bionic (5) dacs.conf.5.gz

Provided by: dacs_1.4.38a-2build1_amd64 bug

NAME

       dacs.conf - DACS configuration files and directives

DESCRIPTION

       These files are part of the DACS suite.

       Nearly all DACS services and utilities consult a configuration file when they start up. Such things as
       the per-jurisdiction locations of access control files and log files, authentication processing, error
       handling, and run-time limits are specified in the configuration file. The recommended name for this file
       is dacs.conf and the DACS documentation will generally refer to it by that name. Site-wide configuration,
       which is optional, is typically put in a file named site.conf. Both files are XML documents, and consist
       of various sections, clauses, and directives, not unlike the httpd.conf configuration file used by
       Apache. Different federations and jurisdictions running on the same host may share these files or each
       might have its own separate configuration file; the former is more common since it reduces duplication
       and helps to prevent inconsistencies.

       Federations, jurisdictions, and other important concepts are discussed in dacs(1)[1].

           Note
           Unlike the "passive" configuration files found in most systems, the DACS configuration files are
           "active"; that is, configuration directives are evaluated as expressions within a run-time context
           that includes information related to the current request, web server, operating system, and DACS
           itself. By specifying the value of a directive as an expression rather than a simple string, the
           configuration under which a request is processed can adapt to, or depend on, the context in which it
           is made. Administrators do not need to use this capability, but it is available when flexibility is
           needed.

           Note
           Each configuration file is completely read and processed once, each time a DACS web service or
           utility is executed. Changes to the files take effect the next time the files are read; no
           recompilation or special action needs to be taken, and neither Apache nor any other server needs to
           be restarted. It is usually safe to make minor updates to the configuration files while DACS is
           operational, but it is better to temporarily deny all access if the web server is busy and more
           complicated changes are being made. Because DACS components abort if they encounter a configuration
           error (e.g., leading to all access to be denied, all authentication to fail, or a utility to become
           non-operational), temporarily introducing a configuration error will not usually cause any serious
           problems. Under heavy load or if complex authentication methods have been configured, however, it is
           prudent to stop the web server briefly while the old configuration files are replaced with the new
           ones.

           Tip
           While it may at first seem that DACS is difficult to configure, in practice the default configuration
           that comes with the DACS distribution is sufficient in many cases, and leaves only a few
           straightforward, site-dependent directives to be specified. Many administrators will never need to
           use the more advanced configuration features.

           Tip
           •   The DACS distribution includes a prototype version of site.conf, found in conf/site.conf-std,
               which establishes reasonable defaults based on DACS build-time arguments. It may need some
               customization for the local environment. By default, DACS looks for the site configuration file
               in federations/site.conf, relative to the DACS installation directory; conf/site.conf-std can be
               copied there and any necessary customizations made.

           •   A command to validate and display configuration, dacsconf(1)[2] is available, as is a simple web
               service, dacs_conf(8)[3]. Until you become comfortable with configuration files, consider running
               one of them after making changes. A fatal configuration error will prevent DACS from running and
               access to all DACS-wrapped resources will be denied.

   Locating dacs.conf and site.conf
       The locations of dacs.conf and site.conf may be specified with the web server configuration, in an
       environment variable, through a command line flag, or at compile time. A single configuration file can
       provide directives for multiple DACS jurisdictions. For example, if a machine is hosting more than one
       DACS jurisdiction, they can each use the same DACS binaries.

           Note
           Most DACS commands and web services require the dacs.conf file to exist; the exceptions are a few
           "standalone" programs, such as dacshttp(1)[4]. The site.conf file is not required; if a location has
           been configured and the file exists, however, it must be readable and by convention should contain
           default values appropriate for the installed release.

       Command line flags common to many DACS programs are described in dacs(1)[5].

       So that dacs_acs(8)[6] (which is invoked by the mod_auth_dacs[7] module) can find its configuration, the
       location of dacs.conf can be specified in Apache's httpd.conf file using the SetDACSAuthConf directive.
       It may instead, however, be specified through the DACS_CONF environment variable, on the command line, or
       using a build-time default. Similarly, the location of site.conf can be specified in Apache's httpd.conf
       file using the SetDACSAuthSiteConf directive, through the DACS_SITE_CONF environment variable, on the
       command line, or using a build-time default.

       If the location of dacs.conf (site.conf) is not given at run-time, a compile-time value of the symbol
       DACS_CONF (DACS_SITE_CONF) will be used if possible. This is the usual case for programs other than
       dacs_acs. It is a fatal error if a DACS service can't locate dacs.conf.

       Regardless of how the location of dacs.conf is specified, DACS performs string interpolation on the
       pathname. If interpolation fails, DACS will encounter a fatal error because it will not be able to locate
       its configuration file.

       Path Interpolation
           Path interpolation is available using a syntax and method similar to Apache's mod_vhost_alias[8]
           module. Interpolation is always performed to determine the locations of several resources used by
           DACS, such as dacs.conf and site.conf, and with DACS's LOG_FILE[9] directive, regardless of the
           manner in which the location is provided to DACS. It is applied whether the location of dacs.conf is
           specified using the -u command line flag or the Apache (mod_auth_dacs) SetDACSAuthConf directive, for
           instance.

           The functionality can also be accessed using the pathname()[10] function.

           The strings that may be interpolated into the pathname are obtained from the execution environment,
           in particular the URI authority information (based on Apache's SERVER_NAME and SERVER_PORT
           environment variables), the URI service path (described below), build-time configuration, and the
           applicable Jurisdiction section's distinguishing URI.

           Interpolation is controlled by printf-like format specifiers, as follows:

           %%
               Insert a literal percent character

           %a
               Insert the application name, which is obtained from the filename component of the program's
               argv[0] argument

           %bA
               Insert the absolute pathname of the root of the Apache installation directory, specified at
               build-time (APACHE_HOME)

           %bD
               Insert the absolute pathname of the root of the DACS installation directory, specified at
               build-time (DACS_HOME)

           %p
               Insert the port number of the virtual host (SERVER_PORT)

           %N.M
               Insert one or more components of the name, or a substring of those subcomponents.  N and M are
               numbers used to select part of the SERVER_NAME string (a domain name or IP address).  N selects
               from the dot-separated components of SERVER_NAME, while M selects characters within whatever N
               has selected.  M is optional and defaults to zero if it isn't present. The dot must be present if
               and only if M is also present. If N or M are greater than the number of parts available, a single
               underscore is interpolated. The numbers are interpreted as follows:

               0 or 1+ or -1+
                   the whole name

               1
                   the first part

               2
                   the second name

               -1
                   the last part

               -2
                   the next-to-last part

               2+
                   the second and all following parts

               -2+
                   the next-to-last and all preceding parts

           %s[N.M]
               This is a synonym for %N.M, with %s being equivalent to %0.

                   Note
                   In cases where the character following %s should not be interpreted as part of the format, it
                   must be escaped (e.g., %s%2).

           %u[N.M]
               This functions like the %s specifier except that it is applied to the URI service path (described
               below) for the current request, which has slash-separated components.  %u is equivalent to %u0.
               For example, if the URI service path is "example.com/metalogic", %u1 would be "example.com", %u2
               would be "metalogic", and %u0 (and %u and %u1+) would be "example.com/metalogic".

                   Note
                   In cases where the character following %u should be interpolated verbatim and not interpreted
                   as part of the specifier, it must be escaped (e.g., %u%2).

           %U[N.M]
               This functions like the %u specifier except that it is applied to the applicable Jurisdiction
               section's[11] distinguishing URI (described below).  %U is equivalent to %U0.

                   Note
                   •   Because the applicable Jurisdiction section is not known until after configuration
                       processing has started, this specifier cannot be used to describe the location of
                       configuration files.

                   •   In cases where the character following %U should be interpolated verbatim and not
                       interpreted as part of the specifier, it must be escaped (e.g., %U%2).

           Other format specifiers
               If a % is followed by an unrecognized specifier, that character is inserted verbatim.

           Other characters
               All other characters are inserted verbatim

           For example, if SERVER_NAME is dss.example.com and SERVER_PORT is 8080, then the Apache directive:

               SetDACSAuthConf dacs-acs "/usr/local/apache2/conf/dacs/%2+/dacs.conf"

           will expand the path to /usr/local/apache2/conf/dacs/example.com/dacs.conf. The command line flag:

               -c /usr/local/dacs/%1%.%p/dacs.conf

           specifies the location of the configuration file to be /usr/local/dacs/dss.8080/dacs.conf.

           The %u specifier interpolates the URI service path, or portions thereof, which is the string
           HTTP_HOST/REQUEST_URI (without a query component). When a DACS service is invoked as a CGI, this will
           be the usual case; the URI service path is undefined if either of those environment variables is
           unavailable, however.

   File Format
       dacs.conf is an XML document that conforms to Configuration.dtd[12].

       A dacs.conf file consists of an optional Default section followed by zero or more Jurisdiction sections.
       Either type of section consists of DACS directives or XML elements, called clauses, that contain DACS
       directives. There are three kinds of clauses: Auth clauses, Roles clauses, and Transfer clauses.

       Just to give its flavour, here's an incomplete dacs.conf file:

           <Configuration>
             <Default>
               LOG_FILE "${Conf::DACS_HOME}/logs/logfile"
               FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
               FEDERATION_NAME "ROOT"
               LOG_LEVEL "notice"
               SSL_PROG "/usr/local/dacs/bin/sslclient"
             </Default>

             <!-- Configuration of first jurisdiction -->
             <Jurisdiction uri="dss.example.com">
               JURISDICTION_NAME "DSS"
               <Auth id="auth_name">
                 URL "https://dss.example.com/cgi-bin/dacs/local_unix_authenticate"
                 STYLE "pass"
                 CONTROL "sufficient"
               </Auth>
              </Jurisdiction>

             <!-- Configuration of second jurisdiction -->
              <Jurisdiction uri="dss.example.com/foo">
                JURISDICTION_NAME "FOO"
              </Jurisdiction>

             <!-- Configuration of third jurisdiction -->
              <Jurisdiction uri="metalogic.example.com">
                JURISDICTION_NAME "METALOGIC"
              </Jurisdiction>
            </Configuration>

       The structure of site.conf is only slightly different. The Default section is mandatory in site.conf and
       no Jurisdiction sections are allowed.

           Note
           Because the configuration files are XML documents, characters special to XML must be properly
           escaped. In particular, an ampersand character must always be written as &amp; and a < character must
           be written as &lt;.

       Although the XML format of the DACS configuration files is easily understood and fairly readable, and
       they can be modified using any text editor, there is nothing to prevent a special-purpose tool from being
       used.

   The Default Section
       The purpose of the Default section in dacs.conf is to establish default values for directives that tend
       to be shared amongst all of the Jurisdiction sections that appear in dacs.conf. The Default section is
       optional; if present, it must appear before any Jurisdiction section in dacs.conf.

       The site.conf file, if it exists, consists of only a Default section. Directives that are common to all
       of a site's dacs.conf files might be put in site.conf.

       Any configuration directive or clause may appear in the Default section.

   The Jurisdiction Section
       Each Jurisdiction section contains configuration directives that are associated with a particular
       jurisdiction. These directives override those found anywhere else, as described below.

   Section Merging and Directive Evaluation
       The three types of configuration sections are merged as follows. First, directives and clauses that
       appear in the site.conf Default section are overridden by those that appear in the dacs.conf Default
       section. The resulting directives and clauses are in turn overridden by those that appear in the selected
       Jurisdiction section. Usually, site.conf will contain the standard default directives that come with the
       installed release of DACS, the dacs.conf Default section will contain directives common to all of the
       jurisdictions defined on the host that are in the same federation, and each Jurisdiction section will
       contain directives specific to that jurisdiction.

       The exception to this merging procedure is directives in the Stack category[13]. Instead of overriding,
       these directives accumulate.

       The order in which directives (but not clauses) appear within a section is not significant, even with
       respect to references to variables in the Conf namespace[14], with the exception of the EVAL
       directive[15].

       Only after directives in the three sections are merged are their right-hand sides evaluated (again, with
       the exception of EVAL[15]) to determine the value of each directive. Therefore, if a directive appears in
       both the Default section and the Jurisdiction section, the instances in the Default section will not have
       their directive values evaluated; they will simply be discarded (with the exception of the Stack
       directive category).

       The undef() directive
           As a special case, if a directive is given the special value returned by undef()[16], the instance of
           the directive is deleted. This provides a way to conditionally include or exclude a directive
           depending on the execution environment. For example, this directive increases the debugging level for
           DACS web services but not for commands:

               LOG_LEVEL ${Env::REMOTE_ADDR:e} ? "TRACE" : undef()

               Note
               Because of the way configuration files are currently processed, the check for directive category
               satisfaction happens before right-hand side evaluation. This means that in any particular section
               only one instance of a given directive in the Required1 category may appear (see Directive
               Categories[13]), even if just one would be included after the evaluation step.

       Fatal errors
           It is a fatal error to reference an undefined variable unless the e or ?  modifier flag[17] is used
           in the variable reference. Recursive variable references are detected and result in a fatal error. If
           a directive ends up not being evaluated, it does not matter whether its right-hand side is invalid
           (or would be if evaluated).

               Note
               When a fatal error occurs during configuration processing, a DACS web service tries to terminate
               gracefully. But because directives (including error handling directives) may not have been
               processed correctly, or even at all, there is no guarantee that an error handler (such as one
               defined by the ACS_ERROR_HANDLER[18] directive) will be invoked or a requested output format will
               be honoured during abnormal termination. A non-zero exit process status is always returned.

       An example
           Consider the following configuration excerpts:

               # In site.conf:
                 LOG_LEVEL "debug"

               # In the dacs.conf Default section:
                 LOG_LEVEL "notice"

               # In the dacs.conf Jurisdiction section:
                 LOG_LEVEL "trace"

           After configuration processing, the directive LOG_LEVEL will be set to "trace", and the variable
           ${Conf::LOG_LEVEL} will have that value during configuration processing.

           Here are some excerpts from a dacs.conf file:

               # In the Default section:
                 FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
                 FEDERATION_NAME "EXAMPLE"

               # In the Jurisdiction section:
                 JURISDICTION_NAME "DEMO"
                 VFS "[abc]dacs-fs:${Conf::FEDERATIONS_ROOT}/${Conf::FEDERATION_DOMAIN}\
               /${Conf::JURISDICTION_NAME}/abc"

           When computing the VFS directive's value in the example above, the values of the FEDERATIONS_ROOT
           variable (determined at build-time) and the FEDERATION_DOMAIN and JURISDICTION_NAME configuration
           directives are interpolated. Directives in site.conf may reference configuration variables that are
           defined in dacs.conf.

           Given the configuration:

               # In site.conf:
                 VFS "[dtds]dacs-fs:/usr/local/dacs/www/dtd-xsd"

               # In the dacs.conf Default section:
                 VFS "[dtds]dacs-fs:/usr/local/dacs/dtd-xsd"

               # In the dacs.conf Jurisdiction section:
                 VFS "[dtds]dacs-fs:/export/dacs/dtd-xsd"
                 VFS "[xxx]dacs-fs:/export/dacs/xxx"

           All four VFS directives will be in effect, but they will be ordered such that the first one in the
           Jurisdiction section is at the top of the stack, the second one in that section is next on the stack,
           the directive in the dacs.conf Default section follows, and the one from site.conf is last.

   Jurisdiction Section Selection
       DACS web services and commands do not have any federation or jurisdiction information compiled into them,
       so that a single set of DACS binaries can be shared by many jurisdictions (e.g., by multiple real or
       virtual web servers on the same host, or using NFS or some other file sharing mechanism). But it means
       that (most) web services and commands need a run-time mechanism to determine "who they are" - which
       federation and jurisdiction are they acting on behalf of? For web services, this usually depends on the
       server name, hostname, port, scheme, URI path, some other context associated with the request, or a
       combination of these things. But it is sometimes most convenient to specify a jurisdiction name and have
       DACS work out what the request URIs to that jurisdiction look like, if it needs to.

       Most DACS web services and commands need to obtain run-time configuration information for the
       jurisdiction they represent. Because dacs.conf may specify the configuration of more than one
       jurisdiction, how do they know which Jurisdiction section they should use? In cases where DACS does not
       know the jurisdiction name, it searches for the correct Jurisdiction section and then determines the name
       of the jurisdiction; in cases where it is given the jurisdiction name, it searches Jurisdiction sections
       to find one with a directive that identifies the jurisdiction that it was given.

       The applicable Jurisdiction section to use for a particular web service request or command can be
       determined in a variety of ways, using:

       •   the -u command line flag to specify a config-uri that is matched against effective jurisdictional
           URIs[19];

       •   the -uj command line flag to specify a jurisdiction-name that is matched against Jurisdiction
           sections' JURISDICTION_NAME directive;

       •   the -us command line flag to indicate that there is only a single Jurisdiction section, so that
           section should be selected; or

       •   by matching a request URI against effective jurisdictional URIs[19].

       Command line flags are described in dacs(1)[5], as is the DEFAULT_JURISDICTION environment variable.

       These methods will be described individually shortly.

           Tip
           Because selection of the applicable Jurisdiction section is quite flexible, it may seem complicated.
           In practice, however, it is often rather simple, and particularly so if only one jurisdiction is
           being configured. It may be sufficient to read this section and skip the detail presented in the
           remainder of the discussion on how the Jurisdiction section is selected.

       If there is only one jurisdiction, its uri attribute value can simply be the domain name associated with
       the jurisdiction. Any of the command line flags could then be used (or none). If the jurisdiction's
       domain name is foo.example.com, for instance, the Jurisdiction section in dacs.conf might look like:

           <Configuration>
             <Jurisdiction uri="foo.example.com">
               JURISDICTION_NAME "FOO"
               FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
               # And so on...
              </Jurisdiction>
            </Configuration>

       In the Apache configuration file (httpd.conf), one might specify:

           AddDACSAuth dacs-acs /usr/local/dacs/bin/dacs_acs "-u foo.example.com"

       (which tells DACS that all web service requests from the web server or virtual host to which this
       directive applies should be associated with the domain foo.example.com for configuration purposes), or

           AddDACSAuth dacs-acs /usr/local/dacs/bin/dacs_acs "-us"

       (telling DACS that all web service requests from the web server or virtual host to which this directive
       applies should be associated with the only jurisdiction described in the configuration file, whatever
       that jurisdiction may be), or

           AddDACSAuth dacs-acs /usr/local/dacs/bin/dacs_acs "-uj FOO"

       (telling DACS that all web service requests from the web server or virtual host to which this directive
       applies should be associated with jurisdiction FOO), or simply

           AddDACSAuth dacs-acs /usr/local/dacs/bin/dacs_acs

       In the last case, DACS will match the request URI (which presumably looks like
       https://foo.example.com/...) against foo.example.com.

       Multiple jurisdictions that are identified by distinct domain names are also easily configured once a
       DACS administrator decides how he would like request URIs to identify them. This is usually done much
       like this:

           <Configuration>
             <Jurisdiction uri="foo.example.com">
               JURISDICTION_NAME "FOO"
               FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
               # And so on...
              </Jurisdiction>

             <Jurisdiction uri="baz.example.com">
               JURISDICTION_NAME "BAZ"
               FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
               # And so on...
              </Jurisdiction>
            </Configuration>

       And so that the domain name in the request URI is matched against the jurisdiction's effective URI, one
       would use:

           AddDACSAuth dacs-acs /usr/local/dacs/bin/dacs_acs

       Multiple jurisdictions that share a domain name but are distinguished by a portion of the request URI
       pathname component, are often configured something like:

           <Configuration>
             <Jurisdiction uri="example.com/foo">
               JURISDICTION_NAME "FOO"
               FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
               # And so on...
              </Jurisdiction>

             <Jurisdiction uri="example.com/baz">
               JURISDICTION_NAME "BAZ"
               FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
               # And so on...
              </Jurisdiction>
            </Configuration>

       And again using:

           AddDACSAuth dacs-acs /usr/local/dacs/bin/dacs_acs

       With this style of configuration, a request for https://example.com/foo/cgi-bin/dacs/blah would be
       directed to the configuration for the FOO jurisdiction.

       Similarly, port numbers can also be used for Jurisdiction section selection:

           <Configuration>
             <Jurisdiction uri="example.com:443">
               JURISDICTION_NAME "FOO"
               FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
               # And so on...
              </Jurisdiction>

             <Jurisdiction uri="example.com:8443">
               JURISDICTION_NAME "BAZ"
               FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
               # And so on...
              </Jurisdiction>
            </Configuration>

       Lastly, a hostname wildcard syntax can be useful:

           <Configuration>
             <Jurisdiction uri="*.foo.example.com">
               JURISDICTION_NAME "FOO"
               FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
               # And so on...
              </Jurisdiction>

             <Jurisdiction uri="*.baz.example.com">
               JURISDICTION_NAME "BAZ"
               FEDERATION_DOMAIN "example.com"
               # And so on...
              </Jurisdiction>
            </Configuration>

           Important
           No check is made to ensure that the jurisdiction sections are unique. This is sometimes a useful
           feature but can also cause unexpected behaviour. It is probably best for all but the most advanced
           administrators to make sure that the same JURISDICTION_NAME directive doesn't appear in multiple
           Jurisdiction sections and that each section has a different effective jurisdictional URI.

       If your particular requirement has been covered, it is probably safe to skip the detail that follows.

       The Effective Jurisdictional URI
           A Jurisdiction element must have either a uri attribute or a uri_expr attribute, but not both. If the
           latter is given, it specifies an expression[20] that is evaluated at configuration processing time.
           The effective jurisdictional URI (or the jurisdiction's effective URI) is either the value of the uri
           attribute or the value obtained by evaluating the uri_expr attribute. The effective jurisdictional
           URI can be matched against a request's URI or the -u flag's config-uri to find the applicable
           Jurisdiction section.

