Provided by: msktutil_1.0-1_amd64 
NAME
msktutil - fetches and manages kerberos keytabs in an Active Directory environment
SYNOPSIS
msktutil [mode] [parameter 1] [parameter 2] ...
DESCRIPTION
msktutil is a Unix/Linux keytab utility for Microsoft Active Directory environments. This program is
capable of creating accounts in Active Directory, adding service principals to those accounts, and
creating local keytab files so that kerberizied services can utilize Active Directory as a Kerberos
infrastructure. msktutil will create and manage machine accounts by default. The --use-service-account
option lets msktutil operate on service accounts. msktutil requires that the Kerberos client libraries
are properly installed and configured to use Active Directory as a realm.
Whenever a principal is added or a keytab is updated, the secret password for the corresponding account
is changed. By default, the password is not stored, so it needs to be reset each time msktutil is
executed. All entries in the keytab will be automatically updated whenever the password is reset. The
previous entries will be left in the keytab, so sessions using the older key versions will not break.
This behavior is similar to the way Windows hosts handle machine password changes.
CREDENTIALS
There are two common methods of using this program. The first is to "kinit" with Administrator-like
credentials which have permission to create computer objects in your Active Directory server. If you
invoke the program with such credentials, you can create a new computer account or service account from
scratch.
The second is to pre-create the accounts with such credentials, and then invoke msktutil on a machine
without any special permissions. When the computer account or service account exists already, msktutil
will attempt to authenticate as that account using either the existing keytab, or if that fails, a
default password. When that default password is not specified with the option --old-account-password,
msktutil will use the default machine password. It will then change the password and update the keytab
appropriately. This is usually the more convenient option when joining many computers to the domain.
To pre-create a computer account, you may use the Active Directory Users and Computers GUI, select "new
computer" from the right click menu, and type the short DNS name, then right click on the newly created
object and select "Reset account" to set the password to the default value. Another alternative is to
run msktutil in the pre-create mode. Both methods accomplish the same thing.
To pre-create a service account, you may use the Active Directory Users and Computers GUI, select "new
user" from the right click menu, fill in all required data, set the password to a specific value and use
setspn.exe to set the desired servicePrincipalName(s). You may also select "must change password at next
logon".
MODES
create Creates a keytab for the current host or a given service account. Equivalent to update --service
host.
update Forces a password change and updates all related service principal entries from the
servicePrincipalName and userPrincipalName attributes. Updates dNSHostName for machine accounts
and always updates msDS-supportedEncryptionTypes attributes with current values, and applies other
changes as specified.
auto-update
Checks if the password is at least 30 days old (from pwdLastSet attribute), and that the account
does not have password expiry disabled. If those conditions are met, acts just like msktutil
update. Will also update if the keytab failed to authenticate but the default password did work
(e.g. after resetting the account in AD). Otherwise, exits without doing anything (even if
attribute modifying options are given). This option is intended for use from a daily crontab to
ensure that the password is rotated regularly.
pre-create
Pre-create (or update) an account for the given host with default password. Does not use or
update local keytab. Requires -h or --computer-name argument. Implies --user-creds-only.
Generally requires administrator credentials.
flush Flushes out principals for the current accountname from the keytab, and makes corresponding
changes to the machine or service account.
cleanup
Deletes entries from the keytab that are no longer needed.
OPTIONS
COMMON OPTIONS
-v, --version
Displays version information
--help Displays a help message
--verbose
Enables verbose status messages. May be specified more then once to get LDAP debugging.
CONNECTION/SETUP OPTIONS
-b, --base <base>
Specifies a relative LDAP base when creating a new account. For example, specifying '-b OU=Unix'
for a computer named SERVER in an Active Directory domain example.com would create a computer
account in the LDAP path: CN=SERVER,OU=Unix,DC=EXAMPLE,DC=COM. This option can also be specified
by setting the MSKTUTIL_LDAP_BASE environment variable to the desired value.
If not specified, the default value is read from AD (and the default there, unless modified by an
admin, is CN=Computers for machine accounts and CN=Users for service accounts).
--computer-name <name>
Specifies that the new account should use <name> for the computer account name and the SAM Account
Name. Note that a '$' will be automatically appended to the SAM Account Name. Defaults to the
machine's hostname, excluding the realm, with dots replaced with dashes.
That is: if the realm is EXAMPLE.COM, and the hostname is FOO.EXAMPLE.COM, the default computer
name is FOO. If the hostname is FOO.BAR.EXAMPLE.COM, the default computer name is FOO-BAR.
