xenial (1) zshbuiltins.1.gz

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NAME

       zshbuiltins - zsh built-in commands

SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS

       Some  shell builtin commands take options as described in individual entries; these are often referred to
       in the list below as `flags' to avoid confusion with shell options, which may also have an effect on  the
       behaviour  of  builtin  commands.   In  this  introductory section, `option' always has the meaning of an
       option to a command that should be familiar to most command line users.

       Typically, options are single letters preceded by a hyphen (-).  Options that take an argument accept  it
       either  immediately following the option letter or after white space, for example `print -C3 *' or `print
       -C 3 *' are equivalent.  Arguments to options  are  not  the  same  as  arguments  to  the  command;  the
       documentation indicates which is which.  Options that do not take an argument may be combined in a single
       word, for example `print -ca *' and `print -c -a *' are equivalent.

       Some shell builtin commands also take options that begin with `+' instead of `-'.  The list  below  makes
       clear which commands these are.

       Options  (together  with their individual arguments, if any) must appear in a group before any non-option
       arguments; once the first non-option argument has been found, option processing is terminated.

       All builtin commands other than precommand modifiers, even those that have no options, can be  given  the
       argument  `--'  to  terminate  option processing.  This indicates that the following words are non-option
       arguments, but is otherwise ignored.  This is useful in cases where arguments to the  command  may  begin
       with  `-'.   For historical reasons, most builtin commands also recognize a single `-' in a separate word
       for this purpose; note that this is less standard and use of `--' is recommended.

       - simple command
              See the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       . file [ arg ... ]
              Read commands from file and execute them in the current shell environment.

              If file does not contain a slash, or if PATH_DIRS is set, the shell looks  in  the  components  of
              $path  to  find the directory containing file.  Files in the current directory are not read unless
              `.' appears somewhere in $path.  If a file named `file.zwc' is found, is newer than file,  and  is
              the  compiled  form  (created with the zcompile builtin) of file, then commands are read from that
              file instead of file.

              If any arguments arg are  given,  they  become  the  positional  parameters;  the  old  positional
              parameters  are restored when the file is done executing.  If file was not found the return status
              is 127; if file was found but contained a syntax error the return status is 126; else  the  return
              status is the exit status of the last command executed.

       : [ arg ... ]
              This command does nothing, although normal argument expansions is performed which may have effects
              on shell parameters.  A zero exit status is returned.

       alias [ {+|-}gmrsL ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              For each name with a corresponding value, define an alias with that value.  A  trailing  space  in
              value causes the next word to be checked for alias expansion.  If the -g flag is present, define a
              global alias; global aliases are expanded even if they do not occur in command position.

              If the -s flag is present, define a suffix alias: if the command word on a command line is in  the
              form  `text.name',  where  text  is  any  non-empty  string,  it  is  replaced  by the text `value
              text.name'.  Note that name is treated as a literal string, not a pattern.  A  trailing  space  in
              value is not special in this case.  For example,

                     alias -s ps=gv

              will  cause  the  command  `*.ps'  to be expanded to `gv *.ps'.  As alias expansion is carried out
              earlier than globbing, the `*.ps' will then be expanded.  Suffix aliases  constitute  a  different
              name space from other aliases (so in the above example it is still possible to create an alias for
              the command ps) and the two sets are never listed together.

              For each name with no value, print the value of name,  if  any.   With  no  arguments,  print  all
              currently  defined  aliases  other than suffix aliases.  If the -m flag is given the arguments are
              taken as patterns (they should  be  quoted  to  preserve  them  from  being  interpreted  as  glob
              patterns),  and the aliases matching these patterns are printed.  When printing aliases and one of
              the -g, -r or -s flags is present, restrict the printing to global,  regular  or  suffix  aliases,
              respectively;  a  regular  alias  is one which is neither a global nor a suffix alias.   Using `+'
              instead of `-', or ending the option list with a single `+', prevents the values  of  the  aliases
              from being printed.

              If  the  -L  flag  is present, then print each alias in a manner suitable for putting in a startup
              script.  The exit status is nonzero if a name (with no value) is given for which no alias has been
              defined.

              For more on aliases, include common problems, see the section ALIASING in zshmisc(1).

       autoload [ {+|-}TUXkmtz ] [ -w ] [ name ... ]
              Equivalent to functions -u, with the exception of -X/+X and -w.

              The  flag  -X  may  be  used  only inside a shell function, and may not be followed by a name.  It
              causes the calling function to be marked for autoloading and then immediately loaded and executed,
              with  the  current  array  of  positional  parameters  as  arguments.   This replaces the previous
              definition of the function.  If no function definition is found,  an  error  is  printed  and  the
              function remains undefined and marked for autoloading.

              The  flag  +X  attempts to load each name as an autoloaded function, but does not execute it.  The
              exit status is zero (success) if the function was not previously defined and a definition  for  it
              was  found.   This  does  not replace any existing definition of the function.  The exit status is
              nonzero (failure) if the function was already defined or when no definition  was  found.   In  the
              latter  case  the function remains undefined and marked for autoloading.  If ksh-style autoloading
              is enabled, the function created will contain the contents of the file plus a call to the function
              itself  appended  to  it,  thus  giving  normal ksh autoloading behaviour on the first call to the
              function.  If the -m flag is also given each name is  treated  as  a  pattern  and  all  functions
              already marked for autoload that match the pattern are loaded.

              With  the  -w  flag, the names are taken as names of files compiled with the zcompile builtin, and
              all functions defined in them are marked for autoloading.

              The flags -z and -k mark the function to be autoloaded using the zsh  or  ksh  style,  as  if  the
              option  KSH_AUTOLOAD  were unset or were set, respectively.  The flags override the setting of the
              option at the time the function is loaded.

              Note that the autoload command makes no attempt to ensure the shell options set during the loading
              or execution of the file have any particular value.  For this, the emulate command can be used:

                     emulate zsh -c 'autoload -Uz func'

              arranges that when func is loaded the shell is in native zsh emulation, and this emulation is also
              applied when func is run.

       bg [ job ... ]
       job ... &
              Put each specified job in the background, or the current job if none is specified.

       bindkey
              See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       break [ n ]
              Exit from an enclosing for, while, until, select or repeat loop. If an arithmetic expression n  is
              specified, then break n levels instead of just one.

       builtin name [ args ... ]
              Executes the builtin name, with the given args.

       bye    Same as exit.

       cap    See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       cd [ -qsLP ] [ arg ]
       cd [ -qsLP ] old new
       cd [ -qsLP ] {+|-}n
              Change  the  current directory.  In the first form, change the current directory to arg, or to the
              value of $HOME if arg is not specified.  If arg is `-', change to the previous directory.

              Otherwise, if arg begins with a slash, attempt to change to the directory given by arg.

              If arg does not begin with a slash, the behaviour depends on whether  the  current  directory  `.'
              occurs  in the list of directories contained in the shell parameter cdpath.  If it does not, first
              attempt to change to the directory arg under the current directory, and if that fails  but  cdpath
              is  set  and  contains  at  least  one  element  attempt to change to the directory arg under each
              component of cdpath in turn until successful.  If `.' occurs in cdpath, then  cdpath  is  searched
              strictly in order so that `.' is only tried at the appropriate point.

              The  order  of  testing  cdpath  is  modified  if  the option POSIX_CD is set, as described in the
              documentation for the option.

              If no directory is found, the option CDABLE_VARS is set, and a parameter named  arg  exists  whose
              value begins with a slash, treat its value as the directory.  In that case, the parameter is added
              to the named directory hash table.

              The second form of cd substitutes the string new for the string old in the  name  of  the  current
              directory, and tries to change to this new directory.

              The  third  form  of cd extracts an entry from the directory stack, and changes to that directory.
              An argument of the form `+n' identifies a stack entry by counting from the left of the list  shown
              by  the dirs command, starting with zero.  An argument of the form `-n' counts from the right.  If
              the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the meanings of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.

              If the -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd and  the  functions  in  the  array
              chpwd_functions are not called.  This is useful for calls to cd that do not change the environment
              seen by an interactive user.

              If the -s option is specified, cd refuses to change the current directory if  the  given  pathname
              contains symlinks.  If the -P option is given or the CHASE_LINKS option is set, symbolic links are
              resolved to their true values.  If the -L option is given  symbolic  links  are  retained  in  the
              directory (and not resolved) regardless of the state of the CHASE_LINKS option.

       chdir  Same as cd.

       clone  See the section `The zsh/clone Module' in zshmodules(1).

       command [ -pvV ] simple command
              The  simple  command argument is taken as an external command instead of a function or builtin and
              is executed. If the POSIX_BUILTINS option is set, builtins  will  also  be  executed  but  certain
              special  properties  of  them  are  suppressed.  The  -p flag causes a default path to be searched
              instead of that in $path. With the -v flag, command is similar  to  whence  and  with  -V,  it  is
              equivalent to whence -v.

              See also the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       comparguments
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compcall
              See the section `The zsh/compctl Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compctl
              See the section `The zsh/compctl Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compdescribe
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compfiles
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compgroups
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compquote
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       comptags
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       comptry
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       compvalues
              See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       continue [ n ]
              Resume  the  next  iteration  of  the  enclosing  for,  while, until, select or repeat loop. If an
              arithmetic expression n is specified, break out of n-1 loops and resume at the nth enclosing loop.

       declare
              Same as typeset.

       dirs [ -c ] [ arg ... ]
       dirs [ -lpv ]
              With no arguments, print the contents of the directory stack.  Directories are added to this stack
              with  the  pushd  command,  and removed with the cd or popd commands.  If arguments are specified,
              load them onto the directory stack, replacing anything  that  was  there,  and  push  the  current
              directory onto the stack.

              -c     clear the directory stack.

              -l     print  directory  names  in  full  instead of using of using ~ expressions (see Dynamic and
                     Static named directories in zshexpn(1)).

              -p     print directory entries one per line.

              -v     number the directories in the stack when printing.

       disable [ -afmprs ] name ...
              Temporarily disable the named hash table elements or patterns.  The default is to disable  builtin
              commands.   This  allows  you  to use an external command with the same name as a builtin command.
              The -a option causes disable to act on regular or global aliases.  The -s option causes disable to
              act  on  suffix  aliases.  The -f option causes disable to act on shell functions.  The -r options
              causes disable to act on reserved words.  Without arguments all disabled hash table elements  from
              the  corresponding  hash  table are printed.  With the -m flag the arguments are taken as patterns
              (which should be quoted to prevent them from undergoing filename expansion), and  all  hash  table
              elements from the corresponding hash table matching these patterns are disabled.  Disabled objects
              can be enabled with the enable command.

              With the option -p, name ... refer to elements of the shell's pattern syntax as described  in  the
              section `Filename Generation'.  Certain elements can be disabled separately, as given below.

              Note that patterns not allowed by the current settings for the options EXTENDED_GLOB, KSH_GLOB and
              SH_GLOB are never enabled, regardless of the setting here.  For example, if EXTENDED_GLOB  is  not
              active, the pattern ^ is ineffective even if `disable -p "^"' has not been issued.  The list below
              indicates any option settings that restrict the use of the  pattern.   It  should  be  noted  that
              setting  SH_GLOB  has  a  wider  effect  than merely disabling patterns as certain expressions, in
              particular those involving parentheses, are parsed differently.

              The following patterns may be disabled; all the strings  need  quoting  on  the  command  line  to
              prevent  them  from  being interpreted immediately as patterns and the patterns are shown below in
              single quotes as a reminder.

              '?'    The pattern character ? wherever it occurs, including when  preceding  a  parenthesis  with
                     KSH_GLOB.

              '*'    The pattern character * wherever it occurs, including recursive globbing and when preceding
                     a parenthesis with KSH_GLOB.

              '['    Character classes.

              '<' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Numeric ranges.

              '|' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Alternation in grouped patterns, case statements, or KSH_GLOB parenthesised expressions.

              '(' (NO_SH_GLOB)
                     Grouping using single parentheses.  Disabling this does not disable the use of  parentheses
                     for KSH_GLOB where they are introduced by a special character, nor for glob qualifiers (use
                     `setopt NO_BARE_GLOB_QUAL' to disable glob qualifiers that use parentheses only).

              '~' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     Exclusion in the form A~B.