           The standard set of configuration variables[21] in the Conf and Env namespace[14] (but no others) are
           accessible during evaluation of uri_expr. Consider this partial configuration:

               <Jurisdiction uri_expr="${Env::SERVER_NAME}">

           Here, the effective jurisdictional URI is the value of the SERVER_NAME environment variable.

               Note
               •   The environment established for a DACS web service and the environment of a DACS command are
                   typically different, so programs run from the command line may fail if uri_expr references an
                   undefined variable.

               •   Any error that occurs during evaluation of uri_expr is fatal.

               •   One application of the uri_expr attribute is constructing a generic or "template"
                   Jurisdiction section. For example, if multiple domain names need to map to the same
                   jurisdiction, a uri_expr like the following can be used:

                       <Jurisdiction uri_expr="regmatch(${Env::SERVER_NAME}, '(foo.example.com)|(baz.example.com)')">

           The effective jurisdictional URI has the following syntax:

               uri         -> [scheme-spec] [domain-spec] [":" port-spec] [path-spec]
               scheme-spec -> "http://" | "https://"
               domain-spec -> domain-name | "*." domain-name | IP-address
               port-spec   -> positive-integer | positive-integer "," port-spec
               path-spec   -> "/" path-segment | "/" path-segment path-spec

       Jurisdiction Selection by URI
           Whether the Jurisdiction section is selected based on the -u flag's explicit config-uri or the
           request URI provided to DACS through environment variables, the effective jurisdictional URIs are
           matched against the provided URI.

           An effective jurisdictional URI has the following semantics for matching against the provided URI:

           •   If uri specifies the http scheme, the provided UR must not have used SSL/TLS; if uri specifies
               the https scheme, the provided URI must have used SSL/TLS; if neither scheme is specified, the
               scheme is immaterial.

           •   The optional domain-spec specifies a domain name to match (case-insensitively) against the
               provided URI. If the initial component of domain-spec is "*.", then only the components that
               follow it in domain-spec need to match the domain name in the provided URI. For example,
               *.example.com matches example.com and foo.baz.example.com. If the domain-spec is omitted, the
               domain name in the provided URI is immaterial.

                   Note
                   The matching algorithm does not consider domain names that map to the same IP address (i.e.,
                   aliases) to be equivalent.

               The domain-spec can be an IP address, but in this case the provided URI must also use an IP
               address for the two to match. That is, no mapping between IP addresses and domain names is
               performed.

           •   The optional port-spec consists of one or more port numbers, any one of which must match the one
               specified explicitly (i.e., not by default) in the provided URI. If the provided URI does not
               contain a port, it will not match any port-spec. Port numbers are separated by a comma (with no
               embedded whitespace). If the port-spec is omitted, the port number in the provided URI is
               immaterial.

           •   The optional path-spec must match the prefix of the provided URI's path component. Matching is
               case-sensitive and is performed on corresponding path-segment elements.

           The matching algorithm first rejects any Jurisdiction section having an effective jurisdictional URI
           that does not satisfy the scheme-spec or the domain-spec. It looks for the section that contains a
           matching port-spec and that has the longest matching path-spec; the first such section will be
           selected. If no such section is found, however, it looks for the section that does not contain a
           port-spec and that has the longest matching path-spec; the first such section will be selected. It is
           a fatal error if no section can be selected.

               Tip
               While configuration of the uri attribute may appear to be complex, its value will typically be a
               simple hostname, or a simple hostname followed by a jurisdiction-distinguishing initial path
               element, as in the example above. The flexible syntax allows jurisdictions to be associated with
               requests based on port numbers, use of SSL/TLS, etc. and lets dissimilar requests map to the same
               jurisdiction.

           For example, given the example configuration[22] above, if the request URL is:

               https://dss.example.com/foo/cgi-bin/dacs_authenticate

           then the second Jurisdiction section will be used.

           If the request URL is:

               https://dss.example.com/cgi-bin/dacs_authenticate

           then the first Jurisdiction section will be used.

           If a DACS utility is invoked with the command line flag -u metalogic.example.com, the third
           Jurisdiction section will be used.

       Jurisdiction Selection by Jurisdiction Name
           The applicable Jurisdiction section can be selected by providing the jurisdiction's name. The -uj
           flag's jurisdiction-name argument is compared against the unevaluated value of each section's
           JURISDICTION_NAME directive until the first exact string match is found; the section containing the
           directive will be selected.

               Note
               Because the unevaluated value of the directive is used, if the value of a JURISDICTION_NAME is
               not a simple string, this option will not work unless jurisdiction-name is that expression, not
               its value. Appropriate quotes are implied around jurisdiction-name, so they should be omitted on
               the command line.

               For example, given the (partial) configuration file entry:

                   <Jurisdiction uri="demo.example.com">
                   JURISDICTION_NAME "DEMO"
                   ...
                   </Jurisdiction>

               the command line argument "-uj DEMO" would select that jurisdiction section. If instead
               JURISDICTION_NAME were an expression that evaluated to the string DEMO, the argument would not
               select that jurisdiction section.

       Jurisdiction Selection by Default
           If dacs.conf contains a single Jurisdiction section, the -us flag can be used to select it without
           regard to the jurisdiction's name or effective jurisdictional URI. This can be particularly useful
           during testing.

           Should there be more than one Jurisdiction section when this flag is used, a fatal error will occur.

       The Distinguishing URI
           Regardless of how the Jurisdiction section is selected, that section's effective jurisdictional URI
           is matched against the -u flag's config-uri, if given, or the request URI according to the method
           described for Jurisdiction Selection by URI[23]. The resulting string is called the distinguishing
           URI. This string is another way of identifying the selected Jurisdiction section and can be used for
           string interpolation[24]. It is also related to the shared attribute used in access control
           rules[25].

           For example, if the request URI is http://foo.example.com/a/b/c and the matching effective
           jurisdictional URI is *.example.com/a/b, then the distinguishing URI is foo.example.com/a/b.

   Directives
       Each directive consists of a directive name, followed by whitespace (spaces and/or tabs), followed by its
       value. Directive names are case-sensitive and comprised of printable characters, except the space
       character, and are upper case.

       A directive value is an expression or sequence of expressions (dacs.exprs(5)[20]) that is evaluated at
       run time during configuration processing. Here are some directives that are equivalent (on a Saturday):

           AUTH_FAIL_DELAY_SECS 2
           AUTH_FAIL_DELAY_SECS "2"
           AUTH_FAIL_DELAY_SECS 1 + 1
           AUTH_FAIL_DELAY_SECS strftime("%a") eq:i "Sat" ? 2 : 17

       Blank lines, leading white space, and lines whose first non-white space character is a # character (i.e.,
       comments) are ignored.

       Any directive line may be split over physical lines by escaping the newline character, for example:

           ACS_ERROR_HANDLER "902 'Access denied, \
           user not authenticated'"

       Processing an unrecognized directive name causes a fatal error, as does an error encountered during
       expression evaluation.

       Evaluated Directives
           Some directive names end with a * character. By convention, this means that the directive's value
           will be evaluated a second time, in the context of a particular module or service request, but only
           if the directive value is actually needed. This allows a configuration directive to reference a
           variable that cannot be instantiated until normal configuration file processing has been performed,
           for instance. The values of these directives usually appear within single quotes so that they
           initially evaluate to the string between the quotes.

           Consider this INIT*[26] directive, which might appear within an Auth clause[27]:

                 INIT* '${Auth::CURRENT_USERNAME} = "goa\\" . ${Auth::CURRENT_USERNAME}'

           Because the directive's value appears within single quotes, the quoted expression is not evaluated
           during the first scan of the directive (or more accurately, it evaluates to an unquoted expression);
           this is as it should be because the value of the referenced variable is not known at that time, nor
           has it been determined whether the directive will even be needed. Later, if the Auth clause
           containing this directive is used, the variable's value is presumably known and the formerly quoted
           expression is evaluated, yielding a final value for the directive.

       Directive Categories
           After section merging[28] is performed, some directives must be specified while others are optional.
           Some may appear at most once and others may be repeated. The following labels are used to categorize
           directives:

           Required1:
               Directives of this category must be defined and must appear only once after merging.

           Required1-C:
               Under certain conditions, these directives must be defined and appear only once after merging,
               otherwise they need not appear. For example, some directives are required if and only if the
               module that requires them is configured.

           Required:
               These directives must always be specified at least once after merging, and may be repeated.

           Optional1:
               These directives may appear at most once after merging.

           Optional:
               These directives may appear zero or more times after merging.

           Stack:
               This is like the Optional type, in that the directive may appear multiple times in any section,
               except the usual section merging algorithm is not used. Instead, all occurrences of the directive
               in the Jurisdiction section, then in the Default section of dacs.conf, and then in site.conf will
               be "stacked", in the order in which they appear in each section. Selection is dependent on the
               particular directive, which will effectively search the directives in the Jurisdiction section
               first to find an applicable directive, then search the directives in the Default section of
               dacs.conf if necessary, and finally search site.conf if necessary.

               Note
               A directive marked Deprecated will be removed in a future version and should not be used.

           Some directives have more complicated constraints on their usage; they might be allowed only in
           certain contexts or are required only in certain situations (e.g., directives associated with proxied
           operation are only required if that mode of operation is being used).

           Required directives must be present and assigned a valid value, although the validity of a value is
           only checked if the directive is actually used. It is okay to define directives that are not used;
           for example, directives related to InfoCards may appear in a configuration file even if InfoCard
           support is not enabled at the time DACS is built. Some configuration directives may appear multiple
           times, others only once. The order in which configuration directives appear within a section is not
           usually significant, although it may be in cases where the directive is repeated (e.g.,
           ACS_ERROR_HANDLER) and for clauses (e.g., the Auth clause).

               Note
               Directives that expect to be assigned a value of yes, no, on, or off recognize these keywords
               case-insensitively.

       General Directives
           The following general directives are provided. If present, they must appear within any Default
           section or Jurisdiction section, but outside of any clauses.

           Directive Index:

            1. ACCEPT_ALIEN_CREDENTIALS (Optional1)

            2. ACS_ACCESS_TOKEN_ENABLE (Optional1)

            3. ACS_ACCESS_TOKEN_LIFETIME_LIMIT (Required1-C)

            4. ACS_ACCESS_TOKEN_LIFETIME_SECS (Required1-C)

            5. ACS_AUTHENTICATED_ONLY (Optional1)

            6. ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT (Optional1)

            7. ACS_EMIT_APPROVAL (Optional1)

            8. ACS_ERROR_HANDLER (Stack)

            9. ACS_FAIL (Optional1)

           10. ACS_INACTIVITY_LIMIT_SECS (Optional1)

           11. ACS_POST_BUFFER_LIMIT (Optional1)

           12. ACS_POST_EXCEPTION_MODE (Optional1)

           13. ACS_PRE_AUTH (Optional)

           14. ACS_SUCCESS (Optional)

           15. ACS_TRACK_ACTIVITY (Optional1)

           16. ADMIN_IDENTITY (Optional)

           17. ALLOW_HTTP_COOKIE (Optional1)

           18. AUTH_AGENT_ALLOW_ADMIN_IDENTITY (Optional1)

           19. AUTH_CREDENTIALS_ADMIN_LIFETIME_SECS (Optional1)

           20. AUTH_CREDENTIALS_DEFAULT_LIFETIME_SECS (Required1)

           21. AUTH_ERROR_HANDLER (Stack)

           22. AUTH_FAIL (Optional1)

           23. AUTH_FAIL_DELAY_SECS (Optional1)

           24. AUTH_SINGLE_COOKIE (Optional1)

           25. AUTH_SUCCESS (Optional)

           26. AUTH_SUCCESS_HANDLER (Optional1)

           27. AUTH_TRANSFER_EXPORT (Optional)

           28. AUTH_TRANSFER_TOKEN_LIFETIME_SECS (Optional1)

           29. COMPAT_MODE (Optional1)

           30. COOKIE_HTTPONLY (Optional1)

           31. COOKIE_NAME_TERMINATORS (Optional1)

           32. COOKIE_NO_DOMAIN (Optional1)

           33. COOKIE_PATH (Optional1)

           34. CSS_PATH (Optional1)

           35. DTD_BASE_URL (Optional1)

           36. EVAL (Optional)

           37. FEDERATION_DOMAIN (Required1)

           38. FEDERATION_NAME (Required1)

           39. HTTP_AUTH (Stack)

           40. HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE (Optional1)

           41. HTTP_PROG (Required1)

           42. INFOCARD_AUDIENCE (Optional)

           43. INFOCARD_AUDIENCE_RESTRICTION (Optional)

           44. INFOCARD_CARD_DEFS_URL (Optional1)

           45. INFOCARD_CARD_FILL_URL (Optional1)

           46. INFOCARD_CARD_IMAGE_BASE_URL (Required1-C)

           47. INFOCARD_CARD_LIFETIME_SECS (Optional1)

           48. INFOCARD_CARD_OUTPUTDIR (Optional1)

           49. INFOCARD_CARD_VERSION (Optional1)

           50. INFOCARD_CARDID_BASE_URL (Required1-C)

           51. INFOCARD_CARDID_SUFFIX (Optional1)

           52. INFOCARD_CARD_DATETIME_EXPIRES (Optional1)

           53. INFOCARD_DIGEST (Optional1)

           54. INFOCARD_IP_PRIVACY_URL (Required1-C)

           55. INFOCARD_IP_PRIVACY_VERSION (Optional1)

           56. INFOCARD_ISSUER_INFO_ENTRY (Optional)

           57. INFOCARD_MEX_URL (Required1-C)

           58. INFOCARD_REQUIRE_APPLIES_TO (Optional1)

           59. INFOCARD_STRONG_RP_IDENTITY (Optional1)

           60. INFOCARD_STS_AUTH_TYPE (Required1-C)

           61. INFOCARD_STS_CACERTFILE (Required1-C)

           62. INFOCARD_STS_CERTFILE (Required1-C)

           63. INFOCARD_STS_KEYFILE (Required1-C)

           64. INFOCARD_STS_KEYFILE_PASSWORD (Required1-C)

           65. INFOCARD_STS_PASSWORD_METHOD (Required1-C)

           66. INFOCARD_STS_RP_ENDPOINT (Optional)

           67. INFOCARD_TOKEN_DRIFT_SECS (Optional1)

           68. INFOCARD_TOKEN_ISSUER (Required1-C)

           69. INFOCARD_TOKEN_LIFETIME_SECS (Optional1)

           70. INFOCARD_TOKEN_MAX_LENGTH (Optional1)

           71. INFOCARD_USERNAME_SELECTOR (Optional1)

           72. JURISDICTION_NAME (Required1)

           73. LOGINGEN_FILE (Optional1)

           74. LOGINGEN_PROG (Optional1)

           75. LOG_FILE (Optional1)

           76. LOG_FILTER (Stack)

           77. LOG_FORMAT (Optional1)

           78. LOG_LEVEL (Optional1)

           79. LOG_SENSITIVE (Optional1)

           80. NAME_COMPARE (Optional1)

           81. NOTICES_ACCEPT_HANDLER (Optional1)

           82. NOTICES_ACK_HANDLER (Optional1)

           83. NOTICES_DECLINE_HANDLER (Optional1)

           84. NOTICES_NAT_NAME_PREFIX (Optional1)

           85. NOTICES_SECURE_HANDLER (Optional1)

           86. NOTICES_WORKFLOW_LIFETIME_SECS (Optional1)

           87. PAMD_HOST (Optional1)

           88. PAMD_PORT (Optional1)

           89. PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS (Optional1)

           90. PASSWORD_DIGEST (Optional1)

           91. PASSWORD_OPS_NEED_PASSWORD (Optional1)

           92. PASSWORD_SALT_PREFIX (Optional1)

           93. PERMIT_CHAINING (Optional1)

           94. PROXY_EXEC_DOCUMENT_ROOT (Optional1)

           95. PROXY_EXEC_MAPPER_DEFAULT_ACTION (Optional1)

           96. PROXY_EXEC_MAPPER_LOGGING (Optional1)

           97. PROXY_EXEC_MAPPER_LOG_FILE (Optional1)

           98. PROXY_EXEC_MAPPER_RULES_FILE (Optional1)

           99. PROXY_EXEC_PROG_URI (Optional1)

           100. RLINK (Optional)

           101. ROLE_STRING_MAX_LENGTH (Optional1)

           102. SECURE_MODE (Optional1)

           103. SIGNOUT_HANDLER (Optional1)

           104. SSL_PROG (Optional1)

           105. SSL_PROG_ARGS (Optional1)

           106. SSL_PROG_CA_CRT (Optional1)

           107. SSL_PROG_CLIENT_CRT (Optional1)

           108. STATUS_LINE (Optional1)

           109. TEMP_DIRECTORY (Optional1)

           110. TOKEN_REQUIRES_PIN (Optional1)

           111. TOKEN_HOTP_ACCEPT_WINDOW (Optional1)

           112. TRACE_LEVEL (Optional1)

           113. UNAUTH_ROLES (Optional1)

           114. UPROXY_APPROVED (Stack)

           115. VERBOSE_LEVEL (Optional1)

           116. VERIFY_IP (Required1)

           117. VERIFY_UA (Optional1)

           118. VFS (Stack)

           119. XSD_BASE_URL (Optional1)

           ACCEPT_ALIEN_CREDENTIALS (Optional1)
               If "yes", DACS will honour credentials imported (by any means) from a different federation. As a
               security precaution, such credentials are not used by default.

                   Security
                   In federations where dacs_auth_transfer(8)[29] is used, jurisdictions will likely enable this
                   capability.

           ACS_ACCESS_TOKEN_ENABLE (Optional1)
               If "yes", ACS's access token mechanism will be enabled. By default, this feature is disabled.
               Please see Authorization Caching[30] for details.

           ACS_ACCESS_TOKEN_LIFETIME_LIMIT (Required1-C)
               If ACS's access token mechanism has been enabled, this is the number of times that an access
               token may be used. It must be an integer greater than zero. There is no default value. This
               value, ACS_ACCESS_TOKEN_LIFETIME_SECS, or both must be configured properly if the mechanism is
               enabled. Because it requires updating a database entry, this method of enforcing a limit on the
               lifetime of an access token is inherently less efficient than using
               ACS_ACCESS_TOKEN_LIFETIME_SECS. Changes to this limit do not affect access tokens that have
               already been issued. Please see Authorization Caching[30] for details.

           ACS_ACCESS_TOKEN_LIFETIME_SECS (Required1-C)
               If ACS's access token mechanism has been enabled, this is the lifetime in seconds of an access
               token, and must be an integer greater than zero. There is no default value. This value,
               ACS_ACCESS_TOKEN_LIFETIME_LIMIT, or both must be configured properly if the mechanism is enabled.
               Please see Authorization Caching[30] for details.

           ACS_AUTHENTICATED_ONLY (Optional1)
               If "yes", ACS will deny all requests that are not accompanied by valid credentials, regardless of
               any access control rules or other directives.

                   Note
                   Since this restriction also applies to DACS services, if this mode is enabled an
                   unauthenticated user will not be able to access DACS services by which he might authenticate
                   himself. Users must therefore have authenticated before this directive is enabled,
                   authenticate using an off-line method (such as dacscookie(1)[31] or dacsauth(1)[32]), or
                   authenticate at some other jurisdiction.

           ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT (Optional1)
               The value of this directive is either an unsigned integer greater than zero, or the keyword
               "none" (case insensitive). In the former case, if a request is submitted with more than this
               number of valid credentials, the request will be denied with the REVOKED error (equivalent to
               error code 903).

               Probably the most common application of this directive is to limit each request to being
               associated with at most one identity. The standard site configuration sets ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT
               to one. This eliminates confusion about which identity invoked a web service (i.e., which
               identity REMOTE_USER should be set to, for instance) and ambiguity regarding the semantics of
               rules, and in some cases may simplify access control rules and log file audits.

               A user denied access at a jurisdiction due to this directive will be denied access to
               dacs_signout(8)[33] at the jurisdiction. To regain access to the jurisdiction, the user will
               either need to signout from a different jurisdiction or delete one or more sets of credentials
               (cookies) from his browser, either using the browser's cookie manager or by terminating the
               browser session.

                   Note
                   It is possible for a user that is not denied access at a jurisdiction due to this directive
                   to successfully authenticate, after which he will have "too many" credentials and
                   subsequently be denied access. Similarly, a DACS administrator may reduce the limit at any
                   time, potentially causing access to be denied to users holding a number of credentials in
                   excess of the limit.

                   Security
                   This directive only limits the number of credentials associated with a single request. It
                   does not prevent the same individual from sending different requests, from the same browser
                   or different browsers, each associated with a different identity. Also, it does not limit the
                   number of concurrent logins of the same identity (such as by different individuals sharing
                   the same account).

                   DACS does not limit a user's number of concurrent logins or the number of concurrent logins
                   of the same identity because of the inherent drawbacks of a general implementation of such a
                   feature. In simple cases, however, an administrator may be able to add a custom solution to
                   DACS.

           ACS_EMIT_APPROVAL (Optional1)
               If "yes", DACS will generate a DACS_APPROVAL environment variable that can be inspected by an
               invoked program to verify that its use in the current context was authorized by DACS. Before this
               feature is enabled, additional configuration is necessary; see The DACS_APPROVAL environment
               variable[34] for details.

           ACS_ERROR_HANDLER (Stack)
               If DACS denies a service request, the web server's DACS module will be so informed and will
               return a 403 ("Forbidden") status code to the web server. By using Apache's ErrorDocument
               directive, the resulting action taken by Apache can be customized.

