │
│ r │ foo │
├──────┼────────┤
│ 3333 │ │
│ 4444 │ bar │
└──────┴────────┘
e,E Make equally-spaced columns. All columns marked with this specifier get the same width; this
happens after the affected column widths have been computed (this means that the largest width
value rules).
f,F Either of these specifiers may be followed by a font name (either one or two characters long),
font number (a single digit), or long name in parentheses (the last form is a GNU tbl extension).
A one-letter font name must be separated by one or more blanks from whatever follows.
i,I Short form of fI (make affected entries italic).
m,M This is a GNU tbl extension. Either of these specifiers may be followed by a macro name (either
one or two characters long), or long name in parentheses. A one-letter macro name must be
separated by one or more blanks from whatever follows. The macro which name can be specified here
must be defined before creating the table. It is called just before the table's cell text is
output. As implemented currently, this macro is only called if block input is used, that is, text
between ‘T{’ and ‘T}’. The macro should contain only simple troff requests to change the text
block formatting, like text adjustment, hyphenation, size, or font. The macro is called after
other cell modifications like b, f or v are output. Thus the macro can overwrite other
modification specifiers.
p,P Followed by a number, this does a point size change for the affected fields. If signed, the
current point size is incremented or decremented (using a signed number instead of a signed digit
is a GNU tbl extension). A point size specifier followed by a column separation number must be
separated by one or more blanks.
t,T Start an item vertically spanning rows at the top of its range rather than vertically centering
it.
u,U Move the corresponding column up one half-line.
v,V Followed by a number, this indicates the vertical line spacing to be used in a multi-line table
entry. If signed, the current vertical line spacing is incremented or decremented (using a signed
number instead of a signed digit is a GNU tbl extension). A vertical line spacing specifier
followed by a column separation number must be separated by one or more blanks. No effect if the
corresponding table entry isn't a text block.
w,W Minimum column width value. Must be followed either by a troff(1) width expression in parentheses
or a unitless integer. If no unit is given, en units are used. Also used as the default line
length for included text blocks. If used multiple times to specify the width for a particular
column, the last entry takes effect.
x,X An expanded column. After computing all column widths without an x specifier, use the remaining
line width for this column. If there is more than one expanded column, distribute the remaining
horizontal space evenly among the affected columns (this is a GNU extension). This feature has
the same effect as specifying a minimum column width.
z,Z Ignore the corresponding column for width-calculation purposes, this is, don't use the fields but
only the specifiers of this column to compute its width.
A number suffix on a key character is interpreted as a column separation in en units (multiplied in
proportion if the expand option is on – in case of overfull tables this might be zero). Default
separation is 3n.
The column specifier x is mutually exclusive with e and w (but e is not mutually exclusive with w); if
specified multiple times for a particular column, the last entry takes effect: x unsets both e and w,
while either e or w overrides x.
Table data
The format lines are followed by lines containing the actual data for the table, followed finally by .TE.
Within such data lines, items are normally separated by tab characters (or the character specified with
the tab option). Long input lines can be broken across multiple lines if the last character on the line
is ‘\’ (which vanishes after concatenation).
Note that tbl computes the column widths line by line, applying \w on each entry which isn't a text
block. As a consequence, constructions like
.TS
c,l.
\s[20]MM
MMMM
.TE
fail; you must either say
.TS
cp20,lp20.
MM
MMMM
.TE
or
.TS
c,l.
\s[20]MM
\s[20]MMMM
.TE
A dot starting a line, followed by anything but a digit is handled as a troff command, passed through
without changes. The table position is unchanged in this case.
If a data line consists of only ‘_’ or ‘=’, a single or double line, respectively, is drawn across the
table at that point; if a single item in a data line consists of only ‘_’ or ‘=’, then that item is
replaced by a single or double line, joining its neighbours. If a data item consists only of ‘\_’ or
‘\=’, a single or double line, respectively, is drawn across the field at that point which does not join
its neighbours.
A data item consisting only of ‘\Rx’ (‘x’ any character) is replaced by repetitions of character ‘x’ as
wide as the column (not joining its neighbours).
A data item consisting only of ‘\^’ indicates that the field immediately above spans downward over this
row.
Text blocks
A text block can be used to enter data as a single entry which would be too long as a simple string
between tabs. It is started with ‘T{’ and closed with ‘T}’. The former must end a line, and the latter
must start a line, probably followed by other data columns (separated with tabs or the character given
with the tab global option).