              '^' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     Exclusion in the form A^B.

              '#' (EXTENDED_GLOB)
                     The pattern character # wherever it occurs, both for repetition of a previous  pattern  and
                     for indicating globbing flags.

              '?(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form ?(...).  Note this is also disabled if '?' is disabled.

              '*(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form *(...).  Note this is also disabled if '*' is disabled.

              '+(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form +(...).

              '!(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form !(...).

              '@(' (KSH_GLOB)
                     The grouping form @(...).

       disown [ job ... ]
       job ... &|
       job ... &!
              Remove  the  specified  jobs from the job table; the shell will no longer report their status, and
              will not complain if you try to exit an interactive shell with them running or stopped.  If no job
              is specified, disown the current job.

              If  the  jobs  are currently stopped and the AUTO_CONTINUE option is not set, a warning is printed
              containing information about how to make them running after they have been disowned.   If  one  of
              the  latter  two  forms  is  used, the jobs will automatically be made running, independent of the
              setting of the AUTO_CONTINUE option.

       echo [ -neE ] [ arg ... ]
              Write each arg on the standard output, with a space separating each one.  If the -n  flag  is  not
              present, print a newline at the end.  echo recognizes the following escape sequences:

              \a     bell character
              \b     backspace
              \c     suppress final newline
              \e     escape
              \f     form feed
              \n     linefeed (newline)
              \r     carriage return
              \t     horizontal tab
              \v     vertical tab
              \\     backslash
              \0NNN  character code in octal
              \xNN   character code in hexadecimal
              \uNNNN unicode character code in hexadecimal
              \UNNNNNNNN
                     unicode character code in hexadecimal

              The -E flag, or the BSD_ECHO option, can be used to disable these escape sequences.  In the latter
              case, -e flag can be used to enable them.

       echotc See the section `The zsh/termcap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       echoti See the section `The zsh/terminfo Module' in zshmodules(1).

       emulate [ -LR ] [ {zsh|sh|ksh|csh} [ flags ... ] ]
              Without any argument print current emulation mode.

              With single argument set up zsh options to emulate the specified shell as much as  possible.   csh
              will  never be fully emulated.  If the argument is not one of the shells listed above, zsh will be
              used as a default; more precisely, the tests performed on the argument are the same as those  used
              to  determine  the  emulation at startup based on the shell name, see the section COMPATIBILITY in
              zsh(1) .  In addition to setting shell options, the command also restores the  pristine  state  of
              pattern enables, as if all patterns had been enabled using enable -p.

              If  the  emulate  command occurs inside a function that has been marked for execution tracing with
              functions -t then the xtrace option will be turned  on  regardless  of  emulation  mode  or  other
              options.   Note  that  code executed inside the function by the ., source, or eval commands is not
              considered to be running directly from the function, hence does not provoke this behaviour.

              If the -R switch is given, all settable options are reset to their default value corresponding  to
              the  specified  emulation mode, except for certain options describing the interactive environment;
              otherwise, only those options likely to cause portability problems in scripts  and  functions  are
              altered.   If  the  -L  switch is given, the options LOCAL_OPTIONS, LOCAL_PATTERNS and LOCAL_TRAPS
              will be set as well, causing the effects of the emulate command and  any  setopt,  disable  -p  or
              enable  -p,  and  trap commands to be local to the immediately surrounding shell function, if any;
              normally these options are turned off in all emulation modes except ksh. The -L switch is mutually
              exclusive with the use of -c in flags.

              The  flags  may be any of the invocation-time flags described in the section INVOCATION in zsh(1),
              except that `-o EMACS' and `-o VI' may not be used.  Flags such as  `+r'/`+o  RESTRICTED'  may  be
              prohibited in some circumstances.

              If  -c  arg  appears  in  flags,  arg is evaluated while the requested emulation is temporarily in
              effect.  In this case the emulation mode and all options are restored  to  their  previous  values
              before emulate returns.  The -R switch may precede the name of the shell to emulate; note this has
              a meaning distinct from including -R in flags.

              Use of -c enables `sticky' emulation mode for functions defined within the  evaluated  expression:
              the  emulation  mode  is  associated thereafter with the function so that whenever the function is
              executed the emulation (respecting the -R switch, if present) and all options are set (and pattern
              disables  cleared)  before  entry  to  the function, and the state is restored after exit.  If the
              function is called when the sticky emulation is already in effect, either within an `emulate shell
              -c'  expression or within another function with the same sticky emulation, entry and exit from the
              function do not cause options to be altered  (except  due  to  standard  processing  such  as  the
              LOCAL_OPTIONS  option).   This  also  applies  to  functions marked for autoload within the sticky
              emulation; the appropriate set of options will be applied at the point the function is  loaded  as
              well as when it is run.

              For example:

                     emulate sh -c 'fni() { setopt cshnullglob; }
                     fno() { fni; }'
                     fno

              The two functions fni and fno are defined with sticky sh emulation.  fno is then executed, causing
              options associated with emulations to be set to their values in sh.  fno then calls  fni;  because
              fni  is also marked for sticky sh emulation, no option changes take place on entry to or exit from
              it.  Hence the option cshnullglob, turned off by sh emulation, will be turned on  within  fni  and
              remain on on return to fno.  On exit from fno, the emulation mode and all options will be restored
              to the state they were in before entry to the temporary emulation.

              The documentation above is typically  sufficient  for  the  intended  purpose  of  executing  code
              designed for other shells in a suitable environment.  More detailed rules follow.
              1.     The  sticky  emulation  environment  provided  by  `emulate  shell -c' is identical to that
                     provided by entry to a function marked for sticky  emulation  as  a  consequence  of  being
                     defined  in  such an environment.  Hence, for example, the sticky emulation is inherited by
                     subfunctions defined within functions with sticky emulation.
              2.     No change of options takes place on entry to or exit from functions that are not marked for
                     sticky  emulation, other than those that would normally take place, even if those functions
                     are called within sticky emulation.
              3.     No special handling is provided for functions marked for autoload nor for functions present
                     in wordcode created by the zcompile command.
              4.     The  presence  or  absence  of  the  -R  switch  to emulate corresponds to different sticky
                     emulation modes, so for example `emulate sh -c', `emulate -R sh -c' and  `emulate  csh  -c'
                     are treated as three distinct sticky emulations.
              5.     Difference  in  shell  options  supplied  in  addition to the basic emulation also mean the
                     sticky emulations are different, so for example `emulate zsh -c' and `emulate zsh -o cbases
                     -c' are treated as distinct sticky emulations.

       enable [ -afmprs ] name ...
              Enable the named hash table elements, presumably disabled earlier with disable.  The default is to
              enable builtin commands.  The -a option causes enable to act on regular or global aliases.  The -s
              option  causes  enable  to  act  on  suffix  aliases.  The -f option causes enable to act on shell
              functions.  The -r option causes enable to act on reserved words.  Without arguments  all  enabled
              hash table elements from the corresponding hash table are printed.  With the -m flag the arguments
              are taken as patterns (should be quoted) and all hash table elements from the  corresponding  hash
              table  matching  these  patterns  are  enabled.   Enabled objects can be disabled with the disable
              builtin command.

              enable -p reenables patterns disabled with disable -p.  Note that it does  not  override  globbing
              options;  for  example, `enable -p "~"' does not cause the pattern character ~ to be active unless
              the EXTENDED_GLOB option is also set.  To enable all  possible  patterns  (so  that  they  may  be
              individually disabled with disable -p), use `setopt EXTENDED_GLOB KSH_GLOB NO_SH_GLOB'.

       eval [ arg ... ]
              Read the arguments as input to the shell and execute the resulting command(s) in the current shell
              process.  The return status is the same as if the commands  had  been  executed  directly  by  the
              shell;  if  there are no args or they contain no commands (i.e. are an empty string or whitespace)
              the return status is zero.

       exec [ -cl ] [ -a argv0 ] [ command [ arg ... ] ]
              Replace the current shell with an external  command  rather  than  forking.   With  -c  clear  the
              environment;  with -l prepend - to the argv[0] string of the command executed (to simulate a login
              shell); with -a argv0 set the argv[0] string of the command executed.  See the section `Precommand
              Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

              If  command  is omitted but any redirections are specified, then the redirections will take effect
              in the current shell.

       exit [ n ]
              Exit the shell with the exit status specified by an arithmetic expression n; if none is specified,
              use the exit status from the last command executed.  An EOF condition will also cause the shell to
              exit, unless the IGNORE_EOF option is set.

              See notes at the  end  of  the  section  JOBS  in  in  zshmisc(1)  for  some  possibly  unexpected
              interactions of the exit command with jobs.

       export [ name[=value] ... ]
              The  specified  names  are marked for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed
              commands.  Equivalent to typeset -gx.  If a parameter specified does  not  already  exist,  it  is
              created in the global scope.

       false [ arg ... ]
              Do nothing and return an exit status of 1.

       fc [ -e ename ] [ -LI ] [ -m match ] [ old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
       fc -l [ -LI ] [ -nrdfEiD ] [ -t timefmt ] [ -m match ]
             [ old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
       fc -p [ -a ] [ filename [ histsize [ savehistsize ] ] ]
       fc -P
       fc -ARWI [ filename ]
              The  fc  command  controls  the  interactive  history mechanism.  Note that reading and writing of
              history options is only  performed  if  the  shell  is  interactive.   Usually  this  is  detected
              automatically, but it can be forced by setting the interactive option when starting the shell.

              The  first  two forms of this command select a range of events from first to last from the history
              list.  The arguments first and last may be specified as a number  or  as  a  string.   A  negative
              number  is  used  as  an  offset to the current history event number.  A string specifies the most
              recent event beginning with the given  string.   All  substitutions  old=new,  if  any,  are  then
              performed on the text of the events.

              In addition to the the number range,
              -I     restricts to only internal events (not from $HISTFILE)
              -L     restricts  to  only local events (not from other shells, see SHARE_HISTORY in zshoptions(1)
                     -- note that $HISTFILE is considered local when read at startup)
              -m     takes the first argument as a pattern (should  be  quoted)  and  only  the  history  events
                     matching this pattern are considered

              If  first is not specified, it will be set to -1 (the most recent event), or to -16 if the -l flag
              is given.  If last is not specified, it will be set to first, or to -1 if the -l  flag  is  given.
              However,  if  the  current event has added entries to the history with `print -s' or `fc -R', then
              the default last for -l includes all new history entries since the current event began.

              When the -l flag is given, the resulting events are listed  on  standard  output.   Otherwise  the
              editor program ename is invoked on a file containing these history events.  If ename is not given,
              the value of the parameter FCEDIT is used; if that is not set the value of the parameter EDITOR is
              used;  if  that is not set a builtin default, usually `vi' is used.  If ename is `-', no editor is
              invoked.  When editing is complete, the edited command is executed.

              The flag -r reverses the order of the events  and  the  flag  -n  suppresses  event  numbers  when
              listing.

              Also when listing,
              -d     prints timestamps for each event
              -f     prints full time-date stamps in the US `MM/DD/YY hh:mm' format
              -E     prints full time-date stamps in the European `dd.mm.yyyy hh:mm' format
              -i     prints full time-date stamps in ISO8601 `yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm' format
              -t fmt prints  time  and  date  stamps  in  the  given  format; fmt is formatted with the strftime
                     function with the zsh extensions described for the %D{string} prompt format in the  section
                     EXPANSION  OF  PROMPT  SEQUENCES  in zshmisc(1).  The resulting formatted string must be no
                     more than 256 characters or will not be printed
              -D     prints elapsed times; may be combined with one of the options above

              `fc -p' pushes the current history list onto a stack and switches to a new history list.   If  the
              -a  option  is  also  specified,  this  history list will be automatically popped when the current
              function scope is exited, which is a much better solution than creating a trap  function  to  call
              `fc  -P'  manually.   If  no arguments are specified, the history list is left empty, $HISTFILE is
              unset, and $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST are set to their default  values.   If  one  argument  is  given,
              $HISTFILE  is set to that filename, $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST are left unchanged, and the history file
              is read in (if it exists) to initialize  the  new  list.   If  a  second  argument  is  specified,
              $HISTSIZE  & $SAVEHIST are instead set to the single specified numeric value.  Finally, if a third
              argument is specified, $SAVEHIST is set to a separate value  from  $HISTSIZE.   You  are  free  to
              change these environment values for the new history list however you desire in order to manipulate
              the new history list.