               In some situations following denial of a request, however, it is desirable to initiate an action
               that depends on the reason for denial. For example, if access is denied because the user is not
               authenticated, the DACS administrator might want users to be redirected to a login page; if
               access is denied because an access control rule denies access although the user is authenticated,
               the administrator might want users to be redirected to a page that displays a custom error
               message. It is sometimes useful for the action to depend on the resource being requested.

               The ACS_ERROR_HANDLER directive defines (or overrides) Apache's behaviour with respect to an
               ErrorDocument directive for 403 errors if DACS denies a service request. The syntax and meaning
               of this directive are similar to that of Apache's ErrorDocument directive. Please refer to the
               Apache documentation for a description of the ErrorDocument directive[35].

               Also refer to the description of the redirect()[36] function.

               The syntax of the directive is:

                   [url_pattern] error-code [handler-type] [error-action]

               The optional url_pattern is a URI path component that is matched against the request for which
               access was denied. It must begin with a '/'. It is like the url_pattern used in access control
               rules[37] in that it can require an exact match or end in "/*"; no query argument component is
               allowed. If it is absent, the url_pattern defaults to "/*", which matches any path.

               The error-code is either a numeric error code, an equivalent case-insensitive error-name, or the
               special symbol "*", which means the directive applies to any DACS error code for which there is
               no explicit directive.

               The following error-name and error-code values are defined:

               NO_RULE (900)
               Access denied, no applicable rule
                   All rules were examined but no rule applies to the service request.

               BY_RULE (901)
               Access denied, forbidden by rule
                   The closest matching rule does not grant the service request.

               NO_AUTH (902)
               Access denied, user not authenticated
                   No valid credentials were provided and either a) no rule applies or b) the rule does not
                   grant the service request.

               REVOKED (903)
               Access denied, user access revoked
                   Credentials were explicitly revoked.

               BY_REDIRECT (904)
               Access denied, redirect
                   A rule has explicitly redirected the user.

               ACK_NEEDED (905)
               Access denied, acknowledgement needed
                   One or more notices associated with the request must be acknowledged.

               LOW_AUTH (906)
               Access denied, low authentication level
                   Although valid credentials were provided, they were obtained by an authentication method not
                   strong enough for the requested resource.

               BY_SIMPLE_REDIRECT (907)
               Access denied, simple redirect
                   A rule has explicitly redirected the user; do not append DACS query arguments.

               CREDENTIALS_LIMIT (908)
               Access denied, too many credentials were submitted
                   Too many selected credentials accompanied the request.

               INACTIVITY (909)
               Access denied, inactivity timeout
                   No authenticated requests were made within a designated time interval.

               ADMIN_REQUIRED (910)
               Access denied, administrator credentials required
                   Access was denied because credentials that satisfy dacs_admin()[38] were not sent with the
                   request. Although this may not be the sole reason for access to be denied, it should be taken
                   as a hint that the request is likely to succeed if it is retried with administrator
                   credentials. Also see ADMIN_IDENTITY[39].

               UNKNOWN (998)
               Access denied, reason unknown
                   An error occurred during processing but no additional information is available.

               DEFAULT (*)
               Control symbol
                   Not an error name, but a keyword used with ACS_ERROR_HANDLER to configure a handler to invoke
                   if no handler is explicitly configured for the event.

               No blanks may precede the code, any number of blanks may follow it. The descriptive-text consists
               only of printable characters (e.g., no tabs or newlines) and may not contain a colon. The
               descriptive-text is subject to change, but the meaning of the code number is fixed. When DACS
               returns a numeric error code, a program only needs to examine the three digit code to determine
               why access was denied. Optionally, the standard text may be followed by a single space, a colon,
               at least one space, and a more detailed error message.

               If a handler-type keyword appears, it selects the action the handler should take and disables the
               heuristics that would otherwise be used to decide the type based on the syntax of the
               error-action. The reason and default keywords are the only handler-type keyword that are not
               followed by an error-action.

               The following handler-type keywords and error-action arguments are recognized:

                1. reason

                   DACS will cause Apache to display the DACS error code that identifies the reason for denying
                   access followed by the corresponding textual message.  Apache might display messages like the
                   following:

                       900 Access denied, no applicable access control rule
                       998 Access denied, internal error: Cookie parse error

                2. default

                   This form instructs DACS not to alter Apache's behaviour (as if there was no
                   ACS_ERROR_HANDLER specified at all).

                3. [url] URL

                   This form will cause Apache to redirect the client to URL using the GET method. If the url
                   keyword is absent, URL must begin with the four characters "http". An invalid URL may be
                   rejected by Apache and treated as a message. The URL may contain a properly escaped query
                   string; DACS will append the following parameters, in the order given, to URL (unless the
                   error name is BY_SIMPLE_REDIRECT, in which case none of these parameters is passed):

                    1. DACS_ERROR_CODE, the DACS error code.

                    2. DACS_VERSION, the version number of DACS (e.g., "1.4").

                    3. DACS_FEDERATION, the federation that received the service request, if available.

                    4. DACS_JURISDICTION, the jurisdiction that received the service request, if available.

                    5. DACS_HOSTNAME, the domain name of the host that received the service request, if
                       available.

                    6. DACS_USER_AGENT, if provided by the user agent, this is an identifying string, such as:

                           Mozilla/3.01 (X11; U; Linux 2.4.2 i386)

                    7. DACS_REQUEST_METHOD, the method used to invoke the service request, if available. For
                       example, "GET" or "POST".

                    8. DACS_ERROR_URL, the service request URL, including any query string component. The values
                       of these parameters are URL encoded.

                4. [localurl] /local-URL

                   This form is similar to the absolute URL form except that redirection is to a local URL-path.
                   The error-action must begin with a slash. The URL may contain a properly escaped query
                   string; DACS will append additional parameters as in the absolute URL form.

                5. [message] \"a message\"

                   This form causes Apache to emit the given string as the error document. If the message
                   keyword is absent, the string must be surrounded by double quote characters (the quotes do
                   not appear in the final output message).

                       Note
                       Apache always sets the Content-Type for this message to text/html. Although reported
                       quite some time ago, Bug 3641[40] is still open. There may be a bug in Apache 2.X that
                       prevents the initial double quote in the message from being stripped; see Bug 42430[41].

                6. expr expression

                   The expr keyword, which cannot be omitted, indicates that the error-action is an expression.
                   The expression is evaluated and its value (a string) is used as the Apache error response. If
                   an error occurs during evaluation, the Apache ErrorDocument or default behaviour will be
                   used.

               This directive may appear multiple times. Because these directives are stacked, during handler
               processing directives are examined "backwards", starting from the last one that appears in the
               relevant jurisdiction section through to the first one that appears in the default section of
               dacs.conf and backwards through site.conf. The first directive having a url_pattern and
               error-code that match the error condition exactly is used. Otherwise, if no such exact match if
               found, the first directive encountered having the closest url_pattern match and exact error-code
               match is used; failing that, the first directive with the closest url_pattern match and default
               ("*") error-code match is used.

               Consider these example directives:

                   ACS_ERROR_HANDLER "* reason"
                   ACS_ERROR_HANDLER '903 "Your access has been revoked"'
                   ACS_ERROR_HANDLER "/foo/* * /cgi-bin/dacs/foohandler"
                   ACS_ERROR_HANDLER "/foo/foo.html NO_AUTH /cgi-bin/foo-login.cgi"

               A request for /foo/foo.html that is denied because the user is not authenticated will cause a
               redirect to /cgi-bin/foo-login.cgi. If the request is denied for a different reason, the third
               directive will be used, causing a redirect to /cgi-bin/dacs/foohandler. A request for something
               not located under /foo that is denied because access is revoked will cause the message specified
               in the second directive to be displayed to the user, while any other type of error will cause an
               appropriate explanatory message to be displayed.

               Here is an example of the expr handler form:

                   ACS_ERROR_HANDLER "* expr '\"&lt;em>Today is&lt;/em> \" . strftime(\"%D\")'"

               If triggered, this directive will emit a message similar to the following as Apache's custom
               error response:

                   <em>Today is</em> 05/16/07

               As with all such messages, Apache forces the Content-Type to be text/html.

               These two directives are equivalent:

                   ACS_ERROR_HANDLER "* message 'Hello world.'"
                   ACS_ERROR_HANDLER "* \"Hello world.\""

               The error response returned by Apache will be:

                   Hello world.

               Any invalid directive will result in Apache following its configured behaviour. A directive with
               a syntactically valid but undefined error-code is ignored, however.

               In the case where the service request was issued by Internet Explorer, if the length of the error
               response by the server isn't greater than some magic value and IE's "Show friendly HTTP error
               messages" is enabled, which it is by default, then IE will ignore the custom message. When the
               "message" and "reason" handler types are used, DACS adds some padding to thwart IE's
               "cleverness". For other handler types, the administrator is responsible for working around this
               problem.

                   Note
                   Care must be taken to avoid improper operation (such as a potentially infinite regress) if a
                   CGI program invoked to handle an error is itself protected by DACS. One example is the
                   situation where a user's access has been revoked and is therefore unable to access any
                   DACS-protected resource. If an error occurs while DACS is processing a request for a handler,
                   DACS will fall back to Apache's default behaviour, ignoring any normally applicable
                   ACS_ERROR_HANDLER directives.

           ACS_FAIL (Optional1)
               If dacs_acs denies access, the given expression is evaluated just before the
               ACS_ERROR_HANDLER[18] directive, if any, is processed. This directive provides a hook for
               post-authorization actions to be performed. The namespaces in effect during authorization
               processing are accessible to the expression. The value of the expression is discarded and any
               errors are ignored.

           ACS_INACTIVITY_LIMIT_SECS (Optional1)
               This directive enables inactivity detection if it is set to a non-zero unsigned integer.
               Inactivity detection is applicable only when valid selected credentials accompany a request
               (i.e., at least one identity is associated with the request - see
               dacs_select_credentials(8)[42]).

               There are two cases. If an activity tracking cookie is not sent with the current request (see
               ACS_TRACK_ACTIVITY[43]), the user is deemed to be inactive if the newest credentials are older
               than ACS_INACTIVITY_LIMIT_SECS seconds. If an activity tracking cookie is received, the user is
               deemed to be inactive if the date/time that it asserts is older than ACS_INACTIVITY_LIMIT_SECS
               seconds. If inactivity is detected by dacs_acs(8)[6], access is denied and an INACTIVITY error
               (909) is raised; see ACS_ERROR_HANDLER[18]. At present, the only way for a user to continue after
               an inactivity error is to explicitly delete DACS cookies or implicitly delete them by restarting
               the browser. A non-DACS-wrapped web page or CGI program might be invoked as an error handler to
               assist.

               Different jurisdictions may independently configure different inactivity thresholds, disable
               inactivity detection, or disable activity tracking - the degree to which this feature improves
               security or is annoying to users depends on thoughtful cooperation amongst jurisdictions and
               adequate clock synchronization.

           ACS_POST_BUFFER_LIMIT (Optional1)
               This is the counterpart to the SetDACSAuthPostBuffer[44] directive of DACS's mod_auth_dacs[7]
               Apache module. It establishes the maximum number of bytes of environment and POST stream that
               DACS should read from mod_auth_dacs[7], overriding the compile-time default. To allow for
               encoding overhead when serializing the message body, ACS_POST_BUFFER_LIMIT should be at least 50%
               larger than the SetDACSAuthPostBuffer size. A value of zero imposes no limit. (Ideally, only one
               of these values would need to be configured but you must currently ensure that both of them are
               set to reasonable values.)

           ACS_POST_EXCEPTION_MODE (Optional1)
               In the event that the web server has not made all of the request's arguments available to DACS
               for access control processing (see SERVICE_ARGS_TRUNCATED[45]), this directive tells
               dacs_acs(8)[6] what to do. The following keywords are recognized values:

               abort
                   Access control processing stops and access is denied.

               default
                   This is equivalent to discard.

               discard
                   Processing continues, but all web service arguments are ignored and none will be available to
                   access control rules.

               proceed
                   Continue processing, even though one or more arguments may be corrupted or missing. This may
                   result in a segmentation fault or other unrecoverable error.

               query
                   Continue processing, discarding all POST arguments but including any arguments that were
                   passed in the request URI's query component.

           ACS_PRE_AUTH (Optional)
               Similar to the pre-authorization authentication feature configured through the HTTP_AUTH[46]
               directive, this directive provides a way to authenticate - or identify - a user at access control
               time. Rather than involving HTTP Basic or Digest authentication, however, the value of the
               directive is an expression that is evaluated. If the result is a syntactically valid
               username[47], credentials are created that (normally) exist only for the duration of the
               authorization check and which are associated with the current jurisdiction[48]. This directive
               provides a hook for associating an identity with a request based on the request itself (such as
               the request URI, its arguments, and other context).

               As a simple example, the following directive checks if the request includes a USERNAME argument,
               and if so, just uses it:

                   ACS_PRE_AUTH '${Args::USERNAME:e} ? ${Args::USERNAME} : ""'

               Note the single quotes around the expression so that it is evaluated at access control time
               instead of configuration processing time.

               The ACS_PRE_AUTH directives are processed if a request is received that does not include valid
               credentials and if not disabled by ACS_AUTHENTICATED_ONLY[49]. If more than one ACS_PRE_AUTH
               directive is given, they are evaluated in the order in which they appear until one returns a
               valid username. If that expression sets the variable ${Auth::ROLES} to a valid role string, it
               will be included in the credentials (see dacs_authenticate(8)[50]). Evaluation errors are
               ignored. If no expression returns a valid username, access control processing continues.

               These directives are processed before any HTTP_AUTH directives; if a ACS_PRE_AUTH directive is
               successful, the user will effectively be authenticated and so no HTTP_AUTH directives will be
               processed.

               If the request includes a -rname flag with the DACS_ACS[51] argument, its value is
               ${Args::RNAME}.

               Unlike when authentication is done through dacs_authenticate(8)[52], credentials are not returned
               to the client. This means that no DACS session state exists outside of dacs_acs and therefore
               some DACS web services may be unavailable or may not operate in the same way they would if
               credentials were provided by the client. This mechanism may also be less efficient than one that
               returns credentials because authentication will be performed each and every time the client makes
               a request that triggers it.

           ACS_SUCCESS (Optional)
               If dacs_acs grants access, immediately before it terminates it evaluates the given expression.
               This directive provides a hook for post-authorization actions to be performed, which can be
               user-specific. The namespaces in effect during authorization processing are accessible to the
               expression. The value of the expression is discarded and any errors are ignored.

               Also see the on_success()[53] function.

                   Note
                   While it is typically true that if DACS grants a request, the web server will go on to
                   process the request (and eventually return a web page to the user agent, execute a program,
                   etc.), it is not necessarily so. For example, access may still be denied by the web server
                   for other reasons, or an error can occur during subsequent processing. This may be relevant
                   in situations where ACS_SUCCESS is used to decrement a counter[54], for instance, because it
                   is possible that the user may not actually see a successful result, in which case the counter
                   value should not have been changed and so corrective action would be required.

           ACS_TRACK_ACTIVITY (Optional1)
               This directive is associated with the inactivity timeout feature whereby an authenticated user is
               denied access (at any jurisdiction where it is enabled within the current federation[55]) if no
               web service request is made within a certain time period (also at any jurisdiction where it is
               enabled within the current federation[55]). See ACS_INACTIVITY_LIMIT_SECS[56]. This feature is
               disabled by default. It is enabled on a per-jurisdiction basis, and in the usual configuration
               all jurisdictions within a federation will enable the feature if it is required.

               If the directive's value is "yes", dacs_acs(8)[6] emits a federation-wide HTTP cookie that notes
               the jurisdiction and date/time at which each DACS-wrapped service request is processed. The
               cookie is emitted regardless of whether access was granted, although some error conditions may
               prevent a cookie from being sent. No cookie is set for an effectively unauthenticated request.

               The name of the activity tracking cookie has the following format:

                   DACS:federation-name::::ACTIVITY

               where federation-name is the official name assigned to the federation for which the cookie is
               valid (FEDERATION_NAME[57]). Activity tracking may be enabled without enabling inactivity
               detection (via ACS_INACTIVITY_LIMIT_SECS[56]). This feature depends on an appropriate level of
               clock synchronization at all participating jurisdictions.

           ADMIN_IDENTITY (Optional)
               This repeatable directive specifies a DACS identity (group names are currently not allowed) that
               DACS grants special privileges. If omitted, the current federation and jurisdiction[55] are
               implied. The usernames "unauth" and "unauthenticated" are disallowed, whether qualified with a
               jurisdiction or not. The function dacs_admin()[38] tests whether the user making a service
               request has any credentials that match any ADMIN_IDENTITY. This enables boilerplate access
               control rules to be written that need to restrict access to an administrator - the rules need
               only invoke dacs_admin(). Changes to the list of DACS administrators take effect immediately.
               Comparison of these identities with credentials is controlled by the NAME_COMPARE[58] directive.

               Some DACS services call an internal version of this function to ensure certain operations are
               limited to a DACS administrator.

                   Security
                   Consider requiring more secure authentication for administrator identities, such as using a
                   two-factor authentication method or combining two different authentication methods.

           ALLOW_HTTP_COOKIE (Optional1)
               If "yes", DACS components will allow the environment variable HTTP_COOKIE to be used to pass DACS
               credentials. This is currently necessary when DACS components are invoked through IIS (except in
               conjunction with DACS proxied operation). On secure systems, this method of passing credentials
               may be acceptable, but in general it is not secure and must not be allowed because environment
               variables are essentially public on some systems. If undefined or not "yes", DACS components will
               fail if HTTP_COOKIE is present.

           AUTH_AGENT_ALLOW_ADMIN_IDENTITY (Optional1)
               Unless this directive has the value "yes", dacs_auth_agent will not return credentials that have
               been designated as an ADMIN_IDENTITY.

           AUTH_CREDENTIALS_ADMIN_LIFETIME_SECS (Optional1)
               The lifetime, in seconds, of all credentials created by this jurisdiction for internal use. These
               credentials are used in certain internal transactions, such as when dacs_authenticate sends an
               HTTP request to an authentication or roles module. Although they are only supposed to be held by
               trusted components, because these credentials can convey special privileges their lifetime should
               not be much longer than required. It is sometimes necessary to increase this lifetime when
               debugging or if a recipient server is slow.

           AUTH_CREDENTIALS_DEFAULT_LIFETIME_SECS (Required1)
               The default lifetime, in seconds, of all credentials created by this jurisdiction for users. The
               jurisdiction's authentication services may override this value on a case-by-case basis, either
               through an authentication module (see auth_reply.dtd[59]) or by setting
               ${Auth::CREDENTIALS_LIFETIME_SECS} (see dacs_authenticate(8)[52]).

                   Security
                   The lifetime should be chosen such that it strikes a balance between security and user
                   convenience that is appropriate for the jurisdiction and federation.

           AUTH_ERROR_HANDLER (Stack)
               If dacs_authenticate(8)[52] is not able to successfully authenticate a user, the resulting action
               can be customized in ways that depend on the reason for the failure. This provides a way for the
               system administrator to display a custom error message or redirect the user's browser.

                   Note
                   This feature is activated only if dacs_authenticate is passed an ENABLE_AUTH_HANDLERS
                   parameter that has a value of 1.
               The following error code numbers and corresponding descriptive text are defined:

                   800 Authentication failed, invalid authenticating information
                   801 Authentication failed, invalid argument
                   802 Authentication failed, internal error
                   899 Authentication failed, reason unknown

               When this type of response is returned, a program needs to only examine the three digit code to
               determine why access was denied. No blanks may precede the code, any number of blanks may follow
               it. The descriptive-text consists only of printable characters (e.g., no tabs or newlines) and
               may not contain a colon. The descriptive-text is subject to change, but the meaning of the code
               number is fixed. Optionally, the standard text may be followed by a single space, a colon, at
               least one space, and a more detailed error message.

               The dacs_authenticate service recognizes a FORMAT argument that is used to select between an
               XML-aware user agent (FORMAT=XML) and an HTML capable user agent (FORMAT is not specified or is
               not XML). In the case of an XML result, dacs_auth_reply.dtd[60] is used. The behaviour of this
               directive with respect to FORMAT is described below on a case-by-case basis.

               The following directives are supported:

                1. AUTH_ERROR_HANDLER "AUTH-error-code reason"

                   DACS will return an HTML (or XML, if FORMAT=XML) document that describes why authentication
                   failed, such as the following:

                       800 Authentication failed, invalid authenticating information

                   This is the default behaviour.

                2. AUTH_ERROR_HANDLER "AUTH-error-code [url] URL"

                   This form causes DACS to redirect the client to the specified URL, which may be a relative or
                   absolute URL. If the keyword url is absent, URL must begin with the four characters http. The
                   GET method will be used. The URL may contain a properly escaped query string; DACS will
                   append the following parameters, in the order given, to the URL:

                    1. DACS_ERROR_CODE, the AUTH-error-code that identifies the failure.

                    2. DACS_VERSION, the version number of DACS (e.g., "1.4").

                    3. DACS_FEDERATION, the federation that received the service request, if available.

                    4. DACS_JURISDICTION The jurisdiction that received the service request, if available.

                    5. FORMAT, the value of this parameter will be either HTML or XML, as determined by the
                       value of the parameter of the same name passed to dacs_authenticate or the default (HTML
                       if FORMAT was not specified).

                   The values of these parameters are URL encoded.

                3. AUTH_ERROR_HANDLER "AUTH-error-code [file] full-pathname"

                   This form causes the contents of the file named by full-pathname to be returned without
                   regard to the presence of a FORMAT argument.