By default, the text block is formatted with the settings which were active before entering the table,
possibly overridden by the m, v, and w tbl specifiers. For example, to make all text blocks ragged-
right, insert .na right before the starting .TS (and .ad after the table).
If either ‘w’ or ‘x[cq] specifiers are not given for all columns of a text block span, the default length
of the text block (to be more precise, the line length used to process the text block diversion) is
computed as L×C/(N+1), where ‘L’ is the current line length, ‘C’ the number of columns spanned by the
text block, and ‘N’ the total number of columns in the table. Note, however, that the actual diversion
width as returned in register \n[dl] is used eventually as the text block width. If necessary, you can
also control the text block width with a direct insertion of a .ll request right after ‘T{’.
Miscellaneous
The number register \n[TW] holds the table width; it can't be used within the table itself but is defined
right before calling .TE so that this macro can make use of it.
tbl also defines a macro .T# which produces the bottom and side lines of a boxed table. While tbl does
call this macro itself at the end of the table, it can be used by macro packages to create boxes for
multi-page tables by calling it within the page footer. An example of this is shown by the -ms macros
which provide this functionality if a table starts with .TS H instead of the standard call to the .TS
macro.
INTERACTION WITH EQN
tbl(1) should always be called before eqn(1) (groff(1) automatically takes care of the correct order of
preprocessors).
GNU TBL ENHANCEMENTS
There is no limit on the number of columns in a table, nor any limit on the number of text blocks. All
the lines of a table are considered in deciding column widths, not just the first 200. Table
continuation (.T&) lines are not restricted to the first 200 lines.
Numeric and alphabetic items may appear in the same column.
Numeric and alphabetic items may span horizontally.
tbl uses register, string, macro and diversion names beginning with the digit 3. When using tbl you
should avoid using any names beginning with a 3.
GNU TBL WITHIN MACROS
Since tbl defines its own macros (right before each table) it is necessary to use an ‘end-of-macro’
macro. Additionally, the escape character has to be switched off. Here an example.
.eo
.de ATABLE ..
.TS
allbox tab(;);
cl.
\$1;\$2
.TE
...
.ec
.ATABLE A table
.ATABLE Another table
.ATABLE And "another one"
Note, however, that not all features of tbl can be wrapped into a macro because tbl sees the input
earlier than troff. For example, number formatting with vertically aligned decimal points fails if those
numbers are passed on as macro parameters because decimal point alignment is handled by tbl itself: It
only sees ‘\$1’, ‘\$2’, etc., and therefore can't recognize the decimal point.
BUGS
You should use .TS H/.TH in conjunction with a supporting macro package for all multi-page boxed tables.
If there is no header that you wish to appear at the top of each page of the table, place the .TH line
immediately after the format section. Do not enclose a multi-page table within keep/release macros, or
divert it in any other way.
A text block within a table must be able to fit on one page.
The bp request cannot be used to force a page-break in a multi-page table. Instead, define BP as follows
.de BP
. ie '\\n(.z'' .bp \\$1
. el \!.BP \\$1
..
and use BP instead of bp.
Using \a directly in a table to get leaders does not work (except in compatibility mode). This is
correct behaviour: \a is an uninterpreted leader. To get leaders use a real leader, either by using a
control A or like this:
.ds a \a
.TS
tab(;);
lw(1i) l.
A\*a;B
.TE
A leading and/or trailing ‘|’ in a format line, such as
|l r|.
gives output which has a 1n space between the resulting bordering vertical rule and the content of the
adjacent column, as in
.TS
tab(#);
|l r|.
left column#right column
.TE
If it is desired to have zero space (so that the rule touches the content), this can be achieved by
introducing extra “dummy” columns, with no content and zero separation, before and/or after, as in
.TS
tab(#);
r0|l r0|l.
#left column#right column#
.TE
The resulting “dummy” columns are invisible and have zero width; note that such columns usually don't
work with TTY devices.
REFERENCE
Lesk, M.E.: "TBL – A Program to Format Tables". For copyright reasons it cannot be included in the groff
distribution, but copies can be found with a title search on the World Wide Web.
SEE ALSO
groff(1), troff(1)
COPYING
Copyright © 1989-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Bernd Warken <groff-bernd.warken-72@web.de> added simple examples.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice
and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for
verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the
above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in
translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English.
Groff Version 1.22.3 28 January 2016 TBL(1)