              `fc -P' pops the history list back to an older list saved by `fc -p'.  The current list  is  saved
              to  its  $HISTFILE  before  it  is  destroyed  (assuming  that  $HISTFILE  and  $SAVEHIST  are set
              appropriately, of course).  The values of $HISTFILE, $HISTSIZE, and $SAVEHIST are restored to  the
              values  they  had  when  `fc  -p' was called.  Note that this restoration can conflict with making
              these variables "local", so your best bet is to avoid local declarations for  these  variables  in
              functions  that  use  `fc  -p'.   The  one  other  guaranteed-safe  combination is declaring these
              variables to be local at the top of your function and using the automatic  option  (-a)  with  `fc
              -p'.   Finally,  note  that it is legal to manually pop a push marked for automatic popping if you
              need to do so before the function exits.

              `fc -R' reads the history from the given file, `fc -W' writes the history out to the  given  file,
              and `fc -A' appends the history out to the given file.  If no filename is specified, the $HISTFILE
              is assumed.  If the -I option is added to -R, only those events that  are  not  already  contained
              within  the  internal  history  list are added.  If the -I option is added to -A or -W, only those
              events that are new since last incremental append/write to the history file are  appended/written.
              In any case, the created file will have no more than $SAVEHIST entries.

       fg [ job ... ]
       job ...
              Bring  each  specified  job in turn to the foreground.  If no job is specified, resume the current
              job.

       float [ {+|-}Hghlprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZ [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Equivalent to typeset -E, except that  options  irrelevant  to  floating  point  numbers  are  not
              permitted.

       functions [ {+|-}UkmtTuz ] [ -x num ] [ name ... ]
       functions -M mathfn [ min [ max [ shellfn ] ] ]
       functions -M [ -m pattern ... ]
       functions +M [ -m ] mathfn ...
              Equivalent to typeset -f, with the exception of the -x and -M options.

              The  -x  option  indicates  that  any functions output will have each leading tab for indentation,
              added by the shell to show syntactic structure, expanded to the given number num of  spaces.   num
              can also be 0 to suppress all indentation.

              Use of the -M option may not be combined with any of the options handled by typeset -f.

              functions  -M mathfn defines mathfn as the name of a mathematical function recognised in all forms
              of arithmetical expressions; see the section `Arithmetic Evaluation' in  zshmisc(1).   By  default
              mathfn  may  take  any number of comma-separated arguments.  If min is given, it must have exactly
              min args; if min and max are both given, it must have at least min and at most max args.  max  may
              be -1 to indicate that there is no upper limit.

              By  default  the  function  is  implemented  by  a  shell function of the same name; if shellfn is
              specified it gives the name of the corresponding shell function while mathfn remains the name used
              in  arithmetical  expressions.   The  name  of  the function in $0 is mathfn (not shellfn as would
              usually be the  case),  provided  the  option  FUNCTION_ARGZERO  is  in  effect.   The  positional
              parameters  in  the  shell function correspond to the arguments of the mathematical function call.
              The result of the last arithmetical expression evaluated inside the shell function (even if it  is
              a form that normally only returns a status) gives the result of the mathematical function.

              functions  -M  with  no  arguments  lists  all  such  user-defined functions in the same form as a
              definition.  With the additional option -m and a list of arguments,  all  functions  whose  mathfn
              matches one of the pattern arguments are listed.

              function  +M  removes  the  list  of  mathematical  functions;  with  the additional option -m the
              arguments are treated as patterns and all functions whose mathfn matches the pattern are  removed.
              Note  that the shell function implementing the behaviour is not removed (regardless of whether its
              name coincides with mathfn).

              For example, the following prints the cube of 3:

                     zmath_cube() { (( $1 * $1 * $1 )) }
                     functions -M cube 1 1 zmath_cube
                     print $(( cube(3) ))

       getcap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       getln [ -AclneE ] name ...
              Read the top value from the buffer stack and put it in the shell parameter  name.   Equivalent  to
              read -zr.

       getopts optstring name [ arg ... ]
              Checks  the  args  for  legal options.  If the args are omitted, use the positional parameters.  A
              valid option argument begins with a `+' or a `-'.  An argument not beginning with a `+' or a  `-',
              or  the  argument `--', ends the options.  Note that a single `-' is not considered a valid option
              argument.  optstring contains the letters that getopts recognizes.  If a letter is followed  by  a
              `:', that option requires an argument.  The options can be separated from the argument by blanks.

              Each  time  it  is invoked, getopts places the option letter it finds in the shell parameter name,
              prepended with a `+' when arg begins with a `+'.  The index of the next arg is stored  in  OPTIND.
              The option argument, if any, is stored in OPTARG.

              The  first  option to be examined may be changed by explicitly assigning to OPTIND.  OPTIND has an
              initial value of 1, and is normally set to 1 upon entry to a shell function and restored upon exit
              (this  is  disabled by the POSIX_BUILTINS option).  OPTARG is not reset and retains its value from
              the most recent call to getopts.  If either of OPTIND or OPTARG is explicitly  unset,  it  remains
              unset,  and the index or option argument is not stored.  The option itself is still stored in name
              in this case.

              A leading `:' in optstring causes getopts to store the letter of any invalid option in OPTARG, and
              to  set  name  to  `?'  for  an  unknown  option  and  to `:' when a required argument is missing.
              Otherwise, getopts sets name to `?' and prints an error message when an option  is  invalid.   The
              exit status is nonzero when there are no more options.

       hash [ -Ldfmrv ] [ name[=value] ] ...
              hash  can  be  used  to  directly  modify  the  contents  of the command hash table, and the named
              directory hash table.  Normally one would modify these tables by modifying  one's  PATH  (for  the
              command  hash  table)  or  by  creating appropriate shell parameters (for the named directory hash
              table).  The choice of hash table to work on is determined by the -d option;  without  the  option
              the command hash table is used, and with the option the named directory hash table is used.

              Given  no  arguments,  and neither the -r or -f options, the selected hash table will be listed in
              full.

              The -r option causes the selected hash table to be emptied.  It will be  subsequently  rebuilt  in
              the normal fashion.  The -f option causes the selected hash table to be fully rebuilt immediately.
              For the command hash table this hashes all the absolute directories in the PATH, and for the named
              directory hash table this adds all users' home directories.  These two options cannot be used with
              any arguments.

              The -m option causes the arguments to be taken as  patterns  (which  should  be  quoted)  and  the
              elements of the hash table matching those patterns are printed.  This is the only way to display a
              limited selection of hash table elements.

              For each name with a corresponding value, put `name' in the selected hash  table,  associating  it
              with  the pathname `value'.  In the command hash table, this means that whenever `name' is used as
              a command argument, the shell will try to execute  the  file  given  by  `value'.   In  the  named
              directory hash table, this means that `value' may be referred to as `~name'.

              For  each  name  with no corresponding value, attempt to add name to the hash table, checking what
              the appropriate value is in the normal manner for that hash table.  If an appropriate value  can't
              be found, then the hash table will be unchanged.

              The  -v option causes hash table entries to be listed as they are added by explicit specification.
              If has no effect if used with -f.

              If the -L flag is present, then each hash table entry is printed in the form of a call to hash.

       history
              Same as fc -l.

       integer [ {+|-}Hghlprtux ] [ {+|-}LRZi [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Equivalent to typeset -i, except that options irrelevant to integers are not permitted.

       jobs [ -dlprs ] [ job ... ]
       jobs -Z string
              Lists information about each given job, or all jobs if job is omitted.  The -l flag lists  process
              IDs,  and the -p flag lists process groups.  If the -r flag is specified only running jobs will be
              listed and if the -s flag is given only stopped jobs are shown.  If the  -d  flag  is  given,  the
              directory  from which the job was started (which may not be the current directory of the job) will
              also be shown.

              The -Z option replaces the shell's argument and environment space with the given string, truncated
              if  necessary  to  fit.   This  will  normally be visible in ps (ps(1)) listings.  This feature is
              typically used by daemons, to indicate their state.

       kill [ -s signal_name | -n signal_number | -sig ] job ...
       kill -l [ sig ... ]
              Sends either SIGTERM or the specified signal to the given jobs or processes.  Signals are given by
              number  or  by names, with or without the `SIG' prefix.  If the signal being sent is not `KILL' or
              `CONT', then the job will be sent a `CONT' signal if it is stopped.  The argument job can  be  the
              process ID of a job not in the job list.  In the second form, kill -l, if sig is not specified the
              signal names are listed.  Otherwise, for each sig that is a name, the corresponding signal  number
              is  listed.   For  each  sig that is a signal number or a number representing the exit status of a
              process which was terminated or stopped by a signal the name of the signal is printed.

              On some systems, alternative signal names are allowed for a few  signals.   Typical  examples  are
              SIGCHLD and SIGCLD or SIGPOLL and SIGIO, assuming they correspond to the same signal number.  kill
              -l will only list the preferred form, however kill -l  alt  will  show  if  the  alternative  form
              corresponds  to a signal number.  For example, under Linux kill -l IO and kill -l POLL both output
              29, hence kill -IO and kill -POLL have the same effect.

              Many systems will allow process IDs to be negative to kill a process group or  zero  to  kill  the
              current process group.

       let arg ...
              Evaluate  each  arg  as  an  arithmetic  expression.   See  the section `Arithmetic Evaluation' in
              zshmisc(1) for a description of arithmetic expressions.  The exit status is 0 if the value of  the
              last expression is nonzero, 1 if it is zero, and 2 if an error occurred.

       limit [ -hs ] [ resource [ limit ] ] ...
              Set  or display resource limits.  Unless the -s flag is given, the limit applies only the children
              of the shell.  If -s is given without other arguments, the resource limits of the current shell is
              set to the previously set resource limits of the children.

              If  limit is not specified, print the current limit placed on resource, otherwise set the limit to
              the specified value.  If the -h flag is given, use hard limits instead  of  soft  limits.   If  no
              resource is given, print all limits.

              When  looping  over  multiple  resources,  the  shell will abort immediately if it detects a badly
              formed argument.  However, if it fails to set a limit for  some  other  reason  it  will  continue
              trying to set the remaining limits.

              resource can be one of:

              addressspace
                     Maximum amount of address space used.
              aiomemorylocked
                     Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM for AIO operations.
              aiooperations
                     Maximum number of AIO operations.
              cachedthreads
                     Maximum number of cached threads.
              coredumpsize
                     Maximum size of a core dump.
              cputime
                     Maximum CPU seconds per process.
              datasize
                     Maximum data size (including stack) for each process.
              descriptors
                     Maximum value for a file descriptor.
              filesize
                     Largest single file allowed.
              kqueues
                     Maximum number of kqueues allocated.
              maxproc
                     Maximum number of processes.
              maxpthreads
                     Maximum number of threads per process.
              memorylocked
                     Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM.
              memoryuse
                     Maximum resident set size.
              msgqueue
                     Maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
              posixlocks
                     Maximum number of POSIX locks per user.
              pseudoterminals
                     Maximum number of pseudo-terminals.
              resident
                     Maximum resident set size.
              sigpending
                     Maximum number of pending signals.
              sockbufsize
                     Maximum size of all socket buffers.
              stacksize
                     Maximum stack size for each process.
              swapsize
                     Maximum amount of swap used.
              vmemorysize
                     Maximum amount of virtual memory.

              Which  of  these resource limits are available depends on the system.  resource can be abbreviated
              to any unambiguous prefix.  It can also be an integer, which corresponds to  the  integer  defined
              for the resource by the operating system.