                       Note
                       The file must include any header lines it requires, such as a Content-Type line, a
                       header-terminating blank line, and then the document content. Note also that the
                       "full-pathname" usage differs from the "local-URL" usage of the ACS_ERROR_HANDLER
                       directive, though both elements begin with a slash character; the former specifies the
                       absolute pathname of a file, while the latter specifies a URL local to the receiving web
                       server.

                4. AUTH_ERROR_HANDLER "AUTH-error-code [message] \"message\""

                   This form causes the given message, surrounded by escaped double quote characters, to be
                   returned as HTML (or XML if FORMAT=XML).

               The optional keywords are treated case-insensitively.

               The AUTH-error-code is either a defined authentication error code (listed above) or the special
               symbol "*", which means the directive applies to any authentication error code for which there is
               no explicit directive.

               This directive may appear multiple times, although multiple directives for the same
               AUTH-error-code are not allowed. Any invalid directive will generally be treated as a fatal
               error. A directive with a syntactically valid but undefined AUTH-error-code is ignored, however.

           AUTH_FAIL (Optional1)
               If dacs_authenticate fails to authenticates a user, the given expression is evaluated just before
               the AUTH_ERROR_HANDLER[61] directive, if any, is processed. This directive provides a hook for
               post-authentication actions to be performed. The namespaces in effect during authentication
               processing are accessible to the expression. The value of the expression is discarded and any
               errors are ignored. Note that since authentication failed, only the user's purported identity may
               be available (${Args::USERNAME}), or if the user was previously authenticated successfully, as
               ${Env::REMOTE_USER}.

           AUTH_FAIL_DELAY_SECS (Optional1)
               If assigned a positive integer value, a particular user (ordinarily the one identified by the
               USERNAME argument to dacs_authenticate) will not be allowed to reauthenticate following a failed
               attempt within this many seconds. If assigned the value of zero seconds, this feature is
               disabled. If this directive is absent or assigned an illegal value, a compile-time value is used
               instead. Authentication modules may indirectly impose their own delays following unsuccessful
               authentication; this is system dependent and not under the control of DACS.

           AUTH_SINGLE_COOKIE (Optional1)
               By default, each set of credentials that is returned in an HTTP cookie is assigned a cookie
               name[62] that corresponds to the identity represented by the credentials. If a user authenticates
               as two different identities through dacs_authenticate, for example, he will be given two cookies
               with different names. Because in some situations multiple credentials can be problematic, this
               directive provides a way to effectively limit a request to a single set of credentials by using
               one cookie name for all credentials. When an already-authenticated user authenticates again,
               either at the same jurisdiction or any jurisdiction, the user's browser will replace the previous
               cookie with the new one.

               This directive also controls cookie names associated with credentials generated by
               dacscookie(1)[31], dacs_auth_agent(8)[63], and dacs_auth_transfer(8)[29]. Also see
               ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT[64].

               By setting AUTH_SINGLE_COOKIE to "jurisdiction" (case insensitive), the username component of an
               authentication cookie issued by the jurisdiction is suppressed. This means that every
               authentication cookie it creates will have the same name. By setting it to "federation" (case
               insensitive), the jurisdiction and username components of an authentication cookie issued by the
               jurisdiction are suppressed. This means that every authentication cookie that it creates will
               have the same name, but also that any two jurisdictions that use this configuration will create
               cookies with the same name. Any other value results in the default behaviour, which is to include
               both the jurisdiction name and the username in the names of authentication cookies. The directive
               has no effect on the name of the identity encapsulated within an HTTP cookie.

               If an authentication cookie is received that was created by the jurisdiction and has a cookie
               name with a component that it has been configured to suppress, the cookie is ignored. A cookie
               issued by a different jurisdiction with a suppressed cookie name component is acceptable
               regardless of how this directive is configured at this jurisdiction.  DACS will reject all
               credentials if a request includes more than one cookie with the same cookie name.

               In typical use, each jurisdiction that performs authentication will configure this directive
               identically. To limit each user to associating a single identity with their request, simply set
               AUTH_SINGLE_COOKIE to "federation" at each jurisdiction in the federation.

                   Security
                   This directive indirectly limits the number of credentials that can be associated with a
                   single request. It does not prevent the same individual from sending different requests, from
                   the same browser or different browsers, each associated with a different identity. Also, it
                   does not limit the number of concurrent logins of the same identity (such as by different
                   individuals sharing the same account).

                   Changing this directive's value may render existing credentials invalid at this jurisdiction.
                   For example, after changing the directive it is possible for a user to obtain two
                   authentication cookies with different names for the same identity.  DACS does not allow a
                   request to include multiple credentials for the same identity.

           AUTH_SUCCESS (Optional)
               If dacs_authenticate successfully authenticates a user, the given expression is evaluated just
               before the AUTH_SUCCESS_HANDLER[65] directive, if any, is processed. This directive provides a
               hook for post-authentication actions to be performed, which can be user-specific. The namespaces
               in effect during authentication processing are accessible to the expression. The value of the
               expression is discarded and any errors are ignored.

               Also see the on_success()[53] function.

               As an example, the following directive will run a web service after every successful login:

                   AUTH_SUCCESS 'https://internal.example.com/cgi-bin/userlogin?USERNAME=${Auth::IDENTITY}'

           AUTH_SUCCESS_HANDLER (Optional1)
               If dacs_authenticate successfully authenticates a user, the resulting action can be customized.
               This provides a way for the DACS administrator to redirect a user's browser after login.

                   Note
                   This feature is enabled only if dacs_authenticate is passed an ENABLE_AUTH_HANDLERS parameter
                   that has a value of 1.
               The dacs_authenticate service recognizes a FORMAT argument that is used to select between an
               XML-aware user agent (FORMAT=XML) and an HTML capable user agent (FORMAT is not specified or is
               not XML). In the case of an XML result, dacs_auth_reply.dtd[60] is used. The behaviour of this
               directive with respect to FORMAT is described below on a case-by-case basis.

               The following syntaxes are supported:

                1. AUTH_SUCCESS_HANDLER "[url] URL"

                   This form causes DACS to redirect the client to URL, which may be a relative or absolute URL.
                   If the keyword url is absent, URL must begin with the four characters http. The GET method
                   will be used. The URL may contain a properly escaped query string; DACS will append the
                   following parameters, in the order given, to the URL:

                   DACS_VERSION
                       The version number of DACS (e.g., "1.4").

                   DACS_FEDERATION
                       The federation that received the service request, if available.

                   DACS_JURISDICTION
                       The jurisdiction that received the service request, if available.

                   DACS_USERNAME
                       The username associated with the new credentials.

                   FORMAT
                       The value of this parameter will be either HTML or XML, as determined by the value of the
                       parameter of the same name passed to dacs_authenticate or the default (HTML if FORMAT was
                       not specified).

                   The values of these parameters are URL encoded.

                2. AUTH_SUCCESS_HANDLER "[file] full-pathname"

                   This form causes the contents of the file named by full-pathname to be returned without
                   regard to the presence of a FORMAT argument. The file must include any header lines it
                   requires, such as a Content-Type line, a header-terminating blank line, and then the document
                   content.

                       Note
                       The "full-pathname" usage differs from the "local-URL" usage of the ACS_ERROR_HANDLER
                       directive, though both elements begin with a slash character; the former specifies the
                       absolute pathname of a file, while the latter specifies a URL local to the receiving web
                       server. To specify a relative URL, use the url keyword.

                3. AUTH_SUCCESS_HANDLER "[message] \"message\""

                   This form causes the given message, surrounded by escaped double quote characters, to be
                   returned as HTML (or XML if FORMAT=XML).

                4. AUTH_SUCCESS_HANDLER "credentials"

                   This form causes the user's credentials to be displayed, either as an HTML or XML (if
                   FORMAT=XML) document. This is the default behaviour.

               The optional keywords are treated case-insensitively.

           AUTH_TRANSFER_EXPORT (Optional)
               Each use of this directive identifies a target federation and the corresponding URL of a program
               to invoke the TOKEN operation phase of the protocol in that federation. The federation identifier
               is simply a label (case-sensitive) that must be a syntactically valid federation name. Whitespace
               separates the federation name from the URL. Please refer to dacs_auth_transfer(8)[29] for
               details.

           AUTH_TRANSFER_TOKEN_LIFETIME_SECS (Optional1)
               This is the lifetime, in seconds, of a token produced by the TOKEN operation of
               dacs_auth_transfer(8)[29] and consumed by its IMPORT operation. That is, it is the time a user
               (or middleware) has to submit the token before it becomes invalid. It should be on the order of a
               few seconds.

           COMPAT_MODE (Optional1)
               This indicates that, to the extent possible, credentials issued by a different release of DACS
               should be accepted. At present, the only supported values are off (the default, which disables
               this mode) and 1.2.

                   Important
                   This directive is not intended to provide complete interoperability among DACS releases and
                   in fact it does not in certain situations. Old releases of DACS may contain security-related
                   bugs, or may rely on third-party software that contains security-related bugs.  DACS
                   installations are urged to upgrade rather than to depend on the limited backward
                   compatibility supplied by this directive.  There is no guarantee that any particular level of
                   backward compatibility will be carried forward in subsequent releases of DACS.

           COOKIE_HTTPONLY (Optional1)
               If "yes", the HttpOnly attribute will be included with cookies produced by DACS. This attribute
               is a Microsoft extension that is used to "mitigate the risk of information disclosure with a
               cross-site scripting (XSS) attack[66]". This attribute is not recognized by all browsers but
               these browsers should ignore it. The default is "no".

                   Security
                   Methods of defeating this attribute are known[67], so administrators may need to take
                   additional precautions against XSS attacks.

           COOKIE_NAME_TERMINATORS (Optional1)
               By default, DACS creates HTTP cookies with names having a particular syntax[68], using colon
               characters to separate components of the cookie's name: application name ("DACS"), federation
               name, jurisdiction name, and username. The strings that are used by default to terminate the
               first three components of the cookie name can be changed using this directive. If the directive's
               value is:

               •   a single character, each occurrence of a colon in the default terminators is replaced by the
                   character;

               •   a string that does not contain a comma, each occurrence of a colon in the default terminators
                   is replaced by the string; or

               •   a string that contains four commas, each terminator in the default format is replaced by the
                   corresponding component in COOKIE_NAME_TERMINATORS.

               Any other directive value is rejected. It is not possible to escape a comma in the directive
               value. No terminator may be the null string. This directive is honoured in all contexts where
               DACS produces or parses an HTTP cookie name, such as by dacscookie(1)[31]. See COOKIE_SYNTAX[69]
               for additional information.

                   Important
                   No other validity checks are performed, so it is possible to configure a cookie name syntax
                   that is non-conformant, unacceptable to DACS, or unacceptable to some clients. Changing the
                   cookie name format will cause previously issued cookies to not be recognized by DACS until
                   the format is switched back. Since the value of the directive can be determined at run-time,
                   however, considerable flexibility is possible. Jurisdictions will not recognize each other's
                   HTTP cookies if they produce cookies with differently formatted names. Changing the cookie
                   name format does not affect the similar syntax used to specify jurisdictions, users, and so
                   on.
               Consider this directive:

                   COOKIE_NAME_TERMINATORS "~"

               This will result in cookie names that look like:

                   DACS~federation-name~~[jurisdiction-name]~[username][~special]

               Here is another example:

                   COOKIE_NAME_TERMINATORS "~,::,~,:"

               This will result in cookie names that look like:

                   DACS~federation-name::[jurisdiction-name]~[username][:special]

           COOKIE_NO_DOMAIN (Optional1)
               If "yes", no domain attribute will appear when DACS returns a cookie, such as after
               authenticating successfully from a browser. The browser will take the default action, which is to
               associate the cookie with the domain name or IP address of the request that returned the cookie.
               This will obviously limit DACS's single sign-on feature since the cookie (credentials) will only
               be sent with requests made to that domain name or IP address.

               This directive is sometimes useful when DACS is deployed in an environment where fully qualified
               domain names are not used. In this case, FEDERATION_DOMAIN must still be configured, although it
               will not be used in conjunction with the domain of cookies.

               The default is "no".

           COOKIE_PATH (Optional1)
               This allows the path component of a Set-Cookie (and Set-Cookie2) HTTP response header to be
               specified for the jurisdiction. These headers are sent to a user agent after successful
               authentication or signout. Refer to the Netscape HTTP Cookies Specification[70], RFC 2965[71],
               and RFC 6265[72] for details.

                   Security
                   The default value is "/", which means that the cookie will be sent by a user agent along with
                   every request sent to the jurisdiction's host. The value should be set to the most specific
                   URL path under which all DACS-wrapped services appear so that DACS credentials will only be
                   sent with requests to those URLs. It is critical to do this if your server runs arbitrary
                   user CGI programs because a malicious user might be able to cause a DACS-authenticated user
                   to visit a service that is not DACS-wrapped and capture cookies that represent DACS
                   identities. For example, if a jurisdiction segregated its DACS-wrapped static content under
                   /dacs/content and its DACS-wrapped CGI programs under /dacs/cgi-bin, then COOKIE_PATH should
                   have the value "/dacs".

           CSS_PATH (Optional1)
               This path is used as the value of the href attribute of the HTML link element used to specify the
               root location of style files used by HTML-producing DACS web services and utilities. The mapping
               between this path and a local directory, if any, depends on Apache's configuration; for example,
               if its value is "/css", the location of the corresponding directory will depend on the location
               of the server's document root and any applicable Alias directive.

               If this directive is not used, a compile-time default of "/css" is used, which assumes that an
               Apache directive like this one is used:

                   Alias /css "/usr/local/dacs/www/css/"

               Please refer to dacs.install(7)[73] for additional information about use of the Alias directive.

           DTD_BASE_URL (Optional1)
               When DACS services are asked to send an XML response (FORMAT=XML) and DTD_BASE_URL is configured,
               services will emit a DOCTYPE with the keyword SYSTEM followed by a value derived from
               DTD_BASE_URL; e.g.,

                   <!DOCTYPE foo SYSTEM "http://example.com/dacs/dtd-xsd/foo.dtd">

               If DTD_BASE_URL is not configured, an internal DTD will be emitted. Also see the description of
               the FORMAT web service argument[74].

           EVAL (Optional)
               The EVAL directive is special in that it may appear in any clause and because it is always
               evaluated when it is first seen during processing of site.conf, the Default section of dacs.conf,
               or the applicable Jurisdiction section of dacs.conf (i.e., before any section merging occurs).
               The purpose of the directive is purely for its side effect, such as initializing a configuration
               variable (see Advanced Techniques[75]). Because these directives are scanned early during
               configuration processing, their right-hand sides cannot reference directives as configuration
               variables because those directives have not yet been evaluated (so they cannot reference
               ${Conf::FEDERATION_DOMAIN}, for example). Example:

                   EVAL ${Conf::a_special_path} = "/my/path"

           FEDERATION_DOMAIN (Required1)
               The suffix of the domain name (RFC 1035[76] 2.3.1) that is common to all jurisdictions in the
               federation. Note that the domain name associated with a jurisdiction is not explicitly configured
               (but see dacs_url in dacs.groups(5)[77]), and that this is a one-to-many association (see
               dacs.conf(5)[78]). Example: example.com

           FEDERATION_NAME (Required1)
               The name for the federation of jurisdictions. The syntax is the same as for
               JURISDICTION_NAME[79]: an alphabetic followed by zero or more alphanumeric characters, '-', or
               '_'. By convention, this is in all-caps, however. Please see dacs(1)[80] for additional
               information. Example: FEDROOT

           HTTP_AUTH (Stack)
               This directive is used to perform user authentication at access control time rather than in a
               separate sign-on step. This mode of authentication is triggered through DACS's internal
               implementation of HTTP Basic or Digest authentication (see RFC 2617[81]). If prompting is
               enabled, the user will be asked for his username and password by the user agent's usual prompting
               method. If prompting is disabled, the user agent must know how to send an Authorization request
               header without first receiving a WWW-Authenticate response header. The username and password
               obtained from the user can be directed to any suitable DACS authentication method for validation.
               By default, the resulting identity is associated with the current jurisdiction[48].

               Other than by placing the resource or resources specified by this directive under the control of
               DACS, no additional Apache configuration needs to be done to use this feature.

               Please refer to the section on HTTP Authentication[82] for additional information about this
               feature and how it is used. Also refer to the HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE[83] directive.

               Two different mechanisms are available: pre-authorization testing and post-authorization testing.
               The HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE directive is used to enable one or both mechanisms.

               The pre-authorization testing mechanism is used if:

                1. a request is received that does not include valid credentials;

                2. the feature is enabled by HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE (i.e., it is set to "pre_acs_only" or "both") and
                   not disabled by ACS_AUTHENTICATED_ONLY[49];

                3. no ACS_PRE_AUTH[84] directive is successful;

                4. the applicable directive includes the -pre flag (see below[85]); and

                5. either the request includes an Authorization request header or the return of an HTTP
                   WWW-Authenticate response header is enabled.

               This mechanism can be useful with simple user agents that understand Basic authentication but
               cannot handle redirection or sometimes even the WWW-Authenticate response header. It may also be
               appropriate in situations where a user agent cannot or will not handle HTTP cookies. If dacs_acs
               is allowed to respond with a WWW-Authenticate response header, the configuration variable
               ${Conf::http_auth_401} must be set to "yes".

               The post-authorization testing mechanism is used if:

                1. a request is denied because the user was not authenticated;

                2. the feature is enabled by HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE (i.e., it is set to "post_acs_only" or "both") and
                   not disabled by ACS_AUTHENTICATED_ONLY;

                3. the applicable directive does not include a -pre flag (see below).

               One important difference between the two mechanisms is that while the post-authorization
               mechanism works by redirecting the user to dacs_authenticate(8)[52] after authorization checking
               denies a request, the pre-authorization mechanism does not involve any redirection and
               dacs_authenticate is not used. Instead, dacs_acs performs authentication internally (by calling
               dacsauth as a function) and credentials are not returned to the client; credentials are created
               that (normally) exist only for the duration of the authorization check, which means that no DACS
               session state exists outside of dacs_acs and therefore some DACS web services will either be
               unavailable or not operate in the same way they would if credentials were provided by the client.
               Pre-authorization may also be less efficient than returning credentials because authentication
               will be performed each and every time the client makes a request that triggers it. Note that only
               authentication modules that implement the password or expr authentication styles[86] can be used
               by this mechanism, and only if no redirection of the client is necessary. Because web browsers
               only prompt for a username and password, if an AUXILIARY argument is also required it must be
               entered with either the username or password (i.e., combined in some way, perhaps separated by
               punctuation) and then parsed into an AUXILIARY argument using a run-time configuration directive.
               With pre-authorization, roles can be assigned to the temporary credentials (refer to the
               description of the -r flag and the role-module-spec in dacsauth(1)[32] for details).

                   Security
                   Like dacsauth and dacs_authenticate, if dacs_acs uses a built-in module to perform
                   authentication, it must run setuid or setgid (chmod(2)[87]). to obtain sufficient privileges
                   to access the required files; this is true for Unix password authentication, for example.
                   Programs should run at the lowest level of authorization that is necessary, however, and it
                   is generally preferable to only run authentication modules at a higher authorization level.

               The value of the HTTP_AUTH directive follows any one of the following three forms:

                1.

                       auth_scheme auth_realm url_pattern+

                2.

                       auth_scheme auth_realm url_pattern+ -pre [[-param] param-string]
                           {-m auth-module-spec [auth-flag]*}+ {-r roles-module-spec}*

                3.

                       except url_pattern+

               The first syntactical form is for the post-authentication mechanism:

               •   auth_scheme is the (case-insensitive) authentication scheme to use (e.g., Basic);

               •   auth_realm is the (case-sensitive) realm-value string associated with the resource (see RFC
                   2617[81]);

               •   url_pattern+ is a list of one or more URI path components that are matched against the
                   request for which access was denied to an unauthenticated user. Each of these components is
                   like the url_pattern attribute used in access control rules[37] in that it can either specify
                   an exact match or, by ending in "/*", a wildcard match; no query argument component is
                   allowed. Each url_pattern begins with a / character.

               The second syntactical form is for the pre-authentication mechanism. Its first three components
               are like those for the first form, and must appear in the order specified above. The following
               components are then added, and may follow the three initial components in any order:

               •   -pre selects the pre-authorization testing mechanism; the default is to use
                   post-authorization testing. Because each url_pattern begins with a / character, the -pre flag
                   implicitly ends the url_pattern list.

               •   param-string is an optional string consisting of authentication parameters as per RFC 2617
                   (note: HTTP Basic authentication does not permit any optional parameters). For clarity, or if
                   param-string might be confused with another syntactic element, it can be preceded by a -param
                   flag. In the absence of the -param flag, any non-flag argument is assumed to be the
                   param-string. Only one param-string is allowed.

               •   -m auth-module-spec specifies an authentication module using the command-line syntax of
                   dacsauth(1)[32]. This argument must occur at least once. Following the auth-module-spec can
                   be zero or more auth-flag arguments to apply to the module's authentication context. The
                   -Ddirective=value flag, -fj jurname flag, and the -fn fedname flag are recognized and have
                   the same semantics as when used by dacsauth(1)[32].

               •   -r roles-module_spec specifies a roles module. This argument may occur zero or more times.

               In the third syntactical form, the except keyword identifies portions of the URL space that
               should not trigger HTTP authentication.

               The HTTP_AUTH directives "stack", like the ACS_ERROR_HANDLER[18] directive.  DACS will search for
               the first exact url_pattern that matches or will select the closest wildcard url_pattern. Two or
               more directives with the same url_pattern should not be configured.