--account-name <name>
An alias for --computer-name that can be used when operating on service accounts. Note that a '$'
will not be automatically appended to the SAM Account Name when using service accounts.
--old-account-password <password>
Use supplied account password for authentication. This is useful if the keytab does not yet exist
but the password of the computer account is known. This password will be changed by msktutil in
order to create or update the keytab
--password <new_password>
Specify the new account password instead of generating a random one. Consider the password policy
settings when defining the string.
-h, --hostname <name>
Overrides the current hostname to be used to be <name>. If this is not specified, the local host
name will be used. Note that the local name lookup service will be to qualify and resolve names
into fully-qualified names, including a domain extension. This affects the default hostname for
other arguments, and the default computer-name. The hostname is also used to set the dNSHostName
attribute.
-k, --keytab <file>
Specifies to use <file> for the keytab. This option can also be specified by setting the
MSKTUTIL_KEYTAB environment variable to the name of the desired keytab file. This keytab is both
read from, in order to authenticate as the given account, and written to, after updating the
account password. Default: /etc/krb5.keytab
--keytab-auth-as <name>
Specifies which principal name we should try to use, when we authenticate from a keytab. Normally,
msktutil will try to use the account name or the host principal for the current host. If this
option is specified, instead msktutil will try to use the given principal name first, and only
fall back to the default behavior if we fail to authenticate with the given name. This option can
be useful if you do not know the current password for the relevant account, do not have a keytab
with the account principal, but you do have a keytab with a service principal associated with that
account.
--server <server>
Specifies to use <server> as the domain controller. This affects both kerberos and ldap
operations. The server can also be specified by setting the MSKTUTIL_SERVER environment variable.
Default: looked up in DNS from the realm name.
--server-behind-nat
When the server is behind a firewall that performs Network Address Translation, KRB-PRIV messages
fail validation. This is because the IP address in the encrypted part of the message cannot be
rewritten in the NAT process. This option ignores the resulting error for the password change
process, allowing systems outside the NAT firewall to join the domain managed by servers inside
the NAT firewall.
--realm <realm>
Specifies to use <realm> as kerberos realm. Default: use the default_realm from [libdefaults]
section of krb5.conf.
--site <site>
Find and use domain controller in specific AD site. This option is ignored if option --server is
used.
-N, --no-reverse-lookups
Do not attempt to canonicalize the name of the domain controller via DNS reverse lookups. You may
need to do this if your client cannot resolve the PTR records for a domain controller or your DNS
servers store incorrect PTR records. Default: Use DNS reverse lookups to canonicalize DC names.
-n, --no-canonical-name
Do not attempt to canonicalize the hostname while creating names of kerberos principals. Instead
use supplied hostname. This may be needed for systems where forward and reverse DNS lookups do not
return the same (an dynamic dns system for example where lookup for myhost.mydomain returns IP
X.Y.Z.W , but lookup for IP X.Y.Z.W returns a name different than myhost.mydomain).
--user-creds-only
Don't attempt to authenticate with a keytab: only use user's credentials (from e.g. kinit). You
may need to do this to modify certain attributes that require Administrator credentials
(description, userAccountControl, userPrincipalName, in a default AD setup).
--auto-update-interval <days>
Number of <days> when msktutil auto-update will change the account password. Defaults to 30 days.
OBJECT TYPE/ATTRIBUTE-SETTING OPTIONS
--use-service-account
Create and maintain service accounts instead of machine accounts.
--delegation
Enables the account to be trusted for delegation. This option can also be enabled by setting the
MSKTUTIL_DELEGATION environment variable. This modifies the userAccountControl attribute.
Generally requires administrator credentials.
--description <text>
Sets the account's description attribute to the given text (or removes if text is ''). Generally
requires administrator credentials.
--disable-delegation
Disables the account from being trusted for delegation. This modifies the userAccountControl
attribute. Generally requires administrator credentials.
--disable-no-pac
Unsets the flag that disables the KDC's including of a PAC in the machine's service tickets. This
modifies the userAccountControl attribute. Generally requires administrator credentials.
--dont-expire-password
Sets the DONT_EXPIRE_PASSSWORD bit in the userAccountControl attribute, which disables password
expiry for this account. If you don't run a cron job to periodically rotate the keytab, you will
want to set this flag. Generally requires administrator credentials.
--do-expire-password
Unsets the DONT_EXPIRE_PASSWORD flag in the userAccountControl attribute. Generally requires
administrator credentials.
--enctypes <integer>
Sets the supported encryption types in the msDs-supportedEncryptionTypes field.
