jammy (1) python-engineio.1.gz
NAME
python-engineio - python-engineio Documentation
This project implements Python based Engine.IO client and server that can run standalone or integrated
with a variety of Python web frameworks and applications.
GETTING STARTED
What is Engine.IO?
Engine.IO is a lightweight transport protocol that enables real-time bidirectional event-based
communication between clients (typically, though not always, web browsers) and a server. The official
implementations of the client and server components are written in JavaScript. This package provides
Python implementations of both, each with standard and asyncio variants.
The Engine.IO protocol is extremely simple. Once a connection between a client and a server is
established, either side can send "messages" to the other side. Event handlers provided by the
applications on both ends are invoked when a message is received, or when a connection is established or
dropped.
Client Examples
The example that follows shows a simple Python client:
import engineio
eio = engineio.Client()
@eio.on('connect')
def on_connect():
print('connection established')
@eio.on('message')
def on_message(data):
print('message received with ', data)
eio.send({'response': 'my response'})
@eio.on('disconnect')
def on_disconnect():
print('disconnected from server')
eio.connect('http://localhost:5000')
eio.wait()
And here is a similar client written using the official Engine.IO Javascript client:
<script src="/path/to/engine.io.js"></script>
<script>
var socket = eio('http://localhost:5000');
socket.on('open', function() { console.log('connection established'); });
socket.on('message', function(data) {
console.log('message received with ' + data);
socket.send({response: 'my response'});
});
socket.on('close', function() { console.log('disconnected from server'); });
</script>
Client Features
• Can connect to other Engine.IO complaint servers besides the one in this package.
• Compatible with Python 3.5+.
• Two versions of the client, one for standard Python and another for asyncio.
• Uses an event-based architecture implemented with decorators that hides the details of the protocol.
• Implements HTTP long-polling and WebSocket transports.
Server Examples
The following application is a basic example that uses the Eventlet asynchronous server:
import engineio
import eventlet
eio = engineio.Server()
app = engineio.WSGIApp(eio, static_files={
'/': {'content_type': 'text/html', 'filename': 'index.html'}
})
@eio.on('connect')
def connect(sid, environ):
print("connect ", sid)
@eio.on('message')
def message(sid, data):
print("message ", data)
eio.send(sid, 'reply')
@eio.on('disconnect')
def disconnect(sid):
print('disconnect ', sid)
if __name__ == '__main__':
eventlet.wsgi.server(eventlet.listen(('', 5000)), app)
Below is a similar application, coded for asyncio (Python 3.5+ only) and the Uvicorn web server:
import engineio
import uvicorn
eio = engineio.AsyncServer()
app = engineio.ASGIApp(eio, static_files={
'/': {'content_type': 'text/html', 'filename': 'index.html'}
})
@eio.on('connect')
def connect(sid, environ):
print("connect ", sid)
@eio.on('message')
async def message(sid, data):
print("message ", data)
await eio.send(sid, 'reply')
@eio.on('disconnect')
def disconnect(sid):
print('disconnect ', sid)
if __name__ == '__main__':
uvicorn.run('127.0.0.1', 5000)
Server Features
• Can accept clients running other complaint Engine.IO clients besides the one in this package.
• Compatible with Python 3.5+.
• Two versions of the server, one for standard Python and another for asyncio.
• Supports large number of clients even on modest hardware due to being asynchronous.
• Can be hosted on any WSGI and ASGI web servers includind Gunicorn, Uvicorn, eventlet and gevent.
• Can be integrated with WSGI applications written in frameworks such as Flask, Django, etc.
• Can be integrated with aiohttp, sanic and tornado asyncio applications.
• Uses an event-based architecture implemented with decorators that hides the details of the protocol.
• Implements HTTP long-polling and WebSocket transports.
• Supports XHR2 and XHR browsers as clients.
• Supports text and binary messages.
• Supports gzip and deflate HTTP compression.
• Configurable CORS responses to avoid cross-origin problems with browsers.
THE ENGINE.IO CLIENT
This package contains two Engine.IO clients:
• The engineio.Client() class creates a client compatible with the standard Python library.
• The engineio.AsyncClient() class creates a client compatible with the asyncio package.
The methods in the two clients are the same, with the only difference that in the asyncio client most
methods are implemented as coroutines.
Installation
To install the standard Python client along with its dependencies, use the following command:
pip install "python-engineio[client]"
If instead you plan on using the asyncio client, then use this:
pip install "python-engineio[asyncio_client]"
Creating a Client Instance
To instantiate an Engine.IO client, simply create an instance of the appropriate client class:
import engineio
# standard Python
eio = engineio.Client()
# asyncio
eio = engineio.AsyncClient()
Defining Event Handlers
To responds to events triggered by the connection or the server, event Handler functions must be defined
using the on decorator:
@eio.on('connect')
def on_connect():
print('I'm connected!')
@eio.on('message')
def on_message(data):
print('I received a message!')
@eio.on('disconnect')
def on_disconnect():
print('I'm disconnected!')