               The first of the two directives in the following example may trigger Basic authentication for the
               realm called "Info Realm" when either /cgi-bin/dacs/dacs_prenv or /cgi-bin/dacs/dacs_version
               (relative to the current jurisdiction[48]) is requested. The second directive may trigger Basic
               authentication for the realm called "CGI Realm" for any other resource subordinate to
               /cgi-bin/dacs. The first directive will override the second because an exact match overrides a
               wildcard match.

                   HTTP_AUTH "basic \"Info Realm\" /cgi-bin/dacs/dacs_prenv /cgi-bin/dacs/dacs_version"
                   HTTP_AUTH "basic \"CGI Realm\"   /cgi-bin/dacs/*"

               In the next example, the two directives associate the Basic authentication scheme with everything
               under /cgi-bin/dacs/, except for /cgi-bin/dacs/dacs_prenv (because the second directive is an
               exact match, which overrides the first directive):

                     HTTP_AUTH "basic \"CGI Realm\" /cgi-bin/dacs/*"
                     HTTP_AUTH "except /cgi-bin/dacs/dacs_prenv"

                   Tip
                   An administrator can take advantage of DACS's active configuration processing to decide at
                   run-time which auth_scheme, auth_realm, or password file to use, for instance, perhaps
                   depending on the request's arguments.
               As an example of pre-authorization testing authentication, consider the following configuration
               directives:

                   HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE "pre_acs_only"
                   EVAL ${Conf::http_auth_401} = "no"
                   HTTP_AUTH "basic \"dacs_prenv Realm\" /cgi-bin/dacs/dacs_prenv -m unix passwd suff"

               The first directive above enables this feature. The second directive disables responding with a
               WWW-Authenticate header; changing its value to "yes" enables the response. The third directive
               associates the DACS dacs_prenv(8)[88] service with the built-in Basic authentication feature at
               pre-authorization testing time. Given this configuration, if a client requests dacs_prenv but
               does not include credentials:

               •   if no Authorization header was sent and ${Conf::http_auth_401} is "no", then execution will
                   proceed as if the feature were disabled (i.e., the user will be unauthenticated)

               •   if no Authorization header was sent and ${Conf::http_auth_401} is "yes", then DACS will
                   respond with a WWW-Authenticate response header and 401 status code

               •   if an Authorization header was sent, the username and password will be validated using the
                   built-in Unix authentication module:

                   •   if authentication succeeds, temporary credentials will be created and used for the
                       request, but will not be returned to the client

                   •   if authentication fails, access will be denied

                   Tip
                   You can create an Authorization header by constructing a string consisting of an account
                   name, a colon, and the account's password. MIME encode the resulting string - you can use
                   dacsexpr(1)[89] and the encode()[90] function:

                       % dacsexpr
                       > encode(mime, "guest:apassword")
                       "Z3Vlc3Q6YXBhc3N3b3Jk"

                   The header for the example above would look like:

                       Authorization: Basic Z3Vlc3Q6YXBhc3N3b3Jk

                   And using dacshttp(1)[4], you could use the flag:

                       -header Authorization "Basic Z3Vlc3Q6YXBhc3N3b3Jk"
               The example that follows shows how LDAP authentication[91] using the direct method might be
               configured. In an appropriate place in dacs.conf, we might insert these directives:

                   HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE "pre_acs_only"
                   HTTP_AUTH "basic \"LDAP Login Using Your Common Name\" /basic/* -pre \
                       -m https://example.example.com/cgi-bin/dacs/local_ldap_authenticate \
                       password sufficient -Of /usr/local/dacs/ldap/ldap_auth_options_direct"

               In the file /usr/local/dacs/ldap/ldap_auth_options_direct (which must be readable at run-time by
               dacs_acs(8)[6]), we might put:

                   LDAP_BIND_METHOD=direct
                   LDAP_USERNAME_URL*="ldap://windex.example.com/CN=" . encode(url,${Args::USERNAME}) . ",CN=Users,DC=example,DC=com"
                   LDAP_USERNAME_EXPR*="${LDAP::sAMAccountName}"

               Note the use of the LDAP_USERNAME_EXPR* directive. Because authentication against the directory
               uses a Common Name attribute in the example, and a Common Name may not be a valid DACS username,
               it must be replaced by (or mapped to) an acceptable DACS username. The first time a user attempts
               to access a resource that matches the URL pattern /basic/*, he will prompted by his web browser
               for a username (in this case, a Common Name must be provided) and password. The directory on
               windex.example.com will be used by the local_ldap_authenticate module to validate the information
               provided by the user.

               To also obtain the user's roles from the directory, the set_roles style modifier and an
               LDAP_ROLES_SELECTOR* directive can be added to the configuration:

                   HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE "pre_acs_only"
                   HTTP_AUTH "basic \"LDAP Login Using Your Common Name\" /basic/* -pre \
                       -m https://example.example.com/cgi-bin/dacs/local_ldap_authenticate \
                       password,set_roles sufficient -Of /usr/local/dacs/ldap/ldap_auth_options_direct"

               And to /usr/local/dacs/ldap/ldap_auth_options_direct:

                   LDAP_BIND_METHOD=direct
                   LDAP_USERNAME_URL*="ldap://windex.example.com/CN=" . encode(url,${Args::USERNAME}) . ",CN=Users,DC=example,DC=com"
                   LDAP_ROLES_SELECTOR*="${LDAP::attrname}" eq "memberOf" ? strtr(ldap(rdn_attrvalu
                   e, ldap(dn_index, "${LDAP::attrvalue}", 1)), " ", "_") : ""
                   LDAP_USERNAME_EXPR*="${LDAP::sAMAccountName}"

                   Tip
                   Since the pre-authorization mechanism does not return DACS credentials to the user's web
                   browser, a subsequent invocation of dacs_current_credentials(8)[92] will not display
                   information that resulted from the authentication procedure. If the URL that triggers
                   pre-authorization is for a script or other program that is executable by Apache with access
                   permitted by DACS, however, the program can display its environment, which will include
                   DACS_USERNAME, DACS_ROLES, and so on. For example, dacs_prenv(8)[88] can be used for this, as
                   can this simple PHP script (phpinfo.php):

                       <html><head></head><body>
                       <p>
                       <?php
                       phpinfo();
                       ?>
                       </p>
                       </body>
                       </html>
               To authenticate against a Unix account and assign the user's group membership as roles, this
               configuration might be used:

                   HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE "pre_acs_only"
                   HTTP_AUTH "basic \"Login Using Your Unix Account\" /basic/* -pre \
                       -m https://example.example.com/cgi-bin/dacs/local_unix_authenticate \
                       password sufficient -Of /usr/local/dacs/ldap/ldap_auth_options_direct \
                       -r https://example.example.com/cgi-bin/dacs/local_unix_roles"

               Note that local_unix_authenticate must run with sufficient privileges to validate the
               username/password pair.

           HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE (Optional1)
               This directive's value must be one of:

               •   "post_acs_only", if only post-authorization testing HTTP Authentication[82] may be used,

               •   "pre_acs_only", if only pre-authorization testing HTTP authentication may be used, or

               •   "yes" or "both" if either mechanism may be used.

               Refer to HTTP_AUTH[46] for additional details.

           HTTP_PROG (Required1)
               The full pathname of the executable dacshttp(1)[4] program, a utility distributed with DACS. This
               program is used by DACS components to invoke local services, optionally using SSL/TLS.

           INFOCARD_AUDIENCE (Optional)
               This directive must be configured for DACS to function as a Relying Party. When DACS acts as a
               Relying Party, each of these directives is applied to the value of an Audience element (a URI) in
               a secure token's AudienceRestrictionCondition element until a successful match is found. Several
               matching functions are available using the following syntax:

                   function [space+ arg-to-match-against-Audience]

               function is case insensitive.

               uri match-URI
                   The match-URI is compared with the entire Audience URI for an exact URI match. URI matching
                   syntax is used, meaning that only the scheme and hostname components are case insensitive.

                       INFOCARD_AUDIENCE "uri http://DACS.DSS.CA/infocard-demo"

               any
                   Any Audience is acceptable.

                       INFOCARD_AUDIENCE "any"

               regex match-regex
               regex/flags match-regex
                   In the first form, the regular expression match-regex is matched (unanchored) against the
                   Audience URI. In the second form, one or more flags can precede the regular expression: 'i'
                   specifies case-insensitive matching and 'e' specifies "extended" regular expressions rather
                   than the default "basic" regular expressions. IEEE Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2") regular expressions
                   are supported (regex(3)[93]).

                       INFOCARD_AUDIENCE "regex/i ^https://dacs.dss.ca:8443"

                   The following directives are equivalent:

                       INFOCARD_AUDIENCE "regex .*"
                       INFOCARD_AUDIENCE "any"

               host match-hostname
                   The match-hostname, which may be a domain name or an IP address, is matched
                   case-insensitively against the host name in the Audience URI.

                       INFOCARD_AUDIENCE "host dacs.dss.ca"

               prefix match-URI
                   The match-URI is matched against the Audience URI to test if the former is a prefix of the
                   latter. The case-sensitivity rules for URI components is respected (e.g., the scheme and host
                   name components are treated case-insensitively, but the path components are not).

                       INFOCARD_AUDIENCE "prefix https://dacs.dss.ca/infocards"

           INFOCARD_AUDIENCE_RESTRICTION (Optional)
               Used by dacs_sts(8)[94], this optional directive specifies the value of an Audience element in an
               AudienceRestrictionCondition.

           INFOCARD_CARD_DATETIME_EXPIRES (Optional1)
               This optional directive specifies the date and time of expiration for a managed InfoCard created
               by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95]. The XML Schema dateTime format must be used (see XML Schema Part
               2: Datatypes Second Edition[96]); e.g.,

                   INFOCARD_CARD_DATETIME_EXPIRES "2010-06-15T09:46:31-08:00"

               Also see INFOCARD_CARD_LIFETIME_SECS[97].

           INFOCARD_CARD_DEFS_URL (Optional1)
               This optional directive is used by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] to specify a web service that
               defines the claims supported by a new managed InfoCard. If it is not defined, the default claim
               dacs_identity is used. To prevent abuse, arbitrary compile-time limits are imposed on the number
               of claims (20) and the lengths of various claim components: name (32 bytes), value (64 bytes),
               URI prefix (128 bytes), label (20 bytes), and description (40 bytes). (These limits should be
               run-time configurable.) The distribution's infocard directory includes an example program,
               demo_card_defs.php, which documents the program's arguments and output syntax.

           INFOCARD_CARD_FILL_URL (Optional1)
               This optional directive is used by dacs_sts(8)[94] to specify a web service that retrieves the
               values of claims requested by a Relying Party. If it is not defined, only the value of the
               default claim dacs_identity is available. Access to this web service must be appropriately
               restricted and secured, although it does not need to be DACS-wrapped. It is passed special DACS
               credentials (as an HTTP cookie). The distribution's infocard directory includes an example
               program, demo_fill_claims.php, which documents the program's arguments and output syntax.

           INFOCARD_CARD_IMAGE_BASE_URL (Required1-C)
               This directive is required by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95]. It is the initial part of a DACS VFS
               URI[98] from which image files for managed InfoCards can be retrieved. The general idea is that
               the particular image associated with a card depends on the STS authentication credential that is
               used by the card. For example, the configuration variable infocard_card_image_passwd, if set,
               specifies the filename (relative to INFOCARD_CARD_IMAGE_BASE_URL) of an image associated with
               InfoCards that use the username/password type of authentication between its owner and the STS; if
               unspecified, a compile-time default (dacs_username_password_credential.png) is used. Similarly,
               the variables infocard_card_image_cert (default value: dacs_x509certificate_credential.png) and
               infocard_card_image_card (default value: dacs_selfissued_credential.png) specify filenames for
               images associated with the X.509 V3 certificate credential type and the self-issued InfoCard
               credential type, respectively. The value of INFOCARD_CARD_IMAGE_BASE_URL is typically the
               absolute pathname of a directory containing the image files or the initial part of a URL to which
               a final path component will be appended. Also see the CARD_IMAGE_URL[99] argument to
               dacs_managed_infocard.

               An image should be in the range of 60 pixels wide by 45 pixels high and 200 pixels wide by 150
               pixels high. Only certain image formats are allowed by the specification; the image format is
               deduced from the filename extension (case insensitively): ".png", ".gif", ".tiff" (or ".tif"),
               ".bmp", and ".jpeg" (or ".jpg"). If the format cannot be deduced, PNG is assumed.

           INFOCARD_CARD_LIFETIME_SECS (Optional1)
               If INFOCARD_CARD_DATETIME_EXPIRES is not defined, the expiration date and time of a managed
               InfoCard created by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] can be specified relative to the current time as
               this many seconds. If neither this directive nor INFOCARD_CARD_DATETIME_EXPIRES is defined, a
               compile-time default lifetime is used (currently, 365 days). Also see
               INFOCARD_CARD_DATETIME_EXPIRES[100].

           INFOCARD_CARD_OUTPUTDIR (Optional1)
               If a managed InfoCard generated by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] is stored in a file, it is
               written to this directory. The name of the file is of the form username_random.crd. See
               INFOCARD_CARDID_BASE_URL[101].

           INFOCARD_CARD_VERSION (Optional1)
               This directive is used by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] to provide a value for the CardVersion
               element in a managed InfoCard. The default is "1".

           INFOCARD_CARDID_BASE_URL (Required1-C)
               This directive is required by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95]. It is used as the base URL for the
               CardId of a new managed InfoCard. If this URL is set so that it points into the directory
               specified by INFOCARD_CARD_OUTPUTDIR[102], then the resulting CardId URLs can be used to fetch
               the card by its owner, assuming appropriate access control rules are also configured. Also see
               INFOCARD_CARDID_SUFFIX[103].

           INFOCARD_CARDID_SUFFIX (Optional1)
               This optional directive is used by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] and specifies a string to be
               appended as a final path element to the value of INFOCARD_CARDID_BASE_URL[101] to form a new
               card's CardId. If the value of INFOCARD_CARDID_SUFFIX is:

               identity
                   The specified or implied identity assigned to the card is interpolated; this is the default.

               username
                   The specified or implied username assigned to the card is interpolated.

               random
                   A safely-encoded 20-byte random string is interpolated.

               default
                   The default is used ("identity").

               If the value of INFOCARD_CARDID_SUFFIX does not match (case-insensitively) any of these strings,
               it is interpolated verbatim. Regardless of how it was derived, the result string must be a
               syntactically valid URI path segment (RFC 2396[104]).

           INFOCARD_DIGEST (Optional1)
               The name of the hash algorithm to use in account files for self-issued InfoCard-based
               authentication (see dacs_infocard(8)[105]). The syntax is the same as for the
               PASSWORD_DIGEST[106] directive. The default is "SHA256".

           INFOCARD_IP_PRIVACY_URL (Required1-C)
               This directive is required by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] and specifies the URL of the Identity
               Provider's PrivacyNotice. A default notice is configured.

           INFOCARD_IP_PRIVACY_VERSION (Optional1)
               This optional directive is used by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] and specifies an integer version
               number (greater than zero) of the document returned by the INFOCARD_IP_PRIVACY_URL[107]. If it is
               set to the empty string, however, no version number will be specified for the PrivacyNotice. The
               default is "1".

           INFOCARD_ISSUER_INFO_ENTRY (Optional)
               This optional directive, which may be repeated, is used by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] to
               specify arbitrary descriptive information to be included in managed InfoCards. This information
               may be displayed by an Identity Selector. The value of the directive is a string of the form
               "EntryName:EntryValue".

           INFOCARD_MEX_URL (Required1-C)
               This directive, used by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95], specifies the URL of the
               WS-MetadataExchange responder for managed InfoCards. Also see dacs_mex(8)[108].

           INFOCARD_REQUIRE_APPLIES_TO (Optional1)
               Used optionally by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95], this directive controls a managed InfoCard's
               RequireAppliesTo element, which by default is omitted. This element is used to control whether
               the card's Identity Provider (e.g., dacs_sts(8)[94]) will be informed as to the identity of the
               Relying Party via the wsp:AppliesTo element (when it is informed, it is called an auditing card,
               which is used in auditing mode). Following the Identity Selector Interoperability Profile, this
               directive may have any of the following values:

               no
                   The RequireAppliesTo element is omitted (called a non-auditing card).

               yes
                   RequireAppliesTo is emitted, but with its optional attribute omitted (an auditing card).

               true
                   RequireAppliesTo is emitted with the attribute Optional="true" (called an auditing-optional
                   card).

               false
                   RequireAppliesTo is emitted with the attribute Optional="false" (an auditing card).

           INFOCARD_STRONG_RP_IDENTITY (Optional1)
               Used optionally by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95], if the value of this directive is "yes"
               RequireStrongRecipientIdentity is present in new managed InfoCards, which indicates that a
               Relying Party must use a cryptographically protected identity; i.e., an X.509 server certificate.

           INFOCARD_STS_AUTH_TYPE (Required1-C)
               This directive, required by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95], specifies (case-insensitively) the
               authentication credential type, which identifies an Identity Selector user to an IP/STS (see
               dacs_sts(8)[94]). The value of this directive is consulted when a new managed InfoCard is
               created; the type may be changed without affecting the authentication credential type assigned to
               InfoCards created before the change. Recognized values are:

               password
               passwd
                   This is the username/password credential type. See INFOCARD_STS_PASSWORD_METHOD[109].

               cert
                   This is the X.509 V3 certificate credential type. An SSL client certificate must be used with
                   the request to dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] for a managed InfoCard, and the same certificate
                   must be used when the managed InfoCard is submitted to a Relying Party. A self-signed
                   certificate may be used.

               card
                   This is the self-issued credential type. A self-issued InfoCard must be submitted with the
                   request to dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] for a managed InfoCard, and the same self-issued
                   InfoCard must be available to the user's Identity Selector when the managed InfoCard is
                   submitted to a Relying Party. This self-issued InfoCard does not need to be separately
                   registered using dacs_infocard(8)[105].

               kerberos
                   This is the Kerberos V5 credential type. This authentication credential type is currently
                   unsupported.

                   Note
                   Although the specification allows an ordered list of STS endpoints to appear, at present only
                   a single endpoint may be configured.

           INFOCARD_STS_CACERTFILE (Required1-C)
               This directive, which is required by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95], specifies the filename of the
               certificate authority's PEM-encoded X.509 certificate for INFOCARD_STS_CERTFILE[110].

                   Note
                   File permissions and ownership must be set appropriately to allow run-time access.

           INFOCARD_STS_CERTFILE (Required1-C)
               This directive, which is required by dacsinfocard(1)[111], dacs_infocard(8)[105], and
               dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95], specifies the filename of the PEM-encoded X.509 certificate for the
               Secure Token Service provided by dacs_sts(8)[94].

                   Note
                   File permissions and ownership must be set appropriately to allow run-time access. If a
                   self-signed certificate is being used, the appropriate root certificate must be installed on
                   the system that is running the Identity Selector.

           INFOCARD_STS_KEYFILE (Required1-C)
               This directive, which is required by dacsinfocard(1)[111], local_infocard_authenticate[112],
               dacs_infocard(8)[105], dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95], and dacs_sts(8)[94], specifies the filename
               of the key for the X.509 certificate specified by INFOCARD_STS_CERTFILE. If this file is password
               protected, INFOCARD_STS_KEYFILE_PASSWORD[113] must be configured.

                   Note
                   File permissions and ownership must be set appropriately to allow run-time access.

           INFOCARD_STS_KEYFILE_PASSWORD (Required1-C)
               If INFOCARD_STS_KEYFILE[114] is encrypted, this directive is required to specify the password.

           INFOCARD_STS_PASSWORD_METHOD (Required1-C)
               If the username/password credential type is needed by a managed InfoCard, dacs_sts(8)[94]
               requires this directive to specify how the username and password are to be validated:

               empty
                   The password is no password at all (i.e., the empty string). If a password is given,
                   authentication will fail.

               ignore
                   Any password string, including no password at all (i.e., the empty string), is acceptable.

               sts
                   The given password string must exactly match the authentication-time value of the
                   configuration variable infocard_sts_password.

               account:id
                   The given username and password must be valid relative to the specified DACS authentication
                   module identified by the Auth clause label id, which must be enabled and configured as per
                   dacs_authenticate(8)[52]. (Note: This form is currently unsupported.)

           INFOCARD_STS_RP_ENDPOINT (Optional)
               This directive causes dacs_sts(8)[94] to issue security tokens only to selected identified
               Relying Parties; if the identity of a Relying Party, as provided by the Address endpoint
               appearing in the token request's AppliesTo element (apparently the URL of the Relying Party's web
               page) does not match any instance of this directive, a token will not be returned. A token will
               be returned if this directive is not used or if the Relying Party is not identified. Not all
               Relying Parties are identified; see INFOCARD_REQUIRE_APPLIES_TO[115]. The syntax for this
               directive is identical to that of INFOCARD_AUDIENCE[116]. Although the Relying Party's server
               certificate can be provided with the identification material in the token request, it is not
               currently accessible to this directive.

           INFOCARD_STS_URL (Required1-C)
               This directive, used by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95], dacs_mex(8)[108], and dacs_sts(8)[94],
               specifies the URL of the Secure Token Service for managed InfoCards.

           INFOCARD_TOKEN_DRIFT_SECS (Optional1)
               A security token (produced by dacs_sts(8)[94], for instance) bears a validity condition; a
               relying party may reject a token if its current system date/time lies outside of the time window
               prescribed by the token. Because the clock at the IP/STS (which issued the token) and the clock
               at the relying party may not be closely synchronized - the relying party's clock may be faster or
               slower than the IP/STS's clock - a relying party may be willing to permit a certain amount of
               "clock drift" before it rejects a token. This directive specifies the maximum number of seconds
               that the IP/STS's clock may be too fast or too slow. If the directive's value is zero, or if the
               directive is not configured, a compile time default value is used (currently, 300 seconds). If
               the directive's value is "disable", the validity test is suppressed.