You may OR together the following values:
0x1=des-cbc-crc
0x2=des-cbc-md5
0x4=rc4-hmac-md5
0x8=aes128-cts-hmac-sha1
0x10=aes256-cts-hmac-sha1
This value is used to determine which encryption types AD will offer to use, and which encryption
types to put in the keytab.
If the value is set to 0x3 (that is: only the two DES types), it also attempts to set the DES-only
flag in userAccountControl.
Note: Windows 2008R2 refuses to use DES by default; you thus cannot use DES-only keys unless you
have enabled DES encryption for your domain first. Recent versions of MIT kerberos clients
similarly refuse to use DES by default.
Default: sets the value to 0x1C: that is, use anything but DES.
--allow-weak-crypto
Enables the usage of DES keys for authentication. This is equivalent to MIT's krb5.conf parameter
allow_weak_crypto.
--no-pac
Specifies that service tickets for this account should not contain a PAC. This modifies the
userAccountControl attribute. See Microsoft Knowledge Base article #832575 for details. This
option can also be specified by setting the MSKTUTIL_NO_PAC environment variable. Generally
requires administrator credentials.
-s, --service <principal>
Specifies a service principal to add to the account (and thus keytab, if appropriate). The
service is of the form <service>/<hostname>. If the hostname is omitted, assumes current
hostname. May be specified multiple times.
--remove-service <principal>
Specifies a service principal to remove from the account (and keytab if appropriate).
--upn <principal>
Sets the userPrincipalName attribute of the computer account or service account to be <principal>.
The userPrincipalName can be used in addition to the sAMAccountName (e.g. computername$ for
computer accounts) for kinit.
<principal> can be provided in short form (e.g. host/hostname.example.com) or in long form (e.g.
host/hostname.example.com@EXAMPLE.COM). In short form the default realm will automatically be
appended.
This operation requires administrator privileges.
--set-samba-secret
Use Samba's net changesecretpw command to locally set the machine account password in Samba's
secrets.tdb. $PATH need to include Samba's net command. Samba needs to be configured
appropriately.
--check-replication
Wait until the password change is reflected in LDAP. By default, msktutil exits once a password
update is successful and the new keytab is written. However, due to replication delays, LDAP
queries might still return an older key version number. If --check-replication is given, msktutil
waits until the key version number is updated on the queried LDAP server as well. Note that this
is just a sanity check: The new password is supposed to be accepted on all domain controllers once
the update succeeds, even if LDAP is not yet in sync. Turning on this option might substantially
increase the runtime of msktutil in some environments due to replication delays (eg. 15 to 30
minutes for common AD configurations). The default is not to check LDAP replication.
CLEANUP OPTIONS
--remove-old <number>
Removes entries from the keytab that are older than <number> days. The newest keytab entries will
be kept to prevent a total cleanup. I.e. it is not possible to produce an empty keytab with the
--remove-old option.
--remove-enctype <int>
Removes entries from the keytab with given encryption type. (See --enctypes for supported
encryption types.) Warning: it is possible to produce empty keytabs with the --remove-empty
option by successively removing all encryption types. Supported enctype strings are: des-cbc-
crc,des-cbc-md5, arcfour, aes128 and aes256.
NOTES
PASSWORD EXPIRY
Be aware that Windows machines will, by default, automatically change their account password every 30
days, and thus many domains have a 90-day password expiry window, after which your keytab will stop
working. There are two ways to deal with this:
a) (Preferred): Make sure you're running a daily cron job to run msktutil auto-update, which will change
the password automatically 30 days after it was last changed and update the keytab.
b) (Not preferred): disable password expiry for the account via the --dont-expire-password option (or
otherwise setting DONT_EXPIRE_PASSWORD flag in userAccountControl in AD).
PASSWORD POLICY ISSUES
This section only applies to msktutil --use-service-account.
While machine account passwords may be changed at any time, service accounts are user accounts and your
Active Directory domain may have special password policies for those user accounts. E.g., "minimum
password age" is typically set to 1 day, which means that you will have to wait for that time to pass
until you may invoke msktutil update --use-service-account.
OTHER NOTES
Unlike other kerberos implementations, Active Directory has only a single key for all of the principals
associated with an account. So, if you create a HTTP/hostname service principal, it will share the same
key as the host/hostname principal. If you want to isolate (security-wise) different service principals,
you may want to create a dedicated service account for them (with --use-service-account) and a separate
keytab file (with --keytab).