              If argument corresponds to a number which is out of the range of the resources configured into the
              shell, the shell will try to read or write the limit anyway, and will  report  an  error  if  this
              fails.   As  the  shell does not store such resources internally, an attempt to set the limit will
              fail unless the -s option is present.

              limit is a number, with an optional scaling factor, as follows:

              nh     hours
              nk     kilobytes (default)
              nm     megabytes or minutes
              [mm:]ss
                     minutes and seconds

              The limit command is not made available by default when the  shell  starts  in  a  mode  emulating
              another shell.  It can be made available with the command `zmodload -F zsh/rlimits b:limit'.

       local [ {+|-}AHUahlprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZi [ n ] ] [ name[=value] ... ]
              Same as typeset, except that the options -g, and -f are not permitted.  In this case the -x option
              does not force the use of -g, i.e. exported variables will be local to functions.

       log    List all users currently logged in who are affected by the current setting of the watch parameter.

       logout [ n ]
              Same as exit, except that it only works in a login shell.

       noglob simple command
              See the section `Precommand Modifiers' in zshmisc(1).

       popd [ -q ] [ {+|-}n ]
              Remove an entry from the directory stack, and perform a cd to the  new  top  directory.   With  no
              argument, the current top entry is removed.  An argument of the form `+n' identifies a stack entry
              by counting from the left of the list shown by the dirs command, starting with zero.  An  argument
              of  the  form -n counts from the right.  If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the meanings of `+' and
              `-' in this context are swapped.

              If the -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd and  the  functions  in  the  array
              $chpwd_functions  are  not called, and the new directory stack is not printed.  This is useful for
              calls to popd that do not change the environment seen by an interactive user.

       print [ -abcDilmnNoOpPrsSz ] [ -u n ] [ -f format ] [ -C cols ]
             [ -xX tab-stop ] [ -R [ -en ]] [ arg ... ]
              With the `-f' option the arguments are printed as described by printf.  With no flags or with  the
              flag  `-',  the  arguments  are  printed  on  the  standard  output as described by echo, with the
              following differences: the escape sequence `\M-x' (or `\Mx') metafies the character  x  (sets  the
              highest  bit),  `\C-x'  (or  `\Cx')  produces  a  control  character  (`\C-@'  and `\C-?' give the
              characters NULL and delete), a character code in  octal  is  represented  by  `\NNN'  (instead  of
              `\0NNN'),  and `\E' is a synonym for `\e'.  Finally, if not in an escape sequence, `\' escapes the
              following character and is not printed.

              -a     Print arguments with the column incrementing  first.   Only  useful  with  the  -c  and  -C
                     options.

              -b     Recognize  all  the  escape sequences defined for the bindkey command, see the section `Zle
                     Builtins' in zshzle(1).

              -c     Print the arguments in columns.  Unless -a is also given, arguments are  printed  with  the
                     row incrementing first.

              -C cols
                     Print  the  arguments in cols columns.  Unless -a is also given, arguments are printed with
                     the row incrementing first.

              -D     Treat the arguments as paths, replacing directory prefixes with ~ expressions corresponding
                     to directory names, as appropriate.

              -i     If given together with -o or -O, sorting is performed case-independently.

              -l     Print the arguments separated by newlines instead of spaces.

              -m     Take  the  first  argument as a pattern (should be quoted), and remove it from the argument
                     list together with subsequent arguments that do not match this pattern.

              -n     Do not add a newline to the output.

              -N     Print the arguments separated and terminated by nulls.

              -o     Print the arguments sorted in ascending order.

              -O     Print the arguments sorted in descending order.

              -p     Print the arguments to the input of the coprocess.

              -P     Perform prompt expansion (see EXPANSION OF PROMPT SEQUENCES in zshmisc(1)).

              -r     Ignore the escape conventions of echo.

              -R     Emulate the BSD echo command, which does not process escape sequences unless the -e flag is
                     given.   The  -n  flag  suppresses  the  trailing  newline.   Only  the -e and -n flags are
                     recognized after -R; all other arguments and options are printed.

              -s     Place the results in the history list instead of on the standard output.  Each argument  to
                     the print command is treated as a single word in the history, regardless of its content.

              -S     Place the results in the history list instead of on the standard output.  In this case only
                     a single argument is allowed; it will be split into words  as  if  it  were  a  full  shell
                     command  line.   The  effect  is  similar  to reading the line from a history file with the
                     HIST_LEX_WORDS option active.

              -u n   Print the arguments to file descriptor n.

              -x tab-stop
                     Expand leading tabs on each line of output in the printed string assuming a tab stop  every
                     tab-stop  characters.   This  is  appropriate for formatting code that may be indented with
                     tabs.  Note that leading tabs of any argument to print, not just the first,  are  expanded,
                     even  if print is using spaces to separate arguments (the column count is maintained across
                     arguments but may be incorrect on output owing to previous unexpanded tabs).

                     The start of the output of each print command is assumed to be aligned  with  a  tab  stop.
                     Widths  of  multibyte  characters  are  handled if the option MULTIBYTE is in effect.  This
                     option is ignored if other formatting options are in effect,  namely  column  alignment  or
                     printf  style,  or  if output is to a special location such as shell history or the command
                     line editor.

              -X tab-stop
                     This is similar to -x, except that all tabs in the printed string are  expanded.   This  is
                     appropriate if tabs in the arguments are being used to produce a table format.

              -z     Push the arguments onto the editing buffer stack, separated by spaces.

              If  any  of `-m', `-o' or `-O' are used in combination with `-f' and there are no arguments (after
              the removal process in the case of `-m') then nothing is printed.

       printf format [ arg ... ]
              Print the arguments according to the format specification. Formatting rules are the same  as  used
              in  C.  The  same  escape  sequences  as  for  echo are recognised in the format. All C conversion
              specifications ending in one of csdiouxXeEfgGn are handled. In addition to this, `%b' can be  used
              instead of `%s' to cause escape sequences in the argument to be recognised and `%q' can be used to
              quote the argument in such a way that allows it to be reused as  shell  input.  With  the  numeric
              format  specifiers, if the corresponding argument starts with a quote character, the numeric value
              of the following character is used as the number to print; otherwise the argument is evaluated  as
              an  arithmetic expression. See the section `Arithmetic Evaluation' in zshmisc(1) for a description
              of arithmetic expressions. With `%n', the corresponding argument is taken as an  identifier  which
              is created as an integer parameter.

              Normally,  conversion specifications are applied to each argument in order but they can explicitly
              specify the nth argument is to be used by replacing  `%'  by  `%n$'  and  `*'  by  `*n$'.   It  is
              recommended  that  you  do not mix references of this explicit style with the normal style and the
              handling of such mixed styles may be subject to future change.

              If arguments remain unused after formatting, the format string is reused until all arguments  have
              been  consumed.  With  the  print  builtin, this can be suppressed by using the -r option. If more
              arguments are required by the format than have been specified, the behaviour is as if zero  or  an
              empty string had been specified as the argument.

       pushd [ -qsLP ] [ arg ]
       pushd [ -qsLP ] old new
       pushd [ -qsLP ] {+|-}n
              Change the current directory, and push the old current directory onto the directory stack.  In the
              first form, change the current directory to arg.  If arg is not specified, change  to  the  second
              directory  on  the  stack  (that  is,  exchange  the  top  two entries), or change to $HOME if the
              PUSHD_TO_HOME option is set or if there is only  one  entry  on  the  stack.   Otherwise,  arg  is
              interpreted  as it would be by cd.  The meaning of old and new in the second form is also the same
              as for cd.

              The third form of pushd changes directory by rotating the directory list.  An argument of the form
              `+n'  identifies  a  stack  entry by counting from the left of the list shown by the dirs command,
              starting with zero.  An argument of the form `-n' counts  from  the  right.   If  the  PUSHD_MINUS
              option is set, the meanings of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.

              If  the  -q  (quiet)  option  is specified, the hook function chpwd and the functions in the array
              $chpwd_functions are not called, and the new directory stack is not printed.  This is  useful  for
              calls to pushd that do not change the environment seen by an interactive user.

              If  the  option  -q  is  not specified and the shell option PUSHD_SILENT is not set, the directory
              stack will be printed after a pushd is performed.

              The options -s, -L and -P have the same meanings as for the cd builtin.

       pushln [ arg ... ]
              Equivalent to print -nz.

       pwd [ -rLP ]
              Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.   If  the  -r  or  the  -P  flag  is
              specified,  or  the  CHASE_LINKS option is set and the -L flag is not given, the printed path will
              not contain symbolic links.

       r      Same as fc -e -.

       read [ -rszpqAclneE ] [ -t [ num ] ] [ -k [ num ] ] [ -d delim ]
            [ -u n ] [ name[?prompt] ] [ name ...  ]
              Read one line and break it into fields using the characters in $IFS as separators, except as noted
              below.   The first field is assigned to the first name, the second field to the second name, etc.,
              with leftover fields assigned to the last name.  If name is omitted then REPLY is used for scalars
              and reply for arrays.

              -r     Raw  mode: a `\' at the end of a line does not signify line continuation and backslashes in
                     the line don't quote the following character and are not removed.

              -s     Don't echo back characters if reading from the terminal.

              -q     Read only one character from the terminal and set name to `y' if this character was `y'  or
                     `Y'  and  to  `n'  otherwise.   With  this  flag  set the return status is zero only if the
                     character was `y' or `Y'.  This option may be used with a timeout (see  -t);  if  the  read
                     times  out,  or  encounters  end  of  file,  status  2 is returned.  Input is read from the
                     terminal unless one of -u or -p is present.  This  option  may  also  be  used  within  zle
                     widgets.

              -k [ num ]
                     Read  only  one  (or  num)  characters.   All  are assigned to the first name, without word
                     splitting.  This flag is ignored when -q is present.   Input  is  read  from  the  terminal
                     unless one of -u or -p is present.  This option may also be used within zle widgets.

                     Note  that  despite  the  mnemonic  `key'  this option does read full characters, which may
                     consist of multiple bytes if the option MULTIBYTE is set.

              -z     Read one entry from the editor buffer stack and assign it to the first name,  without  word
                     splitting.   Text  is pushed onto the stack with `print -z' or with push-line from the line
                     editor (see zshzle(1)).  This flag is ignored when the -k or -q flags are present.

              -e
              -E     The input read is printed (echoed) to the standard output.  If the  -e  flag  is  used,  no
                     input is assigned to the parameters.

              -A     The first name is taken as the name of an array and all words are assigned to it.

              -c
              -l     These  flags  are  allowed  only if called inside a function used for completion (specified
                     with the -K flag to compctl).  If the -c flag is given, the words of  the  current  command
                     are  read.  If the -l flag is given, the whole line is assigned as a scalar.  If both flags
                     are present, -l is used and -c is ignored.

              -n     Together with -c, the number of the word the cursor is on is read.  With -l, the  index  of
                     the  character  the cursor is on is read.  Note that the command name is word number 1, not
                     word 0, and that when the cursor is at the end of the line,  its  character  index  is  the
                     length of the line plus one.

              -u n   Input is read from file descriptor n.

              -p     Input is read from the coprocess.

              -d delim
                     Input is terminated by the first character of delim instead of by newline.

              -t [ num ]
                     Test  if  input  is  available before attempting to read.  If num is present, it must begin
                     with a digit and will be evaluated to give a number of seconds, which  may  be  a  floating
                     point  number;  in this case the read times out if input is not available within this time.
                     If num is not present, it is taken to be zero, so that read returns immediately if no input
                     is available.  If no input is available, return status 1 and do not set any variables.

                     This  option is not available when reading from the editor buffer with -z, when called from
                     within completion with -c or -l, with -q which clears the input queue  before  reading,  or
                     within zle where other mechanisms should be used to test for input.

                     Note  that  read  does not attempt to alter the input processing mode.  The default mode is
                     canonical input, in which an entire line is read at a time, so usually `read -t'  will  not
                     read anything until an entire line has been typed.  However, when reading from the terminal
                     with -k input is processed one key at a time; in this case, only availability of the  first
                     character  is  tested, so that e.g. `read -t -k 2' can still block on the second character.
                     Use two instances of `read -t -k' if this is not what is wanted.

              If the first argument contains a `?', the remainder of this word is used as a prompt  on  standard
              error when the shell is interactive.

              The  value  (exit  status)  of  read  is 1 when an end-of-file is encountered, or when -c or -l is
              present and the command is not called from a compctl function, or as described for -q.   Otherwise
              the value is 0.

              The  behavior  of some combinations of the -k, -p, -q, -u and -z flags is undefined.  Presently -q
              cancels all the others, -p cancels -u, -k cancels -z, and otherwise -z cancels both -p and -u.