           INFOCARD_TOKEN_ISSUER (Required1-C)
               This directive, used by dacs_managed_infocard(8)[95] and dacs_sts(8)[94], specifies the Issuer of
               a managed InfoCard as a URI. The value "self" can be used to represent the special URI
               identifying a self-issued InfoCard.

                   Note
                   If your Identity Selector does not let you choose a managed InfoCard when you think that it
                   ought to (i.e., the value of this directive in effect when the managed InfoCard was created
                   matches the web page's issuer parameter), it seems that the INFOCARD_TOKEN_ISSUER is ignored
                   by an Identity Selector in preference to the name in the Identity Provider's SSL certificate.
                   It has been noted that if a Relying Party uses a wildcard certificate[117], an Identity
                   Selector may have trouble matching the issuer parameter in an HTML OBJECT request with an
                   InfoCard; it may be necessary for the Relying Party to specify the value of the issuer
                   parameter as the empty string.

           INFOCARD_TOKEN_LIFETIME_SECS (Optional1)
               This optional directive specifies the lifetime, in seconds, of a secure token created by
               dacs_sts(8)[94]. If not provided, a compile-time value is used. To reduce the window of
               vulnerability where a token might be captured and used by an attacker, this period should be
               relatively short (on the order of a few seconds). Note that a Relying Party is free to account
               for inadequately synchronized clocks when deciding whether it should accept a token, so this
               lifetime is effectively a recommendation for the recipient of the token. If the clocks at the
               Identity Selector and token issuer are not sufficiently synchronized, the Identity Selector will
               reject a token if the token's validity window is outside of its clock's current value.

           INFOCARD_TOKEN_MAX_LENGTH (Optional1)
               A relying party can use this directive to specify the maximum size (in bytes) of a security token
               that it will accept. If this directive is not configured or is zero, a compile time default value
               is used (currently, 16384 bytes).

           INFOCARD_USERNAME_SELECTOR (Optional1)
               This directive determines how the DACS username is selected for a self-issued InfoCard during
               registration by dacs_infocard(8)[105]. The resulting identity is relative to the current
               jurisdiction[48]; that is, if the InfoCard is used to sign on at a jurisdiction where it was
               registered, the jurisdiction will issue credentials for the username that was registered with the
               InfoCard. The following directive values are recognized:

               credentials
                   The username is obtained from the identity in effect at registration time; there may only be
                   one such set of credentials and they must have been issued by the jurisdiction at which
                   registration is occurring. This is the default behaviour if the directive is not given.

               email
                   The username is obtained from the email address field of the InfoCard; the email address must
                   be a syntactically valid username (see dacs(1)[80]).

               webpage
                   The username is derived from the web page URL field of the InfoCard; this is not currently
                   implemented. (see dacs(1)[80]).

           JURISDICTION_NAME (Required1)
               The name of the jurisdiction. The syntax is the same as for FEDERATION_NAME[57]: an alphabetic
               followed by zero or more alphanumerics, '-' (hyphens), or '_' (underscores). Note that periods
               are not permitted. By convention, this name is in all-caps, Please see dacs(1)[80] for additional
               information. Example: METALOGIC

           LOGINGEN_FILE (Optional1)
               Reserved for future use. (Used with the DACS logingen utility, this directive gives the full
               pathname of the template file.)

           LOGINGEN_PROG (Optional1)
               Reserved for future use. (Used with the DACS logingen utility, this directive specifies a program
               which will read LOGINGEN_FILE on its stdin and write the filtered output to stdout.)

           LOG_FILE (Optional1)
               DACS uses the LOG_FILE directive to identify the primary file to which it should write log
               information.  DACS performs directory name interpolation on the pathname string using a syntax
               and method similar to Apache's mod_vhost_alias[8] module (see String Interpolation[24]).

               The result after interpolation must either be the absolute pathname of a file to write log
               information to, or the word "syslog". In the latter case, syslog(3)[118] is used, with an ident
               argument of "dacs" and a facility of "user". Each DACS logging level is mapped to the
               corresponding syslog level, with the trace level mapped to syslog's debug level.

               While DACS is starting and before it reads and processes its configuration files, this directive
               is not yet available to it; until DACS knows what LOG_FILE is, or should LOG_FILE not be
               writable, the value of LOG_FILE is obtained from the value of DACS_LOG. A compile-time specified
               value, DACS_LOG can be specified when DACS is built (the default is equivalent to
               ${Conf::DACS_HOME}/logs/error_log). If DACS_LOG is unusable, stderr is used.

           LOG_FILTER (Stack)
               This directive configures a fine-grained way of specifying which messages will be written
               compared to the LOG_LEVEL[119] directive. The directive, which may be repeated, selects the types
               of events that DACS should log; unselected events are not recorded in a log file. It also
               provides a way for different kinds of messages to be logged to different files.

               Because this directive is in the Stack category[13], "later" directives supercede earlier ones.
               When a directive is found that allows a message to be logged, no additional directives are
               examined for the message. If this directive is not given, the default filtering is done based on
               the LOG_LEVEL and LOG_SENSITIVE directives.

               The syntax is one of:

                   LOG_FILTER "type flag[,flag]* level name [[+|-]file]"
                   LOG_FILTER "any flag[,flag]* level [[+|-]file]"

               The type, which is one of the keywords program, module, filename, or function (case insensitive),
               specifies the type of the event source to which this filter applies; i.e., it indicates what name
               is to be matched against. If type is filename, for instance, it means that for this filter to be
               applicable to a particular log message, the name must match the filename from which the log
               message is generated.

               A list of comma-separated, case-insensitive modifier flags specifies how matching of type is done
               against name. A flag can have the value exact, regex, icase, sensitive, user, audit, or normal.

               The name is matched against type case sensitively, unless the icase flag is present. Matching is
               performed using regex(3)[120] regular expression matching if the regex flag is present, or using
               a string comparison if the exact flag is present (these two flags are mutually exclusive).

               A message can have no attributes associated with it, or any combination of the attributes
               sensitive, user, and audit. Messages with the sensitive attribute might include potentially
               private information, such as a password. Messages with the audit attribute include relatively
               high-level events, such as successful and unsuccessful authentication results, signouts, and
               access control decisions. The user attribute is associated with messages produced by the
               print()[121] and printf()[122] functions.

               Modifier flags are used to select (or deselect) messages to be logged. By default, only normal
               messages are logged; these are messages without any attributes. The LOG_SENSITIVE[123] directive
               can change the default to enable sensitive messages.

               If the audit flag is given, a message is logged only if it has that attribute. Messages with the
               sensitive attribute are not logged unless the sensitive flag is given, and messages with the user
               attribute are not logged unless the user flag is given.

               Assuming the type and level do not deselect the message, here are some example cases:

               •   a message without any attributes will be logged provided the audit flag is not specified

               •   a message with both the audit and sensitive attributes will be logged only if the filter
                   specifies the audit flag, and either the sensitive flag is given or LOG_SENSITIVE is enabled

               If the directive's value begins with the keyword any, the filter matches any source, so there is
               no name and the modifier flags related to matching name are ignored.

               In order of increasing importance and decreasing amount of detail, level is one of the following
               case-insensitive keywords:

               •   trace (or tracing, least important messages)

               •   debug (or debugging)

               •   info

               •   notice (or notices)

               •   warn (or warning or warnings)

               •   error (or errors)

               •   critical (or crit)

               •   alert (or alerts)

               •   emerg (or emergency, most important messages)

               Any log message having a lower importance than level will not satisfy the filter. If the logging
               level is set to info, for example, messages having a lower level (debug and trace) will not be
               recorded. These levels are intended to have semantics similar to those of the logging levels used
               by Apache and syslog(3)[118].

               The file field, which is optional, is used instead of (or in addition to) LOG_FILE and
               interpolation is performed in the same way. If file is syslog, all messages matching the filter
               will be written using syslog(3) instead of to LOG_FILE. If file is prefixed with a '+', output
               will be written to both LOG_FILE and the expansion of file; if it is prefixed with nothing or -,
               the default behaviour results; the initial character can be escaped using a backslash. In some
               situations, using /dev/null for file is useful to discard unhelpful messages.

               Without regard to how LOG_LEVEL and LOG_SENSITIVE are configured, this directive says that all
               messages generated by any function located within the DACS source file named crypto.c having a
               level of at least debug, should be logged, including those marked as sensitive:

                   LOG_FILTER 'filename exact,sensitive debug crypto.c'

                   Tip
                   The directive:

                       LOG_FILTER 'any audit trace +syslog'

                   causes all log messages with the audit modifier having level trace or higher to be written to
                   both syslog(3) and LOG_FILE. If you want to use the syslog feature in this way, you will need
                   a section in the syslog(3) configuration file (typically /etc/syslog.conf) that looks
                   something like the following, depending on the flavour of syslog(3) that your system uses:

                       !dacs
                       *.*        /usr/local/dacs/logs/audit_log

                   The following directive is similar except that it causes log messages classified as either
                   audit or sensitive (or both) to be written to both LOG_FILE and the file logs/Audit_log,
                   relative to the root of the DACS installation directory:

                       LOG_FILTER 'any audit,sensitive TRACE +%bD/logs/Audit_log'

                   By removing the '+' character, the log messages would not be written to LOG_FILE.
               Please refer to dacs(1)[124] for general information about logging.

           LOG_FORMAT (Optional1)
               This directive is used to specify the format of the string that prefixes log messages produced by
               DACS. Interpolation is controlled by printf-like format specifiers, as follows:

               %%
                   Insert a literal percent character

               %a
                   Insert the application name, which is typically the basename of argv[0].

               %c
                   Insert the value of a per-process message counter, which is then incremented.

               %F
                   Insert event descriptor flags, which indicate whether the message is an audit event ("A"), a
                   potentially sensitive event ("S"), a user event ("U"), or a normal event ("-").

               %fn
                   Interpolate the federation name.

               %fd
                   Interpolate the federation domain.

               %j
                   Interpolate the jurisdiction name.

               %l
                   Interpolate the log level of the message.

               %p
                   Interpolate the process id of the process generating the message.

               %sF
                   Interpolate the name of the function generating the message.

               %sf
                   Interpolate the name of the file generating the message.

               %sl
                   Interpolate the line number within the file that is generating the message.

               %sm
                   Interpolate the name of the module generating the message.

               %sp
                   Interpolate the name of the program generating the message.

               %t
                   Interpolate the current time and date.

               If a % is followed by any other character, that character is printed. Other characters in the
               format specifier are interpolated verbatim. If a requested value is not available, nothing is
               interpolated.

                   Tip
                   When debugging, it is often helpful to compare log messages produced when slightly different
                   configurations are used to service a given request. With the default prefix, log messages
                   tend to be unique. To make it easier to compare two sequences of log messages (e.g., using
                   diff(1)[125]), append a special character (such as a tab) or a readily distinguished
                   character string to the LOG_FORMAT format string. This will simplify stripping the prefix
                   from log messages (e.g., using sed(1)[126]). Alternatively, set an empty prefix string, or
                   write a conditional directive that eliminates the prefix only when debugging.

           LOG_LEVEL (Optional1)
               This directive specifies the minimum default logging level in effect - log messages less
               important than this will be discarded. For example, if LOG_LEVEL is warn, only log message of
               that level or more important will be written and all others will be discarded. If there is an
               applicable LOG_FILTER[127] directive it overrides this behaviour, however.

               Briefly, in order of increasing importance, the names of the levels are: trace, debug, info,
               notice, warn, error, critical, alert, and emerg. The trace logging level emits the most detail
               and the emerg level emits the least. Refer to the LOG_FILTER[127] directive for additional
               information.

               The LOG_LEVEL overrides the compile-time default, which is obtained using the LOG_DEFAULT_LEVEL
               symbol.

               By default, informational log messages are emitted almost immediately when most DACS web services
               begin execution. To suppress these messages, without regard to any other logging configuration,
               build DACS with --enable-hush-startup-logging[128].

               The "verbose" command line flag (-v) or the VERBOSE_LEVEL directive overrides this directive,
               which are in turn overridden by the -t command line flag ("trace") or the TRACE_LEVEL directive.
               A verbose level of one is equivalent to the info level; a verbose level greater than one is
               equivalent to the debug level. Enabling a trace level, with any value, is equivalent to
               requesting the trace logging level.

               Also see debug_dacs[129].

           LOG_SENSITIVE (Optional1)
               This directive determines the default behaviour for logging messages with the sensitive
               attribute. It may have the values "yes" (to enable logging sensitive messages) or "no" (the
               default, which discards such messages).

                   Note
                   Sensitive messages may include passwords and other authentication material that should remain
                   private. This directive will not suppress potentially sensitive messages generated by
                   third-party support packages (e.g., Samba or OpenLDAP), Apache (including mod_auth_dacs), or
                   the operating system. For example, requests for CGI programs invoked using the GET method
                   will be logged in the Apache Access Log, and the request's query string will typically be
                   printed; password parameters may be present in the log (see mod_log_config[130] for details
                   of how to change the log format. If sensitive messages are being logged, make doubly-sure
                   that log files have appropriate permissions. Also, unencrypted logging messages directed over
                   a network (e.g., through syslog(3)[118]) may be visible to an attacker.

           NAME_COMPARE (Optional1)
               This directive sets the default method used to compare DACS names in various contexts.
               Ordinarily, federation, jurisdiction, usernames, and group names are compared case-sensitively.
               If the value of this directive is (case-insensitively) case, then case-sensitive comparisons are
               used; if its value is nocase, case-insensitive comparisons are used; if its value is default,
               then the application default (either case or the value selected by the application) is used. This
               directive can be overridden on a case-by-case basis (pun intended); refer to the user() function
               (dacs.exprs(5)[20]) for details.

                   Security
                   The selected comparison method applies to all components of DACS names; if this is not
                   desired, the strtr() function might be helpful. Note that this directive does not alter the
                   DACS name determined by authentication, only the way the name is compared. While it's
                   unlikely (and bad practice) for federation names (or jurisdiction names) to differ only in
                   their case, it is not unusual for usernames to be treated case-insensitively for
                   authentication purposes and for this reason this feature should be used with care. When
                   case-insensitive comparisons are used, the usernames bob and BOB will be considered to be
                   equivalent, for example; sometimes this is useful but it can also be a security hole,
                   depending on how authentication is configured.

                   Changing the comparison method from case-insensitive back to case-sensitive may have
                   undesirable consequences; identities that were formerly equivalent might suddenly become
                   distinct, which at the very least may confuse users.

                   The recommended practice is to not define NAME_COMPARE or set it to case because of its
                   system-wide effects. When needed, use the user() function with an appropriate comparison
                   method argument.

           NOTICES_ACCEPT_HANDLER (Optional1)
               This directive provides a URL (absolute or relative) to which a user agent will be redirected by
               the notice acknowledgement handler after a positive acknowledgement to a notice has been received
               (i.e., when the notice or notices were "accepted"), but only if it is not possible to redirect
               the user agent to the request that initiated notice acknowledgement processing (e.g., if that
               request used the POST method). If not provided, a default HTML page will be returned.

           NOTICES_ACK_HANDLER (Optional1)
               This directive provides the URL of the notice acknowledgement handler, which is the program that
               receives a user's response to a request to acknowledge one or more notices. If not provided or if
               it is the empty string, the notice presentation handler should assume that it must also act as
               the notice acknowledgement handler.

           NOTICES_DECLINE_HANDLER (Optional1)
               This directive provides a URL (absolute or relative) to which a user agent will be redirected by
               the notice acknowledgement handler after a negative acknowledgement to a notice has been received
               (i.e., when the notice or notices were "declined"). If not provided, a default HTML page will be
               returned.

           NOTICES_NAT_NAME_PREFIX (Optional1)
               The default prefix of the name of the HTTP cookie bearing a notice acknowledgement token is
               "NAT-DACS". This directive can be used to override the default.

           NOTICES_SECURE_HANDLER (Optional1)
               By default, dacs_notices(8)[131] takes steps to prevent attempts to simply ask for notice
               acknowledgement tokens (NATs), effectively bypassing having to see notices. If the value of this
               directive is "no", however, these steps will be disabled. Please refer to the description of
               dacs_notices' Secure Mode[132] of operation.

           NOTICES_WORKFLOW_LIFETIME_SECS (Optional1)
               By default, a secure notice acknowledgement workflow must complete within 120 seconds. This
               directive can be used to specify an unsigned integer value that will override the default.

           PAMD_HOST (Optional1)
               When local_pam_authenticate[133] is used, this directive is required to specify the domain name
               or IP address of the host where pamd(8)[134] is executed.

           PAMD_PORT (Optional1)
               When local_pam_authenticate[133] is used, this may be used to specify the port number or service
               name on PAMD_HOST where the pamd(8)[134] server accepts connections. This directive can be
               overridden on the pamd command line. If no value is explicitly specified, programs will use the
               compile-time symbol PAMD_SERVICE_NAME (by default, "dacs-pamd"), which assumes that /etc/services
               has been configured accordingly.

           PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS (Optional1)
               This directive describes requirements that must be met by new passwords created by
               dacs_passwd(8)[135], other than when used by a DACS administrator. In other situations, where a
               DACS administrator must be running the program (such as with dacspasswd(1)[136] or
               dacstoken(1)[137]), a warning message is produced if a new, non-conforming password or PIN is set
               but the password can still be used.

                   Important
                   Each system usually imposes its own constraints on the characters that may be used in
                   password, minimum and maximum password lengths, and so on. These constraints are external to
                   DACS. With respect to the PASSWORD parameter passed to DACS web services (e.g.,
                   local_ldap_authenticate[91]) and used with DACS accounts (e.g., dacspasswd(1)[136]), it is
                   safest to stick to printable ASCII characters. A compile-time maximum length of 128
                   characters is imposed on the PASSWORD parameter. Limits are also imposed on the USERNAME and
                   AUXILIARY parameters (see Web Service Arguments[138]). These limits are more-or-less
                   arbitrary but necessary.
               This directive's syntax is also used by the PASSWORD_AUDIT[139] directive, which may appear in an
               Auth clause.

               The format of the constraint string is a set of zero or more comma-separated terms. Each term
               consists of an unsigned integer (zero or greater) followed immediately by a single character
               (case sensitive) that indicates a constraint type:

               •   L refers to the minimum length of a password, in characters;

               •   C is the minimum number of characters from each case that must be present (e.g., 3C means a
                   password must have at least three upper case characters and three lower case characters);

               •   D is the minimum number of digits (0-9) that must be present;

               •   and P is the minimum number of punctuation characters (see ispunct(3)[140]) that must be
                   present.

               A constraint type may not appear more than once. Not all constraint types need to be specified.
               If this directive is not given, or is the empty string, or the word "none" (case insensitive), a
               minimum password length of any six characters is used. If a constraint type is missing, a minimum
               of zero is used. In no event is a password of fewer than six characters allowed for a
               non-administrator, however.

                   Security
                   No check is made for constraints that are impossible to satisfy.

               For example, the following directive says that passwords must be at least eight characters long
               and include at least one digit and one upper case and one lower case character, with no
               punctuation characters required:

                   PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS "8L,1D,1C,0P"

           PASSWORD_DIGEST (Optional1)
               This directive specifies the cryptographic hash function or key derivation function used by
               dacspasswd(1)[136], dacs_passwd(8)[135], dacstoken(1)[137], dacs_token(8)[141], and
               dacs_admin(8)[142] for computing password digests. The same specification syntax described here
               is used in other contexts throughout DACS where a digest function needs to be parameterized. Not
               all digest functions can be used in all contexts, however (see dacs(1)[143]). By default, SHA-512
               is used. Prior to version 1.4.34, the default was SHA-1.

               In most cases only the name of the function is required, but functions that are parameterized
               (e.g., SCRYPT) require all configurable variables to be provided - there are no defaults.

               The syntax for specifying a cryptographic digest is as follows:

                   digest-descriptor ::= dn ws* [ '[' arg-list ']' ]
                   arg-list ::= name '=' value [, arg-list ]

               A digest-descriptor is a digest name (dn), optionally followed by whitespace, optionally followed
               by an argument string (arg-list) within square brackets. The argument string consists of one or
               more name=value pairs, separated by a comma. The order of the pairs is not significant. A name
               may not appear more than once and an unrecognized parameter name is not allowed. Nothing can
               follow the closing square bracket. Whitespace may precede a name, but everything following the
               '=' is part of the value. The value ends at a comma or the closing bracket, so embedded
               whitespace is possible (but should be avoided). Whitespace following a comma is ignored. A value
               may be surrounded by single or double quotes, but escaping is not allowed. Examples:

                   PASSWORD_DIGEST "scrypt[N=1024, r='8', p=16, dklen=32]"
                   PASSWORD_DIGEST "sha512/t[t=72]"
                   PASSWORD_DIGEST "pbkdf2[a=sha256,count=4098, dklen=20]"

               The digest name is matched against available password digest functions case-insensitively.
               Non-consecutive hyphens, underscores, and slashes in the digest name are treated as equivalent
               separators. A separator may be omitted if doing so would not join two digits. An initial or
               trailing separator is disallowed. For example:

                   "Sha224" matches "SHA-224"
                   "SHA/512" matches "SHA-512"
                   "pbkdf2sha512" matches "PBKDF2-SHA512"

               Use the digests subcommand of dacs(1)[143] to list available algorithms and checkdigest to
               validate a digest descriptor:

                   % dacs digests
                   % dacs checkdigest "pbkdf2[a=sha256,count=80000,dklen=32]"

               The following cryptographic digest algorithms are available:

               CRYPT
                   for the Unix crypt(3)[144] function

               MD5
                   for the MD5 function[145] (deprecated).