Also note: kinit -k 'host/computername' *will not work*, by default, even when that is a valid service
principal existing in your keytab. Active Directory does not allow you to authenticate as a service
principal, so do not use that as a test of whether the service principal is working. If you actually
want to authenticate as the computer account user, kinit -k 'computername$' instead.
If you really need to be able to authenticate as 'host/computername', you can also use the --upn argument
to set the userPrincipalName attribute (generally requires administrator credentials, not computer
account credentials). Both 'computername$' and the value of userPrincipalName are treated as valid
account names to kinit as.
msktutil will use kerberized LDAP operations to talk to domain controllers. To obtain a LDAP service
ticket, the DNS service will be used to construct the domain controllers LDAP principal name. If DNS is
misconfigured, this construction may fail. To work around this issue, you may specify the fully
qualified DNS name of your domain controller with the --server option and additionally use the --no-
reverse-lookups option.
Samba (www.samba.org) provides the net command that can be used to manage kerberos keytabs as well.
Using msktutil and commands like "net ads join" or "net ads keytab" together can lead to trouble. With
the --set-samba-secret option, msktutil can be used as a replacement for net.
Active Directory includes authorization data (e.g. information about group memberships) in Kerberos
tickets. This information is called PAC and may lead to very large ticket sizes. Especially HTTP
services are known to produce failures if that size exceeds the HTTP header size. If your service does
not make use of that PAC information (which is true for most Unix/Linux-services) you may just disable it
with the --no-pac option.
EXAMPLES
For unprivileged users the most common invocations are:
msktutil update --service host --service HTTP
This will update a computer account in Active Directory with a new password, write out a new keytab, and
ensure that it has both "host" and "HTTP" service principals are on it for the hostname.
msktutil auto-update
This is useful in a daily cron job to check and rotate the password automatically when it's 30 days old.
For users with admin privileges in AD, some common uses:
msktutil create --service host --service HTTP
This will create a computer account in Active Directory with a new password, write out a new keytab, and
ensure that it has both "host" and "HTTP" service principals are on it for the hostname.
msktutil pre-create --host computer1.example.com
This will pre-create an account for computer1 with the default password using your credentials. This can
be done on a central host, e.g. to script the addition of many hosts. You can then use msktutil create
on the hosts themselves (without special credentials) to join them to the domain.
msktutil --host afs --service afs --enctypes 0x03
This will create an afs/cell.name@REALM principal, and associate that principal with a computer account
called 'afs'. The principal will be marked as DES-only, which is required for AFS.
msktutil create --use-service-account --service HTTP/hostname.example.com --keytab /etc/apache/krb5.keytab --account-name srv-http --no-pac
This will create an HTTP/hostname.example.com@REALM principal, and associate that principal with a
service account called 'srv-http'. Corresponding Kerberos keys will be written to the keytab file
/etc/apache/krb5.keytab. The size of Kerberos tickets for that service will stay small because no PAC
information will be included.
msktutil create --service host/hostname --service host/hostname.example.com --set-samba-secret --enctypes 0x4
This will create a computer account in Active Directory that is compatible with Samba. The command
creates a new password, write out a new keytab, and ensure that it includes both "host/hostname" and
"host/hostname.example.com" as service principals (which is equivalent to what setspn.exe -R would do on
windows). The new computer password will be stored in Samba's secrets.tdb database to provide
interoperability with Samba. As Samba (version 3) only supports arcfour encrypted Kerberos tickets the
--enctypes option must be used to select only that encryption type.
msktutil cleanup --remove-old 10
Deletes all entries older than 10 days, keeping at least the last entry.
ENVIRONMENT
MSKTUTIL_LDAP_BASE
Specifies a relative LDAP base when creating a new account (see --base),
MSKTUTIL_KEYTAB
Specifies the keytab. Default: /etc/krb5.keytab (see --keytab),
MSKTUTIL_SERVER
Specifies the domain controller (see --server).
MSKTUTIL_DELEGATION
Enables the account to be trusted for delegation (see --delegation).
MSKTUTIL_NO_PAC
Specifies that service tickets for this account should not contain a PAC (see --no-pac).
AUTHORS
(C) 2004-2006 Dan Perry <dperry at pppl.gov>
(C) 2006 Brian Elliott Finley (finley at anl.gov)
(C) 2009-2010 Doug Engert (deengert at anl.gov)
(C) 2010 James Knight <foom at fuhm.net>
(C) 2010-2013 Ken Dreyer <ktdreyer at ktdreyer.com>
(C) 2012-2015 Mark Proehl <mark at mproehl.net>
(C) 2012-2015 Olaf Flebbe <of at oflebbe.de>
1.0 msktutil(1)