              The -c or -l flags cancel any and all of -kpquz.

       readonly
              Same as typeset -r.

       rehash Same as hash -r.

       return [ n ]
              Causes a shell function or `.' script to return to the invoking  script  with  the  return  status
              specified  by  an  arithmetic expression n. If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last
              command executed.

              If return was executed from a trap in a TRAPNAL function, the effect is  different  for  zero  and
              non-zero  return  status.   With zero status (or after an implicit return at the end of the trap),
              the shell will return to whatever it was previously processing; with a non-zero status, the  shell
              will  behave  as interrupted except that the return status of the trap is retained.  Note that the
              numeric value of the signal which caused the  trap  is  passed  as  the  first  argument,  so  the
              statement `return $((128+$1))' will return the same status as if the signal had not been trapped.

       sched  See the section `The zsh/sched Module' in zshmodules(1).

       set [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o [ option_name ] ] ... [ {+|-}A [ name ] ]
           [ arg ... ]
              Set  the  options for the shell and/or set the positional parameters, or declare and set an array.
              If the -s option is given, it causes the specified arguments to be sorted before assigning them to
              the  positional  parameters  (or  to  the  array  name  if -A is used).  With +s sort arguments in
              descending order.  For the meaning of the other flags, see zshoptions(1).  Flags may be  specified
              by  name using the -o option. If no option name is supplied with -o, the current option states are
              printed:  see the description of setopt below for more information on the format.   With  +o  they
              are printed in a form that can be used as input to the shell.

              If  the  -A  flag  is  specified, name is set to an array containing the given args; if no name is
              specified, all arrays are printed together with their values.

              If +A is used and name is an array, the given arguments will replace the initial elements of  that
              array; if no name is specified, all arrays are printed without their values.

              The  behaviour  of  arguments after -A name or +A name depends on whether the option KSH_ARRAYS is
              set.  If it is not set, all arguments  following  name  are  treated  as  values  for  the  array,
              regardless of their form.  If the option is set, normal option processing continues at that point;
              only regular arguments are treated as values for the array.  This means that

                     set -A array -x -- foo

              sets array to `-x -- foo' if KSH_ARRAYS is not set, but sets the array to foo  and  turns  on  the
              option `-x' if it is set.

              If  the  -A  flag  is  not  present,  but  there  are arguments beyond the options, the positional
              parameters are set.  If the option list (if any) is terminated by `--', and there are  no  further
              arguments, the positional parameters will be unset.

              If  no arguments and no `--' are given, then the names and values of all parameters are printed on
              the standard output.  If the only argument is `+', the names of all parameters are printed.

              For historical reasons, `set -' is treated as `set +xv' and `set - args' as `set +xv -- args' when
              in any other emulation mode than zsh's native mode.

       setcap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).

       setopt [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o option_name ] [ -m ] [ name ... ]
              Set the options for the shell.  All options specified either with flags or by name are set.

              If  no  arguments  are  supplied, the names of all options currently set are printed.  The form is
              chosen so as to minimize the differences from the default options for the current  emulation  (the
              default  emulation  being  native  zsh,  shown  as  <Z> in zshoptions(1)).  Options that are on by
              default for the emulation are shown with the prefix no only if they are off, while  other  options
              are  shown without the prefix no and only if they are on.  In addition to options changed from the
              default state by the user,  any  options  activated  automatically  by  the  shell  (for  example,
              SHIN_STDIN  or  INTERACTIVE)  will  be  shown  in the list.  The format is further modified by the
              option KSH_OPTION_PRINT, however the rationale for choosing options with or without the no  prefix
              remains the same in this case.

              If  the  -m  flag  is given the arguments are taken as patterns (which should be quoted to protect
              them from filename expansion), and all options with names matching these patterns are set.

              Note that a bad option name does not cause execution of subsequent shell code to be aborted;  this
              is  behaviour  is  different  from that of `set -o'.  This is because set is regarded as a special
              builtin by the POSIX standard, but setopt is not.

       shift [ -p ] [ n ] [ name ... ]
              The positional parameters ${n+1} ... are renamed to $1 ..., where n is  an  arithmetic  expression
              that  defaults  to 1.  If any names are given then the arrays with these names are shifted instead
              of the positional parameters.

              If the option -p is given arguments are instead removed (popped) from  the  end  rather  than  the
              start of the array.

       source file [ arg ... ]
              Same  as  `.',  except that the current directory is always searched and is always searched first,
              before directories in $path.

       stat   See the section `The zsh/stat Module' in zshmodules(1).

       suspend [ -f ]
              Suspend the execution of the shell (send it a SIGTSTP) until it receives a SIGCONT.  Unless the -f
              option is given, this will refuse to suspend a login shell.

       test [ arg ... ]
       [ [ arg ... ] ]
              Like  the  system  version  of test.  Added for compatibility; use conditional expressions instead
              (see the section  `Conditional  Expressions').   The  main  differences  between  the  conditional
              expression  syntax and the test and [ builtins are:  these commands are not handled syntactically,
              so for example an empty variable expansion may cause an argument  to  be  omitted;  syntax  errors
              cause  status  2  to be returned instead of a shell error; and arithmetic operators expect integer
              arguments rather than arithmetic expressions.

              The  command  attempts  to  implement  POSIX  and  its  extensions  where  these  are   specified.
              Unfortunately there are intrinsic ambiguities in the syntax; in particular there is no distinction
              between test operators and strings that resemble them.  The standard attempts to resolve these for
              small numbers of arguments (up to four); for five or more arguments compatibility cannot be relied
              on.  Users are urged wherever possible to use the `[[' test  syntax  which  does  not  have  these
              ambiguities.

       times  Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell.

       trap [ arg ] [ sig ... ]
              arg  is a series of commands (usually quoted to protect it from immediate evaluation by the shell)
              to be read and executed when the shell receives any of the signals specified by one  or  more  sig
              args.   Each  sig  can be given as a number, or as the name of a signal either with or without the
              string SIG in front (e.g. 1, HUP, and SIGHUP are all the same signal).

              If arg is `-', then the specified signals are reset to their defaults, or,  if  no  sig  args  are
              present, all traps are reset.

              If  arg  is  an  empty  string,  then  the  specified signals are ignored by the shell (and by the
              commands it invokes).

              If arg is omitted but one or more sig args are provided (i.e.   the  first  argument  is  a  valid
              signal number or name), the effect is the same as if arg had been specified as `-'.

              The trap command with no arguments prints a list of commands associated with each signal.

              If sig is ZERR then arg will be executed after each command with a nonzero exit status.  ERR is an
              alias for ZERR on systems that have no SIGERR signal (this is the usual case).

              If sig is DEBUG then arg will be executed before each command if the  option  DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD  is
              set  (as  it is by default), else after each command.  Here, a `command' is what is described as a
              `sublist' in the shell grammar, see the section SIMPLE COMMANDS &  PIPELINES  in  zshmisc(1).   If
              DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD  is set various additional features are available.  First, it is possible to skip
              the next command by setting the option ERR_EXIT; see the description of  the  ERR_EXIT  option  in
              zshoptions(1).   Also, the shell parameter ZSH_DEBUG_CMD is set to the string corresponding to the
              command to be executed following the trap.  Note  that  this  string  is  reconstructed  from  the
              internal  format  and  may  not  be formatted the same way as the original text.  The parameter is
              unset after the trap is executed.

              If sig is 0 or EXIT and the trap statement is executed inside the body of  a  function,  then  the
              command  arg  is executed after the function completes.  The value of $? at the start of execution
              is the exit status of the shell or the return status of the function exiting.  If sig is 0 or EXIT
              and  the  trap  statement  is  not executed inside the body of a function, then the command arg is
              executed when the shell terminates; the trap runs before any zshexit hook functions.

              ZERR, DEBUG, and EXIT traps are not executed inside other traps.  ZERR and DEBUG  traps  are  kept
              within subshells, while other traps are reset.

              Note  that  traps  defined  with  the  trap  builtin  are slightly different from those defined as
              `TRAPNAL () { ... }', as the latter have their  own  function  environment  (line  numbers,  local
              variables,  etc.)  while  the former use the environment of the command in which they were called.
              For example,

                     trap 'print $LINENO' DEBUG

              will print the line number of a command executed after it has run, while

                     TRAPDEBUG() { print $LINENO; }

              will always print the number zero.

              Alternative signal names are allowed as described under kill above.  Defining a trap under  either
              name causes any trap under an alternative name to be removed.  However, it is recommended that for
              consistency users stick exclusively to one name or another.

       true [ arg ... ]
              Do nothing and return an exit status of 0.

       ttyctl [ -fu ]
              The -f option freezes the tty (i.e. terminal or terminal emulator), and -u unfreezes it.  When the
              tty  is  frozen,  no  changes made to the tty settings by external programs will be honored by the
              shell, except for changes in the size of the screen; the shell will simply reset the  settings  to
              their  previous  values  as  soon  as  each command exits or is suspended.  Thus, stty and similar
              programs have no effect when the tty is frozen.  Freezing the tty does not cause the current state
              to be remembered: instead, it causes future changes to the state to be blocked.

              Without options it reports whether the terminal is frozen or not.

              Note  that, regardless of whether the tty is frozen or not, the shell needs to change the settings
              when the line editor starts, so unfreezing the tty does not guarantee settings made on the command
              line  are  preserved.   Strings  of  commands  run  between  editing  the  command line will see a
              consistent tty state.  See also the shell variable STTY for a means of initialising the tty before
              running external commands.

       type [ -wfpamsS ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -v.

       typeset [ {+|-}AHUaghlmprtux ] [ {+|-}EFLRZi [ n ] ]
               [ + ] [ name[=value] ... ]
       typeset -T [ {+|-}Uglprux ] [ {+|-}LRZ [ n ] ]
               [ + | SCALAR[=value] array[=(value ...)] [ sep ] ]
       typeset -f [ {+|-}TUkmtuz ] [ + ] [ name ... ]
              Set or display attributes and values for shell parameters.

              A  parameter is created for each name that does not already refer to one.  When inside a function,
              a new parameter is created for every name (even those that already exist), and is unset again when
              the  function  completes.  See `Local Parameters' in zshparam(1).  The same rules apply to special
              shell parameters, which retain their special attributes when made local.

              For each name=value assignment, the parameter name is set to value.   All  forms  of  the  command
              handle scalar assignment.

              If  any  of  the  reserved  words  declare,  export, float, integer, local, readonly or typeset is
              matched when the line is parsed (N.B. not when it  is  executed)  the  shell  will  try  to  parse
              arguments  as  assignments,  except  that  the  `+='  syntax  and  the  GLOB_ASSIGN option are not
              supported.  This has two major differences  from  normal  command  line  argument  parsing:  array
              assignment  is  possible,  and  scalar  values  after  =  are not split further into words even if
              expanded (regardless of the setting of the KSH_TYPESET option; this option is obsolete).  Here  is
              an example:

                     # Reserved word parsing
                     typeset svar=$(echo one word) avar=(several words)

              The  above  creates  a scalar parameter svar and an array parameter avar as if the assignments had
              been

                     svar="one word"
                     avar=(several words)

              On the other hand:

                     # Normal builtin interface
                     builtin typeset svar=$(echo two words)

              The builtin keyword causes the above to use the standard builtin interface  to  typeset  in  which
              argument parsing is perfomed in the same way as for other commands.  This example creates a scalar
              svar containing the value two and another scalar parameter words with no value.  An array value in
              this case would either cause an error or be treated as an obscure set of glob qualifiers.

              Arbitrary arguments are allowed if they take the form of assignments after command line expansion;
              however, these only perform scalar assignment:

                     var='svar=val'
                     typeset $var

              The above sets the scalar parameter svar to the value val.  Parentheses around  the  value  within
              var  would  not cause array assignment as they will be treated as ordinary characters when $var is
              substituted.  Any non-trivial expansion in the name part of the assignment causes the argument  to
              be treated in this fashion:

                     typeset {var1,var2,var3}=name

              The above syntax is valid, and has the expected effect of setting the three parameters to the same
              value, but the command line is parsed as a set of three normal command line arguments  to  typeset
              after expansion.  Hence it is not possible to assign to multiple arrays by this means.

              Note  that each interface to any of the commands my be disabled separately.  For example, `disable
              -r typeset' disables the reserved word interface to typeset, exposing the builtin interface, while
              `disable typeset' disables the builtin.