               SHA-1
               SHA-224
               SHA-256
               SHA-384
               SHA-512
               SHA-512/224
               SHA-512/256
               SHA-512/t
                   , , , , for one of the variants of the Secure Hash Algorithm functions (FIPS 180-4[146]).

               SHA3-224
               SHA3-256
               SHA3-384
               SHA3-512
                   , , , for one of the variants of the Secure Hash Algorithm-3 functions (FIPS PUB 202,
                   August/2015[147]).

               The following password-based key derivation algorithms are available:

               ARGON2
                   for the Argon2[148] memory-hard password-based key derivation function. Required parameters
                   with suggested minimum values:

                   y
                       The algorithm flavour, which must be "i" for Argon2i or "d" for Argon2d (suggested: "i").

                   v
                       The version identifier, in decimal, which currently must be 19.

                   m
                       The memory requirement, in KB (suggested: 32).

                   t
                       The iteration count (suggested: 3).

                   p
                       The amount of requested parallelism, referred to as "lanes" (suggested: 4).

                   T
                       The output length, in bytes (suggested: 32).

                   X
                       The associated data, encoded as a hex string. Use the empty string if there is no
                       associated data.

                   S
                       The salt, encoded as a hex string. In this context, this must be the empty string,
                       because the salt is stored elsewhere in the password entry.

                   Example:

                       PASSWORD_DIGEST "argon2[y=i,v=19,m=32,t=3,p=4,T=32,X='000102',S='']"

               PBKDF2
                   for the PBKDF2 password-based key derivation function with the internal hash function
                   specified by the first argument. Required parameters (with suggested minimum values):

                   a
                       The name of the internal hash function, such as "sha1", "sha256", "sha512", "sha3-256",
                       or "sha3-512".

                   count
                       The iteration count (suggested: 80,000).

                   dklen
                       The output length in bytes, also called the derived key length (suggested: 32).

               PBKDF2-SHA1
                   for the PBKDF2 password-based key derivation function with HMAC-SHA1 (see RFC 2898[149]).
                   This should probably be avoided in preference to PBKDF2-SHA256 or PBKDF2-SHA512. Required
                   parameters (with suggested minimum values):

                   count
                       The iteration count (suggested: 80,000).

                   dklen
                       The output length in bytes, also called the derived key length (suggested: 32).

               PBKDF2-SHA256
                   for the PBKDF2 password-based key derivation function with HMAC-SHA256. Required parameters
                   (with suggested minimum values):

                   count
                       The iteration count (suggested: 80,000).

                   dklen
                       The output length in bytes, also called the derived key length (suggested: 32).

               PBKDF2-SHA512
                   for the PBKDF2 password-based key derivation function with HMAC-SHA512. Required parameters
                   (with suggested minimum values):

                   count
                       The iteration count (suggested: 80,000).

                   dklen
                       The output length in bytes, also called the derived key length (suggested: 64).

               SCRYPT
                   for the scrypt memory-hard password-based key derivation function, which uses PBKDF2-SHA256.
                   Required parameters (with suggested minimum values):

                   N
                       CPU/memory cost parameter (suggested: 131,072).

                   r
                       Block size parameter (suggested: 8).

                   p
                       Parallelization parameter (suggested: 1)

                   dklen
                       The output length in bytes, also called the derived key length (suggested: 32).

               The PBKDF2, scrypt, and Argon2 functions should be carefully parameterized to be computationally
               intensive and memory intensive, if applicable, for the platform on which the password-based
               authentication module is run. The goal is to make password hashing unavoidably inefficient. This
               makes it more difficult for an attacker that accesses a copy of a password file to guess
               passwords because each guess takes longer or requires more resources than a comparatively
               efficient algorithm. For additional information about these algorithms and their parameters, see
               argon2()[150], pbkdf2()[151], and scrypt()[152].

                   Security
                   Apart from using an authentication method stronger than one based solely on passwords, it is
                   considered best practice to use a key derivation function such as pbkdf2 or scrypt rather
                   than a plain cryptographic digest for the PASSWORD_DIGEST.

                   These key derivation functions are intended to be inherently inefficient yet as efficient as
                   possible. They are used for this purpose to provide additional resistance against brute force
                   methods, even those that employ special hardware, should an attacker obtain a password file.
                   But they do not help much if users are allowed to choose weak passwords, if the key
                   derivation function is not properly parameterized, or if the function has exploitable
                   properties. In these cases, it will still not be much of a challenge for an attacker to
                   determine the original passwords. On the other hand, if only strong passwords are allowed and
                   a good cryptographic digest function is used, a key derivation function is unnecessary. A key
                   derivation function is most suitable for protecting passwords that are neither very weak nor
                   particularly strong.

                   Memory-hard functions are a relatively new idea and many designs have not yet received much
                   scrutiny. It should also be noted that significantly increasing the memory and CPU resources
                   needed for each authentication operation could pose a problem for sites that must be prepared
                   to handle many concurrent sign-ons. Running several memory-hard functions simultaneously on a
                   server could cause it to run out of resources, which may provide an opportunity for denial of
                   service attacks.

                   The selected password digest algorithm and its parameters should be reviewed periodically. If
                   changes are made to PASSWORD_DIGEST, they will apply to new accounts but existing password
                   entries will not be invalidated, so it may be necessary to force users to reset their
                   passwords.
               The digest algorithm and parameters used are stored with a password entry when the password is
               set or changed. The algorithm or its parameters can therefore be reconfigured without voiding any
               pre-existing password entries. As processing power continues to increase, the strength of the
               configured PASSWORD_DIGEST should periodically be increased. An administrator can determine the
               digest method used for each password entry (see dacspasswd(1)[136]), and a user that has an entry
               that employed a relatively weak method should be asked to re-register his password.

               The system crypt() function may have platform-dependent limitations on the number of characters
               that are significant in a password or the maximum length of a password, but all other algorithms
               use all of the characters and impose no maximum password length.

           PASSWORD_OPS_NEED_PASSWORD (Optional1)
               Ordinarily, dacspasswd(1)[136] will not allow password maintenance operations (other than
               listing) unless the user has authenticated as an ADMIN_IDENTITY[39] or provides a valid password
               for the username being administered (one that was created by dacspasswd(1)[136]). If this
               directive is "no", a password is not required and dacspasswd will assume that all necessary
               access control has already been performed.

           PASSWORD_SALT_PREFIX (Optional1)
               This string is prepended to a random salt string used when creating a digest of a password used
               by DACS in various contexts (e.g., dacspasswd(1)[136]). This may be of interest when
               PASSWORD_DIGEST[106] is CRYPT because some versions of crypt(3)[144] interpret the salt string.

           PERMIT_CHAINING (Optional1)
               If "yes", credentials exported by dacs_acs(8)[6] anywhere in the federation as a result of a rule
               having the permit_chaining attribute set to yes will be honoured at this jurisdiction for access
               control purposes.

                   Security
                   Enabling this feature weakens security because it may allow misappropriated DACS identities
                   to be used at a jurisdiction that has enabled PERMIT_CHAINING. Use of this feature is
                   discouraged but is sometimes necessary; use with care. Refer to the description of the
                   permit_chaining attribute in dacs.acls(5)[25].

           PROXY_EXEC_DOCUMENT_ROOT (Optional1)
               Reserved for future use.

           PROXY_EXEC_MAPPER_DEFAULT_ACTION (Optional1)
               Reserved for future use.

           PROXY_EXEC_MAPPER_LOGGING (Optional1)
               Reserved for future use.

           PROXY_EXEC_MAPPER_LOG_FILE (Optional1)
               Reserved for future use.

           PROXY_EXEC_MAPPER_RULES_FILE (Optional1)
               Reserved for future use.

           PROXY_EXEC_PROG_URI (Optional1)
               Reserved for future use.

           RLINK (Optional)
               This directive, which may be repeated, is used to determine whether the current request includes
               an Rlink[153]. The RLINK directives are processed in the order in which they occur. The value of
               the directive is a space-separated pair: the first is an expression[20] that is evaluated at
               rule-processing time, and the second is a VFS specification[154] for the location of the Rlinks
               (i.e., a DACS URI, an item type, or an absolute pathname). If the expression evaluates to a
               non-empty string:

               •   the string is assumed to be an Rname[153], which is relative to the VFS specification,

               •   Rlink processing is enabled for the current request, and

               •   no other RLINK directives are considered or evaluated.

               If the expression evaluates to the empty string or an error occurs, the directive is ignored and
               the next one, if any, is processed. Example:

                   RLINK '"${Args::RNAME:?}" /usr/local/dacs/rlinks'

               In the example above, the directive specifies that if the current request includes a non-empty
               argument called RNAME, then its value is an Rname, Rlink processing is enabled, and the Rlink can
               be found in the /usr/local/dacs/rlinks directory.

           ROLE_STRING_MAX_LENGTH (Optional1)
               A limit is imposed on the length of the role string returned by any authentication or roles
               service, the length of any intermediate role string formed by concatenation during determination
               of the role string, and the length of the final role string, which is used in credentials. A
               string that exceeds the limit is invalid and treated as an empty string. The limit is necessary
               because credentials (which may contain a role string) are encapsulated within an HTTP cookie and
               browsers have context-dependent and implementation-dependent restrictions on cookie lengths. This
               directive is used to set the limit, overriding a compile-time value of 200 bytes. Please refer to
               dacs_authenticate(8)[50] for additional information about roles.

                   Warning
                   A role string that is too long may cause the user to experience strange and possibly
                   incorrect behaviour from DACS because the browser may discard cookies produced by DACS.

           SECURE_MODE (Optional1)
               This directive causes DACS to operate "insecurely" only if its value is "no" or "off" (case
               insensitive), otherwise DACS will use a more secure mode of operation. In secure mode, DACS
               requires all user interactions to be through SSL/TLS (HTTPS) and cookies will have the secure
               attribute. The default is "yes". Odd behaviour may result if interactions between DACS and a
               particular client mix http and https requests (such as when handlers are involved).

                   Security
                   Always use the secure mode of operation unless you fully understand the consequences of
                   disabling it. For DACS to be a secure system, secure mode should be disabled only for testing
                   purposes or if all HTTP traffic is protected by some secure means other than SSL/TLS.

           SIGNOUT_HANDLER (Optional1)
               When dacs_signout(8)[33] terminates, provided a fatal error was not encountered, the subsequent
               action can be customized using this directive. For instance, the system administrator can ask for
               the user's browser to be redirected to a login page. This capability can also be used to
               construct a chain of requests to signout a user from multiple federations.

               The following syntaxes are supported:

                1. SIGNOUT_HANDLER "[url] URL"

                   This form will cause DACS to redirect the client to the specified URL, which may be a
                   relative or absolute URL. If the keyword url is absent, URL must begin with the four
                   characters http. Whether the GET method is used depends on the context of the original
                   request. The URL may contain a properly escaped query string; DACS will append the following
                   parameters, URL encoded and in the order given:

                   DACS_VERSION
                       The version number of DACS (e.g., "1.4").

                   DACS_FEDERATION
                       The federation that received the service request, if available.

                   DACS_JURISDICTION
                       The jurisdiction that received the service request, if available.

                   DACS_SIGNOUT_RESULT
                       The number of credentials (a non-negative integer) that dacs_signout(8)[33] asked the web
                       browser to delete by setting expired HTTP cookies. Note that the total number of HTTP
                       cookies set by dacs_signout(8)[33] could be greater than this number.

                   The following directive will redirect the user's browser to a relative URL:

                       SIGNOUT_HANDLER "url /dacs/handlers/signout_ok.html?FOO=bar"

                2. SIGNOUT_HANDLER "defaulturl URL"

                   This form is like that of the url syntax except that a URL given by a DACS_SIGNOUT_HANDLER
                   parameter will be used if it is passed to dacs_signout(8)[33]. A DACS_SIGNOUT_HANDLER
                   parameter is ignored in the other forms of the SIGNOUT_HANDLER directive. If that parameter
                   is absent, the URL specified by this directive is used. As in the url form, DACS will append
                   parameters to the DACS_SIGNOUT_HANDLER URL. Note that the defaulturl keyword is not optional.

                3. SIGNOUT_HANDLER "[file] full-pathname"

                   This form causes the contents of the file named by full-pathname to be returned. The file
                   must include any header lines it requires, such as a Content-Type line, a header-terminating
                   blank line, and then the document content.

                       Note
                       The "full-pathname" usage differs from the "local-URL" usage of the ACS_ERROR_HANDLER
                       directive, though both elements begin with a slash character; the former specifies the
                       absolute pathname of a file, while the latter specifies a URL local to the receiving web
                       server. To specify a relative URL, use the url keyword.

                4. SIGNOUT_HANDLER "[message] \"message\""

                   This form causes the given message, surrounded by escaped double quote characters, to be
                   returned as HTML.

                       SIGNOUT_HANDLER "message \"You're outta here!\""

                5. SIGNOUT_HANDLER "credentials"

                   This form causes the user's remaining credentials to be displayed as an HTML document. This
                   is the default behaviour.

               The optional keywords are treated case-insensitively.

           SSL_PROG (Optional1)
               The full pathname of the command used to provide an SSL/TLS connection for group information
               distribution. Currently, only sslclient(1)[155] is supported for this purpose.

           SSL_PROG_ARGS (Optional1)
               Additional command line arguments to be passed to SSL_PROG.

                   Note
                   This directive is "global" in that it applies to all internal invocations of SSL_PROG.
                   SSL/TLS options should probably be more flexibly configurable (e.g., from within Auth and
                   Roles clauses).

           SSL_PROG_CA_CRT (Optional1)
               The full pathname of the file containing the CA certificate shared by this DACS federation. This
               is passed to SSL_PROG so that certificates can be validated.

           SSL_PROG_CLIENT_CRT (Optional1)
               This provides the name of a private key and certificate chain PEM file. Please refer to
               sslclient(1)'s[155] -ccf flag.

           STATUS_LINE (Optional1)
               If this directive is set to "on", dacs_acs(8)[6] will emit a DACS-Status-Line[156] header in the
               response from the server. The default value is "off". See the description of the DACS_ACS
               argument[51] for additional details.

           TEMP_DIRECTORY (Optional1)
               A directory where DACS can create temporary files. If the value is not an absolute path, the
               location is relative to DACS_HOME[157]. Lock files, for example, are put in this directory. If
               not configured or if this directory does not exist, a compile-time path (DEFAULT_TEMP_DIRECTORY)
               is used (currently: /tmp). It is always safe to delete the contents of this directory if DACS is
               not running. Read and write access to this directory must be restricted to DACS.

           TOKEN_REQUIRES_PIN (Optional1)
               If set to no, then dacstoken(1)[137] does not require created or imported accounts to have a PIN.
               The default value is yes, and a PIN is required.

           TOKEN_HOTP_ACCEPT_WINDOW (Optional1)
               When validating or authenticating against a given one-time password, this is the maximum number
               of successive counter values to consider, if necessary, after the expected counter value. A value
               of zero disables this search. If not configured, a compile-time value is used (currently, 3).

           TRACE_LEVEL (Optional1)
               If assigned a non-zero value, tracing is enabled in various DACS services. Larger values will
               cause more events to be traced. This is intended to give an indication of the steps a DACS
               service takes during execution for debugging purposes. Logging information is generally written
               to the web server's log file or to a file configured into DACS at compile time. Also see
               LOG_LEVEL and VERBOSE_LEVEL.

           UNAUTH_ROLES (Optional1)
               This directive is used to assign a role descriptor string[158] to unauthenticated users.
               Association with these roles can be tested using the user()[159] predicate.

               If a jurisdiction configures this directive:

                   UNAUTH_ROLES "anonymous"

               then the following predicates would both return True when applied to an unauthenticated user:

                   user("unauth")
                   user("%:anonymous")

               A useful application of this directive is to classify unauthenticated users based on contextual
               elements. Consider this directive:

                   UNAUTH_ROLES from("10.0.0.0/24") ? "user" : ""

               If an unauthenticated user submits a request from a local IP address between 10.0.0.0 and
               10.0.0.255, the user would be treated as having the role user, otherwise the user would have no
               roles. This might be used to conveniently grant limited access to "local" users without them
               having to authenticate. A rule could be written to grant access based on having the role user,
               for example, without needing to consider whether or not the user has authenticated.

               Unlike roles assigned to credentials, roles specified in this way are strictly local to the
               jurisdiction that configures them. Some form of coordination is required if different
               jurisdictions need to assign the same roles to unauthenticated users. These roles are not
               reported by dacs_current_credentials(8)[92].

           UPROXY_APPROVED (Stack)
               This directive is used by dacs_uproxy(8)[160] to enable proxying to one or more hosts and to
               configure each of those mappings. Each directive specifies a member of the "approved list" (i.e.,
               a host that may be proxied) using the following syntax:

                   [{'http' | 'https'} '://'] hostname [:port] [path]

               dacs_uproxy is invoked with a URI with the following syntax:

                   .../dacs_uproxy/proxied-hostname[:proxied-port][proxied-path-prefix]

               A proxied-hostname is matched against the hostname of each entry in the list, according to the
               stacked directive ordering, until a (case insensitive) match is found. If the proxied-hostname is
               followed by a port number, that port number must be explicitly specified in a directive for a
               match to occur. If no scheme is specified, http is used, regardless of what protocol the port may
               imply. If a path is given, it is appended to the proxied-path-prefix.

               For example, consider the directives:

                   UPROXY_APPROVED "example.com"
                   UPROXY_APPROVED "https://foo.example.com"
                   UPROXY_APPROVED "http://bar.example.com:8080"
                   UPROXY_APPROVED "https://baz.example.com:8443/some/path"

               A request for the proxied hostname foo.example.com, such as this:

                   .../dacs_uproxy/foo.example.com/a/b/c.cgi

               will be forwarded by dacs_uproxy as the URI:

                   https://foo.example.com/a/b/c.cgi

               And the proxied request:

                   .../dacs_uproxy/baz.example.com/a/b/c.cgi

               will be forwarded by dacs_uproxy as the URI:

                   https://baz.example.com:8443/some/path/a/b/c.cgi

               This request would fail because there is no approved entry for bar.example.com:80:

                   .../dacs_uproxy/bar.example.com:80/a/b/c.cgi

           VERBOSE_LEVEL (Optional1)
               If assigned a non-zero value, debugging output is enabled in various DACS services. Larger values
               will cause more output to be generated. This is intended to display input arguments and the
               values of variables as a DACS service is executed, for debugging purposes. Logging information is
               generally written to the web server's log file or to a file configured into DACS at compile time.
               Also see LOG_LEVEL and TRACE_LEVEL.

           VERIFY_IP (Required1)
               If "yes", then the IP address in credentials must exactly match the IP address from which a
               service request is made. For example, if DACS issued credentials in response to an authentication
               request that came from the IP address 10.0.0.123, then these credentials will only be considered
               valid for service requests that come from that IP address. If the directive's value is "no", this
               verification is not performed. Any other value is assumed to be a valid argument to the
               from()[161] predicate:

                   # Only credentials that were issued to an address on this subnet
                   # are acceptable
                   VERIFY_IP "10.0.0.0/24"

                   Tip
                   Verification might be turned off, for example, in an environment where a user might
                   legitimately submit service requests associated with different IP addresses. Refer to
                   dacs_authenticate(8)[62] for additional information.

           VERIFY_UA (Optional1)
               If "yes", then the user agent string presented when authentication occurred (the USER-AGENT
               request header, exported by Apache as HTTP_USER_AGENT) must match the user agent string that is
               sent with subsequent requests using those credentials. This is the default. If the directive's
               value is "no", this verification is not performed at this jurisdiction but credentials it
               produces can still be verified by other jurisdictions. If the directive's value is "disable", the
               feature is totally disabled at this jurisdiction. The feature is always disabled for certain
               internally-generated credentials.

                   Security
                   In typical use of DACS, this feature should be enabled because it makes it somewhat more
                   difficult for misappropriated DACS credentials to be used. It is not a foolproof measure,
                   however, because a sophisticated attacker may be able to obtain or guess a user agent string
                   and use it with stolen credentials, although guesses may draw attention by causing log
                   messages to be emitted.

                   Some user agents, including dacshttp(1)[4], Mozilla, Firefox, curl, wget, and Konqueror,
                   allow the user agent string to be set. Including a random or unusual component in the string
                   will strengthen this feature. Also, middleware may be able to take advantage of its ability
                   to send a string of its choosing in the User-Agent header field.

                   Verification might be turned off, for example, in proxying situations or if credentials are
                   cached by middleware and then legitimately used with different user agents. The feature
                   should be disabled for backward compatibility with releases earlier than DACS 1.4.14.

           VFS (Stack)
               These directives are used to configure the virtual filestore (VFS) subsystem (see
               dacs.vfs(5)[162] and dacsvfs(1)[163] for details).

               The value of this directive (a vfs_uri) has the following syntax:

                   vfs_uri -> [ '[' item_type ']' ] URI

               As specified in RFC 2396[104] and RFC 3986[164], the general form of the URI syntax is:

                   scheme : [ // authority] [path] [query] [fragment]

               The item_type (see dacs(1)[165]) is optional in some cases - it can usually be omitted if the
               directive will not be referenced and if it does not refer to an indexed object. It is a
               case-sensitive label that associates this directive with a class of objects used by DACS. Some
               labels are reserved and have predefined meaning to DACS; these are always lowercase;
               dacsconf(1)[2] can list them. Any label can be defined by a DACS administrator, but a reserved
               item type should only be defined for its intended use; user-defined item types should therefore
               include at least one uppercase letter. For example, here are a few reserved item types: passwds
               (used by dacspasswd(1)[136] and others), federation_keys and jurisdiction_keys (used by
               dacskey(1)[166] and others), revocations (used by dacs.acls(5)[25] and others), and stdin (used
               by get()[167] and others).