              If  the shell option TYPESET_SILENT is not set, for each remaining name that refers to a parameter
              that is already set, the name and value of the parameter are printed in the form of an assignment.
              Nothing  is  printed  for  newly-created  parameters, or when any attribute flags listed below are
              given along with the name.  Using `+' instead of minus to introduce an attribute turns it off.

              If no name is present, the names and values of all parameters  are  printed.   In  this  case  the
              attribute  flags restrict the display to only those parameters that have the specified attributes,
              and using `+' rather than `-'  to  introduce  the  flag  suppresses  printing  of  the  values  of
              parameters when there is no parameter name.

              If  no attribute flags are given, and either no name arguments are present or the flag +m is used,
              then each parameter name printed is preceded by a list of the attributes of that parameter (array,
              association,  exported,  float,  integer, readonly, or undefined for autoloaded parameters not yet
              loaded).  If +m is used with attribute flags, and all those  flags  are  introduced  with  +,  the
              matching parameter names are printed but their values are not.

              The following control flags change the behavior of typeset:

              +      If  `+'  appears  by  itself  in  a separate word as the last option, then the names of all
                     parameters (functions with -f) are printed, but the values (function bodies) are  not.   No
                     name  arguments  may  appear,  and it is an error for any other options to follow `+'.  The
                     effect of `+' is as if all attribute flags which precede it were given with a  `+'  prefix.
                     For  example,  `typeset  -U  +' is equivalent to `typeset +U' and displays the names of all
                     arrays having the uniqueness attribute, whereas `typeset -f -U +' displays the names of all
                     autoloadable  functions.   If + is the only option, then type information (array, readonly,
                     etc.) is also printed for each parameter, in the same manner as `typeset +m "*"'.

              -g     The -g (global) means that any resulting parameter will not be restricted to  local  scope.
                     Note  that  this  does  not necessarily mean that the parameter will be global, as the flag
                     will apply to any existing parameter (even if unset) from an enclosing function.  This flag
                     does  not affect the parameter after creation, hence it has no effect when listing existing
                     parameters, nor does the flag +g have any effect except in combination with -m (see below).

              -m     If the -m flag is given the name arguments are taken as patterns (use  quoting  to  prevent
                     these  from  being  interpreted as file patterns).  With no attribute flags, all parameters
                     (or functions with the  -f  flag)  with  matching  names  are  printed  (the  shell  option
                     TYPESET_SILENT is not used in this case).

                     If  the  +g  flag  is combined with -m, a new local parameter is created for every matching
                     parameter that is not already local.  Otherwise -m applies all other flags  or  assignments
                     to the existing parameters.

                     Except  when  assignments are made with name=value, using +m forces the matching parameters
                     and their attributes to be printed, even inside a function.  Note that -m is ignored if  no
                     patterns are given, so `typeset -m' displays attributes but `typeset -a +m' does not.

              -p     If  the  -p  option  is  given,  parameters and values are printed in the form of a typeset
                     command and an assignment (which will be printed  separately  for  arrays  and  associative
                     arrays),  regardless  of  other  flags and options.  Note that the -H flag on parameters is
                     respected; no value will be shown for these parameters.

                     As the intention of this option is to produce output that can restore  the  current  state,
                     readonly  specials (whose values cannot be changed) are not shown and assignments to arrays
                     are shown before the typeset rendering the array readonly.

              -T [ scalar[=value] array[=(value ...)] [ sep ] ]
                     This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see below.  Otherwise  the  -T  option
                     requires  zero,  two,  or  three  arguments  to be present.  With no arguments, the list of
                     parameters created in this fashion is shown.  With two or three arguments,  the  first  two
                     are  the  name  of  a  scalar  and  of an array parameter (in that order) that will be tied
                     together  in  the  manner  of  $PATH  and  $path.   The  optional  third  argument   is   a
                     single-character separator which will be used to join the elements of the array to form the
                     scalar; if absent, a colon is used, as  with  $PATH.   Only  the  first  character  of  the
                     separator  is  significant; any remaining characters are ignored.  Multibyte characters are
                     not yet supported.

                     Only one of the scalar  and  array  parameters  may  be  assigned  an  initial  value  (the
                     restrictions on assignment forms described above also apply).

                     Both  the  scalar  and  the array may be manipulated as normal.  If one is unset, the other
                     will automatically be unset too.   There  is  no  way  of  untying  the  variables  without
                     unsetting  them, nor of converting the type of one of them with another typeset command; +T
                     does not work, assigning an array to scalar is an error, and assigning a  scalar  to  array
                     sets it to be a single-element array.

                     Note  that  both  `typeset  -xT ...'  and `export -T ...' work, but only the scalar will be
                     marked for export.  Setting the value using the  scalar  version  causes  a  split  on  all
                     separators  (which  cannot  be  quoted).  It is possible to apply -T to two previously tied
                     variables but with a different separator character, in  which  case  the  variables  remain
                     joined as before but the separator is changed.

              Attribute  flags  that  transform  the  final  value  (-L, -R, -Z, -l, -u) are only applied to the
              expanded value at the point of a parameter expansion expression using `$'.  They are  not  applied
              when a parameter is retrieved internally by the shell for any purpose.

              The following attribute flags may be specified:

              -A     The names refer to associative array parameters; see `Array Parameters' in zshparam(1).

              -L [ n ]
                     Left justify and remove leading blanks from the value when the parameter is expanded.  If n
                     is nonzero, it defines the width of the field.  If n is zero, the width  is  determined  by
                     the  width  of  the  value of the first assignment.  In the case of numeric parameters, the
                     length of the complete value assigned to the parameter is used to determine the width,  not
                     the value that would be output.

                     The  width  is  the count of characters, which may be multibyte characters if the MULTIBYTE
                     option is in effect.  Note that the screen  width  of  the  character  is  not  taken  into
                     account;  if  this is required, use padding with parameter expansion flags ${(ml...)...} as
                     described in `Parameter Expansion Flags' in zshexpn(1).

                     When the parameter is expanded, it is filled on the  right  with  blanks  or  truncated  if
                     necessary  to  fit  the field.  Note truncation can lead to unexpected results with numeric
                     parameters.  Leading zeros are removed if the -Z flag is also set.

              -R [ n ]
                     Similar to -L, except that right justification is used; when the parameter is expanded, the
                     field  is  left filled with blanks or truncated from the end.  May not be combined with the
                     -Z flag.

              -U     For arrays (but not for associative  arrays),  keep  only  the  first  occurrence  of  each
                     duplicated value.  This may also be set for colon-separated special parameters like PATH or
                     FIGNORE, etc.  This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see below.

              -Z [ n ]
                     Specially handled if set along with the -L flag.  Otherwise, similar  to  -R,  except  that
                     leading  zeros are used for padding instead of blanks if the first non-blank character is a
                     digit.  Numeric parameters are specially handled: they are always eligible for padding with
                     zeroes, and the zeroes are inserted at an appropriate place in the output.

              -a     The  names  refer  to array parameters.  An array parameter may be created this way, but it
                     may not be assigned to  in  the  typeset  statement.   When  displaying,  both  normal  and
                     associative arrays are shown.

              -f     The  names  refer to functions rather than parameters.  No assignments can be made, and the
                     only other valid flags are -t, -T, -k, -u, -U and -z.   The  flag  -t  turns  on  execution
                     tracing for this function; the flag -T does the same, but turns off tracing on any function
                     called from the present one, unless that function also has the -t or -T flag.  The  -u  and
                     -U flags cause the function to be marked for autoloading; -U also causes alias expansion to
                     be suppressed when the function is loaded.  The fpath parameter will be  searched  to  find
                     the function definition when the function is first referenced; see the section `Functions'.
                     The -k and -z flags make the function be loaded using ksh-style  or  zsh-style  autoloading
                     respectively.  If  neither  is given, the setting of the KSH_AUTOLOAD option determines how
                     the function is loaded.

                     Note that the builtin functions provides the same basic  capabilities  as  typeset  -f  but
                     gives access to a few extra options.

              -h     Hide:  only useful for special parameters (those marked `<S>' in the table in zshparam(1)),
                     and for local parameters with the same name as a special  parameter,  though  harmless  for
                     others.   A  special  parameter with this attribute will not retain its special effect when
                     made local.  Thus after `typeset -h PATH', a function containing `typeset PATH' will create
                     an  ordinary local parameter without the usual behaviour of PATH.  Alternatively, the local
                     parameter may itself be given this attribute; hence inside a  function  `typeset  -h  PATH'
                     creates  an  ordinary  local parameter and the special PATH parameter is not altered in any
                     way.  It is also possible to create a local parameter using `typeset +h special', where the
                     local  copy  of  special  will  retain  its  special properties regardless of having the -h
                     attribute.  Global special  parameters  loaded  from  shell  modules  (currently  those  in
                     zsh/mapfile  and  zsh/parameter)  are  automatically  given  the -h attribute to avoid name
                     clashes.

              -H     Hide value: specifies that typeset will not display the value of the parameter when listing
                     parameters;  the  display  for such parameters is always as if the `+' flag had been given.
                     Use of the parameter is in other respects normal, and the option  does  not  apply  if  the
                     parameter  is  specified  by name, or by pattern with the -m option.  This is on by default
                     for the parameters in the zsh/parameter  and  zsh/mapfile  modules.   Note,  however,  that
                     unlike the -h flag this is also useful for non-special parameters.

              -i [ n ]
                     Use  an  internal integer representation.  If n is nonzero it defines the output arithmetic
                     base, otherwise it is determined by the first assignment.  Bases from 2 to 36 inclusive are
                     allowed.

              -E [ n ]
                     Use  an  internal  double-precision  floating point representation.  On output the variable
                     will be converted to scientific notation.  If  n  is  nonzero  it  defines  the  number  of
                     significant figures to display; the default is ten.

              -F [ n ]
                     Use  an  internal  double-precision  floating point representation.  On output the variable
                     will be converted to fixed-point decimal notation.  If n is nonzero it defines  the  number
                     of digits to display after the decimal point; the default is ten.

              -l     Convert  the  result  to  lower  case whenever the parameter is expanded.  The value is not
                     converted when assigned.

              -r     The given names are marked readonly.  Note  that  if  name  is  a  special  parameter,  the
                     readonly attribute can be turned on, but cannot then be turned off.

                     If  the  POSIX_BUILTINS  option  is  set, the readonly attribute is more restrictive: unset
                     variables can be marked  readonly  and  cannot  then  be  set;  furthermore,  the  readonly
                     attribute  cannot  be removed from any variable.  Note that in zsh (unlike other shells) it
                     is still possible to create a local variable of the same  name  as  this  is  considered  a
                     different variable (though this variable, too, can be marked readonly).

              -t     Tags  the  named  parameters.   Tags have no special meaning to the shell.  This flag has a
                     different meaning when used with -f; see above.

              -u     Convert the result to upper case whenever the parameter is  expanded.   The  value  is  not
                     converted when assigned.  This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see above.

              -x     Mark  for  automatic  export  to the environment of subsequently executed commands.  If the
                     option GLOBAL_EXPORT is set, this implies the option  -g,  unless  +g  is  also  explicitly
                     given;  in  other words the parameter is not made local to the enclosing function.  This is
                     for compatibility with previous versions of zsh.

       ulimit [ -HSa ] [ { -bcdfiklmnpqrsTtvwx | -N resource } [ limit ] ... ]
              Set or display resource limits of the shell and the processes started by the shell.  The value  of
              limit  can be a number in the unit specified below or one of the values `unlimited', which removes
              the limit on the resource, or `hard', which uses the current  value  of  the  hard  limit  on  the
              resource.

              By  default,  only soft limits are manipulated. If the -H flag is given use hard limits instead of
              soft limits.  If the -S flag is given together with the -H flag set both hard and soft limits.

              If no options are used, the file size limit (-f) is assumed.

              If limit is omitted the current value of the specified resources are printed.  When more than  one
              resource value is printed, the limit name and unit is printed before each value.

              When  looping  over  multiple  resources,  the  shell will abort immediately if it detects a badly
              formed argument.  However, if it fails to set a limit for  some  other  reason  it  will  continue
              trying to set the remaining limits.