               Although the scheme is case-insensitive, the canonical form is lowercase. The authority, query,
               and fragment URI components are often absent. The query component is used to specify options.

               The path component of a URI has the format:

                   [ naming_context ] [ "," rel-path ]

               For paths that have a separate key relative to the naming context, its start is delimited by a
               comma.

               The scheme may be:

               dacs-db
                   A Berkeley DB[168], a hash-based database that manages a collection of objects within a
                   regular file. The item_type is required because it forms the initial part of the key.

               dacs-ndbm
                   The Unix dbm(3)[169] API (includes GNU gdbm[170]), which is similar to dacs-db. The item_type
                   is required because it forms the initial part of the key.

               dacs-fs
               fs
               file
                   Files and directories managed through filesystem operations. Where path names a directory,
                   each key maps to a regular file within that directory.

               dacs-sqlite
                   An SQLite[171] database that manages a collection of objects within a regular file. The
                   item_type is required because it is used as the SQL table name.

               http
               https
                   HTTP-based object access. For example, example.com might configure access to its revocation
                   list like this (with appropriate access controls):

                       VFS "[revocations]https://example.com/dacs/revocation_list"

               dacs-kwv
                   A keyword-value organization that is managed within a single object associated with another
                   item type. In other words, it says that another object, configured with its own VFS
                   directive, has an internal structure where each line of the object represents one record.
                   Each record consists of a keyword, followed by a separator character, and the value
                   associated with the keyword. A keyword consists of a sequence of printable, non-whitespace
                   characters. By default, the separator character is a colon. (A well-known example of a file
                   having this format is /etc/password.) To specify a different separator, the vfs_uri should
                   include the query argument field_sep whose value is the separator character to use. The path
                   component gives the name of the item_type that should be used to manage the underlying
                   objects.

                   For example, components of DACS expect the passwds item type to be defined. Taken together,
                   the following pair of directives specify that the plain file /usr/local/dacs/passwd consists
                   of keyword-value pairs:

                       VFS "[password_file]dacs-fs:/usr/local/dacs/passwd"
                       VFS "[passwds]dacs-kwv:password_file"

                   To specify a space as the separator character instead of the colon (which is the default),
                   use the directives:

                       VFS "[password_file]dacs-fs:/usr/local/dacs/passwd"
                       VFS "[passwds]dacs-kwv:password_file?field_sep=+"

                   Because these are URIs, they must be properly encoded and the '+' character represents a
                   space. If the passwords are to be stored in a Berkeley DB database, the directive would be:

                       VFS "[passwds]dacs-db:/usr/local/dacs/passwd.db"

               dacs-kwv-subscheme
                   A concise way of composing the dacs-kwv scheme with underlying objects accessed using
                   subscheme. Currently, subscheme can be fs (for dacs-fs), http, or https. For fs, the path
                   component is the absolute pathname of a file, its contents having the keyword-value
                   organization. For http and https, the path component is the remainder of the URL (i.e., the
                   scheme that specifies the object is implied), which will be retrieved using the GET method,
                   stored and replaced using the PUT method, deleted using the DELETE method, and tested for
                   using the HEAD method. Note that any options (i.e., a query string) bind to subscheme; if
                   options for dacs-kwv are needed, two separate URIs must be used instead of this method.

                   This configuration directive is almost equivalent to the pair of directives described in the
                   example above:

                       VFS "[passwds]dacs-kwv-fs:/usr/local/dacs/passwd"

                   The following configuration directive states that the password file used by
                   dacspasswd(1)[136] is to be accessed at the URL https://example.com/dacs/passwds using the
                   standard HTTP methods:

                       VFS "[passwds]dacs-kwv-https://example.com/dacs/passwds"

               dacs-vfs
                   The DACS CGI-based VFS service, dacs_vfs(8)[172], which exports VFS operations on VFS objects
                   through a web service. An item type must be provided and must be configured at the specified
                   DACS jurisdiction using any of the supported store types (which means the dacs-vfs scheme can
                   be used to access items stored in a remote regular file, hash-based database, and so on).

                   For example, this directive causes DACS to look for password entries used by
                   local_passwd_authenticate[173] to be accessed through the virtual filestore at example.com:

                       VFS "[passwds]dacs-vfs:https://example.com/cgi-bin/dacs/dacs_vfs"

               A vfs-ref is a reference to a virtual filestore definition and can be a vfs_uri or an item_type
               defined by a VFS directive. In some situations it can also be an absolute pathname.

                   Note
                   At present, the VFS does not implement much in the way of concurrency control. Some DACS
                   components use coarse-grained locking to ensure that only a single user can access resources,
                   however, and databases may implement their own concurrency control. Only a few of these
                   resources are not used in a read-only fashion; administrators should adopt appropriate data
                   management practices for them to ensure concurrent updates cannot occur.

           XSD_BASE_URL (Optional1)
               When DACS services are asked to send an XML Schema response (i.e., they are passed the argument
               FORMAT=XMLSCHEMA) and this directive is configured, services will emit xmlns:xsi and
               xsi:schemaLocation attributes, the former having a compile-time value (e.g.,
               http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance) and the latter being a pair, the first having the same
               value as the value of the xmlns attribute and the second having a value derived from the
               XSD_BASE_URL directive; e.g.,

                   <foo xmlns="http://example.com/dacs/v1.4"
                         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                         xsi:schemaLocation="http://example.com/dacs/v1.4
                         http://example.com/dacs/dtd-xsd/foo.xsd">

               If XSD_BASE_URL is not configured, only the default xmlns attribute is emitted.

   The Auth Clause
       Each Auth clause configures an authentication module. The Auth clause and its directives are described in
       dacs_authenticate(8)[27].

       Note that the order of these clauses is significant - they are processed in the order in which they
       appear in the applicable configuration section.

   The Roles Clause
       Each Roles clause configures a roles module.  Roles clause and its directives are described in
       dacs_authenticate(8)[174].

       The clauses are processed in the order in which they appear. Authentication modules may return roles, to
       improve efficiency, but roles are usually obtained through a roles module. Roles modules are processed
       only if authentication is successful.

   The Transfer Clause
       Each Transfer clause configures dacs_auth_transfer(8)[29] for importing from one or more federations
       specified within the clause. The clauses are processed in the order in which they appear. No clause
       should apply to more than one initial federation, although this is not enforced.

       Each Transfer element has an id attribute. Its value is merely a label (an alphabetic followed by zero or
       more alphanumerics, hyphens, and underscores) that allows the clause to be referenced; the syntax is the
       same as that of a groupname[80]. The attribute values must be unique (case-sensitively).  Transfer clause
       directives are described in dacs_auth_transfer(8)[29].

   Advanced Techniques
       Configuration processing is ordinarily quite straightforward, but to accommodate more complicated
       situations it also supports a few advanced techniques.

       Configuration Variables
           After configuration processing determines which directives have been overridden, those that are in
           effect have their right hand sides (which are expressions) evaluated. These expressions are usually
           simple strings but they can be any DACS expression.

               Tip
               When configuration processing begins, variables in the DACS and Args namespaces[14] can by
               referenced by configuration directives.

               Security
               The ability to reference an argument during configuration processing can be useful and powerful
               when used carefully but since argument values are completely in the hands of the user
               constructing a request, it is a potential security weakness, particularly in DACS deployments
               that are exposed to the Internet.

               For example, an argument might be missing or duplicated, accidentally have a problematic value
               (such as containing non-printable or otherwise invalid characters), or be specifically
               constructed in an attempt to misconfigure DACS to thwart security. For this reason, variables in
               the Args namespace should be referenced in configuration files only when specifically indicated
               in the documentation, or by advanced DACS administrators in appropriate circumstances and with
               caution.

           As each expression is evaluated to determine the value of the directive, a variable in the Conf
           namespace (see dacs.exprs(5)[14]) is created and assigned the value, and can then be referenced in
           subsequent expressions. Variables in this namespace can be referenced within access control rules,
           permitting rules to be written that depend on how the particular site, federation, and jurisdiction
           have been configured. In addition, during the remainder of the configuration processing stage, the
           variable's value can be modified, effectively changing the value associated with the directive. After
           completion of configuration processing, the variables in the Conf namespace become read-only. It is
           these variables that are displayed by the -vars option of dacsconf(1)[2].

           For example, if the directive

               FEDERATION_DOMAIN   "example.com"

           is in effect when directive evaluation begins, the variable ${Conf::FEDERATION_DOMAIN} will be
           created and assigned the value "example.com".

           Variables within the Conf namespace[14] can be created as needed within expressions (using the EVAL
           directive, for example). Care should be taken not to unintentionally modify the value of a DACS
           directive, however.

           A standard set of variables is always instantiated when available:

           APACHE_HOME
               The value of the corresponding build-time symbol

           CGI_SUFFIX
               The file name extension for CGI executables, specified at build-time

           DACS_CONF
               The full pathname for this jurisdiction's dacs.conf file

           DACS_CONF_SPEC
               The pathname specification template used for this jurisdiction's dacs.conf file

           DACS_HOME
               The value of the corresponding build-time symbol, from the path set by the --prefix flag or
               defaulting to /usr/local/dacs

                   Important
                   This directory should be writable only by an administrator.

           DACS_CGIBINDIR
               The value of the corresponding build-time symbol

           DACS_RELEASE
               The value of the the compile-time symbol DACS_VERSION_RELEASE

           DACS_BINDIR
               The location of the DACS bin directory

           DACS_SBINDIR
               The location of the DACS sbin directory

           DACS_SITE_CONF
               The full pathname for this jurisdiction's site.conf file , if any
                .RE

               DACS_SITE_CONF_SPEC
                   The pathname specification template used for this jurisdiction's site.conf file, if any

               DACS_VERSION
                   The value of the compile-time symbol DACS_VERSION_NUMBER

               DOCUMENT_ROOT
                   Apache's DOCUMENT_ROOT environment variable

               EXE_SUFFIX
                   The file name extension for non-CGI executables

               FEDERATIONS_ROOT
                   The value of the corresponding build-time symbol

               HTTP_HOST
                   Apache's HTTP_HOST environment variable, obtained from the HTTP Host request header

               JURISDICTION_URI
                   The initial part of the request URI, including scheme and port number, that uniquely
                   identifies the jurisdiction receiving the service request (also see JURISDICTION_URI_PREFIX)

               JURISDICTION_URI_PREFIX
                   The URI prefix that uniquely identifies the jurisdiction receiving the service request (also
                   see JURISDICTION_URI)

               OPENSSL_PROG
                   The full pathname of the openssl command, if available

               SERVER_ADDR
                   Apache's SERVER_ADDR environment variable

               SERVER_NAME
                   Apache's SERVER_NAME environment variable

               SERVER_PORT
                   Apache's SERVER_PORT environment variable

               URI_SCHEME
                   Set to https if the service request came over SSL/TLS (HTTPS == "on"), otherwise http

           Authentication and Roles
               This section unfortunately left blank.

SEE ALSO

       dacsconf(1)[2], dacs_conf(8)[3], dacs.exprs(5)[20]

BUGS

       There's no way to turn off inherited defaults in a jurisdiction section or Default section; i.e., one
       cannot turn off all Auth or handler directives for just one jurisdiction section.

AUTHOR

       Distributed Systems Software (http://www.dss.ca)

COPYING

       Copyright2003-2016 Distributed Systems Software. See the LICENSE[175] file that accompanies the
       distribution for licensing information.

NOTES

        1. dacs(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#key_concepts

        2. dacsconf(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsconf.1.html

        3. dacs_conf(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_conf.8.html

        4. dacshttp(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacshttp.1.html

        5. dacs(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#dacsoptions

        6. dacs_acs(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html

        7. mod_auth_dacs
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/mod_auth_dacs.html

        8. mod_vhost_alias
           http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.2/mod/mod_vhost_alias.html

        9. LOG_FILE
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#LOG_FILE

       10. pathname()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#pathname

       11. Jurisdiction section's
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#jurisdiction_section

       12. Configuration.dtd
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/../dtd-xsd/Configuration.dtd

       13. Stack category
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#directive_categories

       14. namespace
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#variables

       15. EVAL directive
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#EVAL

       16. undef()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#undef

       17. modifier flag
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#variable_modifiers

       18. ACS_ERROR_HANDLER
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#ACS_ERROR_HANDLER

       19. effective jurisdictional URIs
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#jurisdiction_section_uri

       20. expression
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html

       21. configuration variables
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#config-vars

       22. example configuration
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#example_dacs.conf

       23. Jurisdiction Selection by URI
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#selection_by_uri

       24. string interpolation
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#interpolation

       25. access control rules
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.acls.5.html

       26. INIT*
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#INIT*

       27. Auth clause
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#auth_clause

       28. section merging
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#merging

       29. dacs_auth_transfer(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_auth_transfer.8.html

       30. Authorization Caching
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#authorization_caching

       31. dacscookie(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacscookie.1.html

       32. dacsauth(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsauth.1.html

       33. dacs_signout(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_signout.8.html

       34. The DACS_APPROVAL environment variable
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#dacs_approval

       35. description of the ErrorDocument directive
           http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.2/mod/core.html#errordocument

       36. redirect()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#redirect

       37. access control rules
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.acls.5.html#elements

       38. dacs_admin()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#dacs_admin

       39. ADMIN_IDENTITY
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#ADMIN_IDENTITY

       40. Bug 3641
           http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=36411

       41. Bug 42430
           http://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=42430

       42. dacs_select_credentials(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_select_credentials.8.html

       43. ACS_TRACK_ACTIVITY
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#ACS_TRACK_ACTIVITY

       44. SetDACSAuthPostBuffer
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/mod_auth_dacs.html#SetDACSAuthPostBuffer

       45. SERVICE_ARGS_TRUNCATED
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#SERVICE_ARGS_TRUNCATED

       46. HTTP_AUTH
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#HTTP_AUTH

       47. syntactically valid username
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#dacs_identity

       48. current jurisdiction
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#current_jurisdiction

       49. ACS_AUTHENTICATED_ONLY
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#ACS_AUTHENTICATED_ONLY

       50. dacs_authenticate(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#Roles

       51. DACS_ACS
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#dacs_acs_argument

       52. dacs_authenticate(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html

       53. on_success()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#on_success

       54. counter
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#counter

       55. current federation
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#current_federation

       56. ACS_INACTIVITY_LIMIT_SECS
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#ACS_INACTIVITY_LIMIT_SECS

       57. FEDERATION_NAME
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#FEDERATION_NAME

       58. NAME_COMPARE
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#NAME_COMPARE

       59. auth_reply.dtd
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/../dtd-xsd/auth_reply.dtd

       60. dacs_auth_reply.dtd
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/../dtd-xsd/dacs_auth_reply.dtd

       61. AUTH_ERROR_HANDLER
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#AUTH_ERROR_HANDLER

       62. cookie name
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#credentials

       63. dacs_auth_agent(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_auth_agent.8.html

       64. ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT

       65. AUTH_SUCCESS_HANDLER
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#AUTH_SUCCESS_HANDLER

       66. mitigate the risk of information disclosure with a cross-site scripting (XSS) attack
           http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms533046%28VS.85%29.aspx

       67. are known
           http://www.webappsec.org/lists/websecurity/archive/2006-05/msg00025.html

       68. a particular syntax
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#cookie-name-syntax

       69. COOKIE_SYNTAX
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#COOKIE_SYNTAX

       70. Netscape HTTP Cookies Specification
           http://web.archive.org/web/20070805052634/http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html

       71. RFC 2965
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2965.txt

       72. RFC 6265
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6265.txt

       73. dacs.install(7)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.install.7.html

       74. FORMAT web service argument
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.services.8.html#FORMAT

       75. Advanced Techniques
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#advanced

       76. RFC 1035
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1035.txt

       77. dacs.groups(5)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.groups.5.html#group_syntax

       78. dacs.conf(5)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#jurisdiction_section_overview

       79. JURISDICTION_NAME
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#JURISDICTION_NAME

       80. dacs(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#naming

       81. RFC 2617
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt

       82. HTTP Authentication
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#http_authentication

       83. HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#HTTP_AUTH_ENABLE

       84. ACS_PRE_AUTH
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#ACS_PRE_AUTH

       85. see below
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#http_auth_syn2

       86. authentication styles
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#STYLE

       87. chmod(2)
           http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=chmod&apropos=0&esektion=2&emanpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       88. dacs_prenv(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_prenv.8.html

       89. dacsexpr(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsexpr.1.html

       90. encode()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#encode

       91. LDAP authentication
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#local_ldap_authenticate

       92. dacs_current_credentials(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_current_credentials.8.html

       93. regex(3)
           http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=regex&apropos=0&esektion=3&emanpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       94. dacs_sts(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_sts.8.html

       95. dacs_managed_infocard(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_managed_infocard.8.html

       96. XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition
           http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/datatypes.html#dateTime

       97. INFOCARD_CARD_LIFETIME_SECS
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_CARD_LIFETIME_SECS

       98. VFS URI
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#VFS

       99. CARD_IMAGE_URL
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_managed_infocard.8.html#CARD_IMAGE_URL

       00. INFOCARD_CARD_DATETIME_EXPIRES
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_CARD_DATETIME_EXPIRES

       01. INFOCARD_CARDID_BASE_URL
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_CARDID_BASE_URL

       02. INFOCARD_CARD_OUTPUTDIR
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_CARD_OUTPUTDIR

       03. INFOCARD_CARDID_SUFFIX
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_CARDID_SUFFIX

       04. RFC 2396
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt

       05. dacs_infocard(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_infocard.8.html

       06. PASSWORD_DIGEST
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#PASSWORD_DIGEST

       07. INFOCARD_IP_PRIVACY_URL
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_IP_PRIVACY_URL

       08. dacs_mex(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_mex.8.html

       09. INFOCARD_STS_PASSWORD_METHOD
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_STS_PASSWORD_METHOD

       10. INFOCARD_STS_CERTFILE
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_STS_CERTFILE

       11. dacsinfocard(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsinfocard.1.html

       12. local_infocard_authenticate
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#local_infocard_authenticate

       13. INFOCARD_STS_KEYFILE_PASSWORD
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_STS_KEYFILE_PASSWORD

       14. INFOCARD_STS_KEYFILE
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_STS_KEYFILE

       15. INFOCARD_REQUIRE_APPLIES_TO
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_REQUIRE_APPLIES_TO

       16. INFOCARD_AUDIENCE
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#INFOCARD_AUDIENCE

       17. wildcard certificate
           http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/WildcardCertificates

       18. syslog(3)
           http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=syslog&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       19. LOG_LEVEL
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#LOG_LEVEL

       20. regex(3)
           http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=regex&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       21. print()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#print

       22. printf()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#printf

       23. LOG_SENSITIVE
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#LOG_SENSITIVE

       24. dacs(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#logging

       25. diff(1)
           http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=diff&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       26. sed(1)
           http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sed&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       27. LOG_FILTER
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#LOG_FILTER

       28. --enable-hush-startup-logging
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.install.7.html#build_flag_--enable-hush-startup-logging

       29. debug_dacs
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#debug_dacs

       30. mod_log_config
           http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mod_log_config.html

       31. dacs_notices(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_notices.8.html

       32. Secure Mode
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_notices.8.html#secure_mode

       33. local_pam_authenticate
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#local_pam_authenticate

       34. pamd(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/pamd.8.html

       35. dacs_passwd(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_passwd.8.html

       36. dacspasswd(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacspasswd.1.html

       37. dacstoken(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacstoken.1.html

       38. Web Service Arguments
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#web_service_arguments

       39. PASSWORD_AUDIT
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#PASSWORD_AUDIT

       40. ispunct(3)
           http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ispunct&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       41. dacs_token(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_token.8.html

       42. dacs_admin(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_admin.8.html

       43. dacs(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#digests-arg

       44. crypt(3)
           http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=crypt&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       45. MD5 function
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1321.txt

       46. FIPS 180-4
           http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-4/fips-180-4.pdf

       47. FIPS PUB 202, August/2015
           http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.202.pdf

       48. Argon2
           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon2

       49. RFC 2898
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2898.txt

       50. argon2()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#argon2

       51. pbkdf2()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#pbkdf2

       52. scrypt()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#scrypt

       53. Rlink
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#rlinks

       54. VFS specification
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#VFS

       55. sslclient(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/sslclient.1.html

       56. DACS-Status-Line
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#dacs_status_line

       57. DACS_HOME
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#var_dacs_home

       58. role descriptor string
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#roles

       59. user()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#user

       60. dacs_uproxy(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_uproxy.8.html

       61. from()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#from

       62. dacs.vfs(5)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.vfs.5.html

       63. dacsvfs(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsvfs.1.html

       64. RFC 3986
           http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt

       65. dacs(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#gloss_item_type

       66. dacskey(1)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacskey.1.html

       67. get()
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#get

       68. Berkeley DB
           http://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/berkeley-db/overview/index.html

       69. dbm(3)
           http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dbm&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+10.3-RELEASE&format=html

       70. GNU gdbm
           http://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/gdbm.html

       71. SQLite
           http://www.sqlite.org

       72. dacs_vfs(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_vfs.8.html

       73. local_passwd_authenticate
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#local_passwd_authenticate

       74. dacs_authenticate(8)
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#roles_clause

       75. LICENSE
           http://dacs.dss.ca/man/../misc/LICENSE