              Not  all  the following resources are supported on all systems.  Running ulimit -a will show which
              are supported.

              -a     Lists all of the current resource limits.
              -b     Socket buffer size in bytes (N.B. not kilobytes)
              -c     512-byte blocks on the size of core dumps.
              -d     Kilobytes on the size of the data segment.
              -f     512-byte blocks on the size of files written.
              -i     The number of pending signals.
              -k     The number of kqueues allocated.
              -l     Kilobytes on the size of locked-in memory.
              -m     Kilobytes on the size of physical memory.
              -n     open file descriptors.
              -p     The number of pseudo-terminals.
              -q     Bytes in POSIX message queues.
              -r     Maximum real time priority.  On some systems where this is not available, such  as  NetBSD,
                     this has the same effect as -T for compatibility with sh.
              -s     Kilobytes on the size of the stack.
              -T     The number of simultaneous threads available to the user.
              -t     CPU seconds to be used.
              -u     The number of processes available to the user.
              -v     Kilobytes  on  the size of virtual memory.  On some systems this refers to the limit called
                     `address space'.
              -w     Kilobytes on the size of swapped out memory.
              -x     The number of locks on files.

              A resource may also be specified by integer in the form `-N resource', where resource  corresponds
              to  the  integer  defined  for  the resource by the operating system.  This may be used to set the
              limits for resources known to the shell which do not correspond to option  letters.   Such  limits
              will be shown by number in the output of `ulimit -a'.

              The  number  may  alternatively  be out of the range of limits compiled into the shell.  The shell
              will try to read or write the limit anyway, and will report an error if this fails.

       umask [ -S ] [ mask ]
              The umask is set to mask.  mask can be either an octal number or a symbolic value as described  in
              chmod(1).   If mask is omitted, the current value is printed.  The -S option causes the mask to be
              printed as a symbolic value.  Otherwise, the mask is printed as an octal number.  Note that in the
              symbolic  form  the  permissions you specify are those which are to be allowed (not denied) to the
              users specified.

       unalias [ -ams ] name ...
              Removes aliases.  This command works the same as unhash -a, except that the -a option removes  all
              regular  or  global  aliases,  or  with  -s all suffix aliases: in this case no name arguments may
              appear.  The options -m (remove by pattern) and -s  without  -a  (remove  listed  suffix  aliases)
              behave as for unhash -a.  Note that the meaning of -a is different between unalias and unhash.

       unfunction
              Same as unhash -f.

       unhash [ -adfms ] name ...
              Remove  the  element  named name from an internal hash table.  The default is remove elements from
              the command hash table.  The -a option causes unhash to remove regular  or  global  aliases;  note
              when  removing a global aliases that the argument must be quoted to prevent it from being expanded
              before being passed to the command.  The -s option causes unhash to remove suffix aliases.  The -f
              option  causes  unhash  to  remove  shell functions.  The -d options causes unhash to remove named
              directories.  If the -m flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns (should be  quoted)  and
              all elements of the corresponding hash table with matching names will be removed.

       unlimit [ -hs ] resource ...
              The  resource  limit  for each resource is set to the hard limit.  If the -h flag is given and the
              shell has appropriate privileges, the hard resource limit  for  each  resource  is  removed.   The
              resources of the shell process are only changed if the -s flag is given.

              The  unlimit  command  is  not made available by default when the shell starts in a mode emulating
              another shell.  It can be made available with the command `zmodload -F zsh/rlimits b:unlimit'.

       unset [ -fmv ] name ...
              Each named parameter is unset.  Local parameters remain local even if  unset;  they  appear  unset
              within scope, but the previous value will still reappear when the scope ends.

              Individual  elements  of  associative  array  parameters may be unset by using subscript syntax on
              name, which should be quoted (or the entire command prefixed with noglob) to protect the subscript
              from filename generation.

              If  the  -m  flag  is  specified  the  arguments  are taken as patterns (should be quoted) and all
              parameters with matching  names  are  unset.   Note  that  this  cannot  be  used  when  unsetting
              associative array elements, as the subscript will be treated as part of the pattern.

              The -v flag specifies that name refers to parameters. This is the default behaviour.

              unset -f is equivalent to unfunction.

       unsetopt [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o option_name ] [ name ... ]
              Unset  the  options  for the shell.  All options specified either with flags or by name are unset.
              If no arguments are supplied, the names of all options currently unset are  printed.   If  the  -m
              flag  is  given  the arguments are taken as patterns (which should be quoted to preserve them from
              being interpreted as glob patterns), and all options with names matching these patterns are unset.

       vared  See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       wait [ job ... ]
              Wait for the specified jobs or processes.  If job is not given then  all  currently  active  child
              processes  are  waited for.  Each job can be either a job specification or the process ID of a job
              in the job table.  The exit status from this command is that of the job waited for.

              It is possible to wait for recent processes (specified by  process  ID,  not  by  job)  that  were
              running  in  the  background  even  if  the  process has exited.  Typically the process ID will be
              recorded by capturing the value of the variable $! immediately after the process has been started.
              There  is a limit on the number of process IDs remembered by the shell; this is given by the value
              of the system configuration parameter CHILD_MAX.  When this limit is reached,  older  process  IDs
              are discarded, least recently started processes first.

              Note there is no protection against the process ID wrapping, i.e. if the wait is not executed soon
              enough there is a chance the process waited for is the wrong one.  A conflict implies both process
              IDs  have  been  generated by the shell, as other processes are not recorded, and that the user is
              potentially interested in both, so this problem is intrinsic to process IDs.

       whence [ -vcwfpamsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name.

              whence is most useful when name is only the last path  component  of  a  command,  i.e.  does  not
              include  a  `/'; in particular, pattern matching only succeeds if just the non-directory component
              of the command is passed.

              -v     Produce a more verbose report.

              -c     Print the results in a csh-like format.  This takes precedence over -v.

              -w     For each name, print `name: word' where word is one of alias, builtin,  command,  function,
                     hashed, reserved or none, according as name corresponds to an alias, a built-in command, an
                     external command, a shell function, a command defined with the  hash  builtin,  a  reserved
                     word, or is not recognised.  This takes precedence over -v and -c.

              -f     Causes  the  contents of a shell function to be displayed, which would otherwise not happen
                     unless the -c flag were used.

              -p     Do a path search for name even if it is an alias, reserved word, shell function or builtin.

              -a     Do a search for all occurrences of name throughout the command  path.   Normally  only  the
                     first occurrence is printed.

              -m     The  arguments  are  taken  as  patterns  (pattern  characters  should  be quoted), and the
                     information is displayed for each command matching one of these patterns.

              -s     If a pathname contains symlinks, print the symlink-free pathname as well.

              -S     As -s, but if the  pathname  had  to  be  resolved  by  following  multiple  symlinks,  the
                     intermediate  steps  are printed, too.  The symlink resolved at each step might be anywhere
                     in the path.

              -x num Expand tabs when outputting shell functions using the -c option.  This has the same  effect
                     as the -x option to the functions builtin.

       where [ -wpmsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -ca.

       which [ -wpamsS ] [ -x num ] name ...
              Equivalent to whence -c.

       zcompile [ -U ] [ -z | -k ] [ -R | -M ] file [ name ... ]
       zcompile -ca [ -m ] [ -R | -M ] file [ name ... ]
       zcompile -t file [ name ... ]
              This  builtin  command can be used to compile functions or scripts, storing the compiled form in a
              file, and to examine files containing the  compiled  form.   This  allows  faster  autoloading  of
              functions and execution of scripts by avoiding parsing of the text when the files are read.

              The  first  form  (without  the  -c,  -a or -t options) creates a compiled file.  If only the file
              argument is given, the output file has the  name  `file.zwc'  and  will  be  placed  in  the  same
              directory  as the file.  The shell will load the compiled file instead of the normal function file
              when the function is autoloaded; see the section  `Autoloading  Functions'  in  zshmisc(1)  for  a
              description  of  how  autoloaded  functions are searched.  The extension .zwc stands for `zsh word
              code'.

              If there is at least one name argument, all the named files are  compiled  into  the  output  file
              given  as  the  first  argument.   If  file  does not end in .zwc, this extension is automatically
              appended.  Files containing multiple  compiled  functions  are  called  `digest'  files,  and  are
              intended to be used as elements of the FPATH/fpath special array.

              The  second  form,  with  the  -c or -a options, writes the compiled definitions for all the named
              functions into file.  For -c, the names must be functions currently  defined  in  the  shell,  not
              those  marked for autoloading.  Undefined functions that are marked for autoloading may be written
              by using the -a option, in which case the fpath is searched and the  contents  of  the  definition
              files  for  those functions, if found, are compiled into file.  If both -c and -a are given, names
              of both defined functions and functions marked for autoloading may be given.  In either case,  the
              functions  in  files  written  with  the -c or -a option will be autoloaded as if the KSH_AUTOLOAD
              option were unset.

              The reason for handling loaded and not-yet-loaded functions with different options  is  that  some
              definition  files  for autoloading define multiple functions, including the function with the same
              name as the file, and, at the end, call that function.  In such cases the output of `zcompile  -c'
              does  not  include the additional functions defined in the file, and any other initialization code
              in the file is lost.  Using `zcompile -a' captures all this extra information.

              If the -m option is combined with -c or -a, the names are used as patterns and all functions whose
              names  match  one  of  these patterns will be written. If no name is given, the definitions of all
              functions currently defined or marked as autoloaded will be written.

              Note the second form cannot be used for compiling functions that include redirections as  part  of
              the definition rather than within the body of the function; for example

                     fn1() { { ... } >~/logfile }

              can be compiled but

                     fn1() { ... } >~/logfile

              cannot.   It  is possible to use the first form of zcompile to compile autoloadable functions that
              include the full function definition instead of just the body of the function.

              The third form, with  the  -t  option,  examines  an  existing  compiled  file.   Without  further
              arguments,  the names of the original files compiled into it are listed.  The first line of output
              shows the version of the shell which compiled the file and how the file  will  be  used  (i.e.  by
              reading  it  directly  or  by  mapping it into memory).  With arguments, nothing is output and the
              return status is set to zero if definitions for all names were found in  the  compiled  file,  and
              non-zero if the definition for at least one name was not found.

              Other options:

              -U     Aliases are not expanded when compiling the named files.

              -R     When  the  compiled  file  is read, its contents are copied into the shell's memory, rather
                     than memory-mapped (see -M).  This happens automatically on systems  that  do  not  support
                     memory mapping.

                     When compiling scripts instead of autoloadable functions, it is often desirable to use this
                     option; otherwise the whole file, including the code to define functions which have already
                     been defined, will remain mapped, consequently wasting memory.

              -M     The  compiled  file is mapped into the shell's memory when read. This is done in such a way
                     that multiple instances of the shell running on the same host will share this mapped  file.
                     If neither -R nor -M is given, the zcompile builtin decides what to do based on the size of
                     the compiled file.

              -k
              -z     These options are  used  when  the  compiled  file  contains  functions  which  are  to  be
                     autoloaded.  If  -z is given, the function will be autoloaded as if the KSH_AUTOLOAD option
                     is not set, even if it is set at the time the compiled file is read, while  if  the  -k  is
                     given,  the  function  will  be  loaded as if KSH_AUTOLOAD is set.  These options also take
                     precedence over any -k or -z options specified to the autoload builtin. If neither of these
                     options  is  given,  the  function  will  be  loaded  as  determined  by the setting of the
                     KSH_AUTOLOAD option at the time the compiled file is read.

                     These options may also appear as many times  as  necessary  between  the  listed  names  to
                     specify the loading style of all following functions, up to the next -k or -z.

                     The  created  file  always contains two versions of the compiled format, one for big-endian
                     machines and one for small-endian machines.  The upshot of this is that the  compiled  file
                     is  machine  independent and if it is read or mapped, only one half of the file is actually
                     used (and mapped).

       zformat
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zftp   See the section `The zsh/zftp Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zle    See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).

       zmodload [ -dL ] [ ... ]
       zmodload -F [ -alLme -P param ] module [ [+-]feature ... ]
       zmodload -e [ -A ] [ ... ]
       zmodload [ -a [ -bcpf [ -I ] ] ] [ -iL ] ...
       zmodload -u [ -abcdpf [ -I ] ] [ -iL ] ...
       zmodload -A [ -L ] [ modalias[=module] ... ]
       zmodload -R modalias ...
              Performs operations relating to zsh's loadable modules.  Loading of modules  while  the  shell  is
              running  (`dynamical  loading') is not available on all operating systems, or on all installations
              on a particular operating system, although the zmodload command itself is always available and can
              be  used  to  manipulate  modules  built  into  versions of the shell executable without dynamical
              loading.

              Without arguments the names of all currently loaded binary modules are  printed.   The  -L  option
              causes this list to be in the form of a series of zmodload commands.  Forms with arguments are:

              zmodload [ -i ] name ...
              zmodload -u [ -i ] name ...
                     In  the simplest case, zmodload loads a binary module.  The module must be in a file with a
                     name consisting of the specified name followed by a standard suffix, usually  `.so'  (`.sl'
                     on  HPUX).   If  the module to be loaded is already loaded the duplicate module is ignored.
                     If zmodload detects an inconsistency, such as an invalid module name or circular dependency
                     list,  the  current  code  block  is  aborted.    Hence  `zmodload  module  2>/dev/null' is
                     sufficient to test whether a module is available.  If it is available, the module is loaded
                     if  necessary,  while  if  it  is not available, non-zero status is silently returned.  The
                     option -i is accepted for compatibility but has no effect.

                     The named module is searched for in the same way a command is, using  $module_path  instead
                     of  $path.  However, the path search is performed even when the module name contains a `/',
                     which it usually does.  There is no way to prevent the path search.

                     If the module supports features (see below), zmodload tries to  enable  all  features  when
                     loading  a  module.   If  the  module was successfully loaded but not all features could be
                     enabled, zmodload returns status 2.

                     With -u, zmodload unloads modules.  The same name must be given that  was  given  when  the
                     module was loaded, but it is not necessary for the module to exist in the file system.  The
                     -i option suppresses the error if the module is already unloaded (or was never loaded).

                     Each module has a boot and a cleanup function.  The module will not be loaded if  its  boot
                     function  fails.   Similarly  a  module  can  only be unloaded if its cleanup function runs
                     successfully.

              zmodload -F [ -almLe -P param ] module [ [+-]feature ... ]
                     zmodload -F allows more selective control over the features provided by modules.   With  no
                     options apart from -F, the module named module is loaded, if it was not already loaded, and
                     the list of features is set to the required state.   If  no  features  are  specified,  the
                     module  is  loaded,  if  it was not already loaded, but the state of features is unchanged.
                     Each feature may be preceded by a + to turn the feature on, or - to turn it off; the  +  is
                     assumed  if  neither character is present.  Any feature not explicitly mentioned is left in
                     its current state; if the module was not previously loaded this  means  any  such  features
                     will  remain disabled.  The return status is zero if all features were set, 1 if the module
                     failed to load, and 2 if some features could not be set (for example, a parameter  couldn't
                     be  added  because  there  was  a  different parameter of the same name) but the module was
                     loaded.

                     The standard features are builtins, conditions, parameters and math  functions;  these  are
                     indicated  by  the  prefix  `b:',  `c:'  (`C:'  for  an  infix  condition),  `p:' and `f:',
                     respectively, followed by the name that the corresponding feature would have in the  shell.
                     For example, `b:strftime' indicates a builtin named strftime and p:EPOCHSECONDS indicates a
                     parameter named EPOCHSECONDS.  The module may provide other (`abstract')  features  of  its
                     own as indicated by its documentation; these have no prefix.

                     With  -l  or  -L,  features  provided  by  the module are listed.  With -l alone, a list of
                     features together with their states is shown, one feature  per  line.   With  -L  alone,  a
                     zmodload  -F  command  that  would  cause enabled features of the module to be turned on is
                     shown.  With -lL, a zmodload -F command that would cause all the  features  to  be  set  to
                     their  current  state  is  shown.  If one of these combinations is given with the option -P
                     param then the parameter param is set to an array of  features,  either  features  together
                     with their state or (if -L alone is given) enabled features.

                     With  the option -L the module name may be omitted; then a list of all enabled features for
                     all modules providing features is printed in the form of zmodload -F commands.   If  -l  is
                     also given, the state of both enabled and disabled features is output in that form.

                     A  set  of  features may be provided together with -l or -L and a module name; in that case
                     only the state of those features is considered.  Each feature may be preceded by + or - but
                     the  character  has  no  effect.   If  no  set  of  features  is provided, all features are
                     considered.

                     With -e, the command first tests that the module is loaded; if  it  is  not,  status  1  is
                     returned.   If the module is loaded, the list of features given as an argument is examined.
                     Any feature given with no prefix is simply tested to see if the  module  provides  it;  any
                     feature  given with a prefix + or - is tested to see if is provided and in the given state.
                     If the tests on all features in the list succeed, status 0 is returned, else status 1.

                     With -m, each entry in the given list of features is taken  as  a  pattern  to  be  matched
                     against  the  list  of  features  provided  by the module.  An initial + or - must be given
                     explicitly.  This may not be combined with the -a option as  autoloads  must  be  specified
                     explicitly.

                     With -a, the given list of features is marked for autoload from the specified module, which
                     may not yet be loaded.  An optional + may appear before the feature name.  If  the  feature
                     is prefixed with -, any existing autoload is removed.  The options -l and -L may be used to
                     list autoloads.  Autoloading is specific to individual features; when the module is  loaded
                     only  the  requested  feature is enabled.  Autoload requests are preserved if the module is
                     subsequently unloaded until an explicit `zmodload -Fa module -feature' is  issued.   It  is
                     not an error to request an autoload for a feature of a module that is already loaded.

                     When  the  module is loaded each autoload is checked against the features actually provided
                     by the module; if the feature is not provided the autoload request is deleted.   A  warning
                     message  is  output; if the module is being loaded to provide a different feature, and that
                     autoload is successful, there is no effect on the status of the current  command.   If  the
                     module  is already loaded at the time when zmodload -Fa is run, an error message is printed
                     and status 1 returned.

                     zmodload -Fa can be used with the -l, -L, -e and -P options for  listing  and  testing  the
                     existence  of  autoloadable  features.   In  this  case  -l  is ignored if -L is specified.
                     zmodload -FaL with no module name lists autoloads for all modules.

                     Note that only standard features as described  above  can  be  autoloaded;  other  features
                     require the module to be loaded before enabling.

              zmodload -d [ -L ] [ name ]
              zmodload -d name dep ...
              zmodload -ud name [ dep ... ]
                     The  -d option can be used to specify module dependencies.  The modules named in the second
                     and subsequent arguments will be loaded before the module named in the first argument.

                     With -d and one argument, all dependencies for that module are  listed.   With  -d  and  no
                     arguments,  all  module  dependencies  are  listed.   This  listing  is  by  default  in  a
                     Makefile-like format.  The -L option changes this format to a list of zmodload -d commands.

                     If -d and -u are both used, dependencies are removed.  If only one argument is  given,  all
                     dependencies for that module are removed.

              zmodload -ab [ -L ]
              zmodload -ab [ -i ] name [ builtin ... ]
              zmodload -ub [ -i ] builtin ...
                     The  -ab  option defines autoloaded builtins.  It defines the specified builtins.  When any
                     of those builtins is called, the module specified in the first argument is loaded  and  all
                     its  features  are  enabled  (for  selective  control  of  features use `zmodload -F -a' as
                     described above).  If only the name is given, one builtin is defined, with the same name as
                     the  module.   -i suppresses the error if the builtin is already defined or autoloaded, but
                     not if another builtin of the same name is already defined.

                     With -ab and no arguments, all autoloaded builtins are listed, with  the  module  name  (if
                     different)  shown in parentheses after the builtin name.  The -L option changes this format
                     to a list of zmodload -a commands.

                     If -b is used together with the -u option, it removes builtins previously defined with -ab.
                     This  is  only  possible  if the builtin is not yet loaded.  -i suppresses the error if the
                     builtin is already removed (or never existed).

                     Autoload requests are retained if the module is subsequently  unloaded  until  an  explicit
                     `zmodload -ub builtin' is issued.

              zmodload -ac [ -IL ]
              zmodload -ac [ -iI ] name [ cond ... ]
              zmodload -uc [ -iI ] cond ...
                     The  -ac  option  is  used  to define autoloaded condition codes. The cond strings give the
                     names of the conditions defined by the module. The optional -I option  is  used  to  define
                     infix condition names. Without this option prefix condition names are defined.

                     If given no condition names, all defined names are listed (as a series of zmodload commands
                     if the -L option is given).

                     The -uc option removes definitions for autoloaded conditions.

              zmodload -ap [ -L ]
              zmodload -ap [ -i ] name [ parameter ... ]
              zmodload -up [ -i ] parameter ...
                     The -p option is like the -b  and  -c  options,  but  makes  zmodload  work  on  autoloaded
                     parameters instead.

              zmodload -af [ -L ]
              zmodload -af [ -i ] name [ function ... ]
              zmodload -uf [ -i ] function ...
                     The  -f  option  is  like the -b, -p, and -c options, but makes zmodload work on autoloaded
                     math functions instead.

              zmodload -a [ -L ]
              zmodload -a [ -i ] name [ builtin ... ]
              zmodload -ua [ -i ] builtin ...
                     Equivalent to -ab and -ub.

              zmodload -e [ -A ] [ string ... ]
                     The -e option without arguments lists all loaded modules; if the -A option is  also  given,
                     module  aliases corresponding to loaded modules are also shown.  If arguments are provided,
                     nothing is printed; the return status is set to zero if all strings given as arguments  are
                     names  of  loaded  modules  and  to  one  if at least on string is not the name of a loaded
                     module.  This can be used to test for the availability of things  implemented  by  modules.
                     In this case, any aliases are automatically resolved and the -A flag is not used.

              zmodload -A [ -L ] [ modalias[=module] ... ]
                     For  each  argument,  if both modalias and module are given, define modalias to be an alias
                     for the module module.  If the module modalias is ever subsequently requested, either via a
                     call  to  zmodload or implicitly, the shell will attempt to load module instead.  If module
                     is not given, show the definition of modalias.  If no arguments are given, list all defined
                     module  aliases.   When  listing,  if  the -L flag was also given, list the definition as a
                     zmodload command to recreate the alias.

                     The existence of aliases for modules is completely independent of whether the name resolved
                     is  actually  loaded  as a module: while the alias exists, loading and unloading the module
                     under any alias has exactly the same effect as using the resolved name, and does not affect
                     the  connection  between  the  alias  and  the resolved name which can be removed either by
                     zmodload -R or by redefining the alias.  Chains of aliases (i.e. where the  first  resolved
                     name  is itself an alias) are valid so long as these are not circular.  As the aliases take
                     the same format as module names, they may include path separators:  in this case, there  is
                     no requirement for any part of the path named to exist as the alias will be resolved first.
                     For example, `any/old/alias' is always a valid alias.

                     Dependencies added to aliased modules are actually added  to  the  resolved  module;  these
                     remain  if  the  alias is removed.  It is valid to create an alias whose name is one of the
                     standard shell modules and which resolves to a different module.  However, if a module  has
                     dependencies, it will not be possible to use the module name as an alias as the module will
                     already be marked as a loadable module in its own right.

                     Apart from the above, aliases can be used in the zmodload command anywhere module names are
                     required.   However,  aliases  will  not  be  shown  in lists of loaded modules with a bare
                     `zmodload'.

              zmodload -R modalias ...
                     For each modalias argument that was previously defined as a module alias via  zmodload  -A,
                     delete the alias.  If any was not defined, an error is caused and the remainder of the line
                     is ignored.

              Note that zsh makes no distinction between modules that were linked into  the  shell  and  modules
              that  are  loaded dynamically. In both cases this builtin command has to be used to make available
              the builtins and other things defined by  modules  (unless  the  module  is  autoloaded  on  these
              definitions). This is true even for systems that don't support dynamic loading of modules.

       zparseopts
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zprof  See the section `The zsh/zprof Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zpty   See the section `The zsh/zpty Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zregexparse
              See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zsocket
              See the section `The zsh/net/socket Module' in zshmodules(1).

       zstyle See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).

       ztcp   See the section `The zsh/net/tcp Module' in zshmodules(1).