For the asyncio server, event handlers can be regular functions as above, or can also be coroutines:
@eio.on('message')
async def on_message(data):
print('I received a message!')
The argument given to the on decorator is the event name. The events that are supported are connect,
message and disconnect. Note that the disconnect handler is invoked for application initiated
disconnects, server initiated disconnects, or accidental disconnects, for example due to networking
failures.
The data argument passed to the 'message' event handler contains application-specific data provided by
the server with the event.
Connecting to a Server
The connection to a server is established by calling the connect() method:
eio.connect('http://localhost:5000')
In the case of the asyncio client, the method is a coroutine:
await eio.connect('http://localhost:5000')
Upon connection, the server assigns the client a unique session identifier. The applicaction can find
this identifier in the sid attribute:
print('my sid is', eio.sid)
Sending Messages
The client can send a message to the server using the send() method:
eio.send({'foo': 'bar'})
Or in the case of asyncio, as a coroutine:
await eio.send({'foo': 'bar'})
The single argument provided to the method is the data that is passed on to the server. The data can be
of type str, bytes, dict or list. The data included inside dictionaries and lists is also constrained to
these types.
The send() method can be invoked inside an event handler as a response to a server event, or in any other
part of the application, including in background tasks.
Disconnecting from the Server
At any time the client can request to be disconnected from the server by invoking the disconnect()
method:
eio.disconnect()
For the asyncio client this is a coroutine:
await eio.disconnect()
Managing Background Tasks
When a client connection to the server is established, a few background tasks will be spawned to keep the
connection alive and handle incoming events. The application running on the main thread is free to do any
work, as this is not going to prevent the functioning of the Engine.IO client.
If the application does not have anything to do in the main thread and just wants to wait until the
connection ends, it can call the wait() method:
eio.wait()
Or in the asyncio version:
await eio.wait()
For the convenience of the application, a helper function is provided to start a custom background task:
def my_background_task(my_argument)
# do some background work here!
pass
eio.start_background_task(my_background_task, 123)
The arguments passed to this method are the background function and any positional or keyword arguments
to invoke the function with.
Here is the asyncio version:
async def my_background_task(my_argument)
# do some background work here!
pass
eio.start_background_task(my_background_task, 123)
Note that this function is not a coroutine, since it does not wait for the background function to end,
but the background function is.
The sleep() method is a second convenience function that is provided for the benefit of applications
working with background tasks of their own:
eio.sleep(2)
Or for asyncio:
await eio.sleep(2)
The single argument passed to the method is the number of seconds to sleep for.
Debugging and Troubleshooting
To help you debug issues, the client can be configured to output logs to the terminal:
import engineio
# standard Python
eio = engineio.Client(logger=True)
# asyncio
eio = engineio.AsyncClient(logger=True)
The logger argument can be set to True to output logs to stderr, or to an object compatible with Python's
logging package where the logs should be emitted to. A value of False disables logging.
Logging can help identify the cause of connection problems, unexpected disconnections and other issues.
THE ENGINE.IO SERVER
This package contains two Engine.IO servers:
• The engineio.Server() class creates a server compatible with the standard Python library.
• The engineio.AsyncServer() class creates a server compatible with the asyncio package.
The methods in the two servers are the same, with the only difference that in the asyncio server most
methods are implemented as coroutines.
Installation
To install the Python Engine.IO server use the following command:
pip install "python-engineio"
In addition to the server, you will need to select an asynchronous framework or server to use along with
it. The list of supported packages is covered in the Deployment Strategies section.
Creating a Server Instance
An Engine.IO server is an instance of class engineio.Server. This instance can be transformed into a
standard WSGI application by wrapping it with the engineio.WSGIApp class:
import engineio
# create a Engine.IO server
eio = engineio.Server()
# wrap with a WSGI application
app = engineio.WSGIApp(eio)
For asyncio based servers, the engineio.AsyncServer class provides the same functionality, but in a
coroutine friendly format. If desired, The engineio.ASGIApp class can transform the server into a
standard ASGI application:
# create a Engine.IO server
eio = engineio.AsyncServer()
# wrap with ASGI application
app = engineio.ASGIApp(eio)
These two wrappers can also act as middlewares, forwarding any traffic that is not intended to the
Engine.IO server to another application. This allows Engine.IO servers to integrate easily into existing
WSGI or ASGI applications:
from wsgi import app # a Flask, Django, etc. application
app = engineio.WSGIApp(eio, app)
Serving Static Files
The Engine.IO server can be configured to serve static files to clients. This is particularly useful to
deliver HTML, CSS and JavaScript files to clients when this package is used without a companion web
framework.
Static files are configured with a Python dictionary in which each key/value pair is a static file
mapping rule. In its simplest form, this dictionary has one or more static file URLs as keys, and the
corresponding files in the server as values:
static_files = {
'/': 'latency.html',
'/static/engine.io.js': 'static/engine.io.js',
'/static/style.css': 'static/style.css',
}
With this example configuration, when the server receives a request for / (the root URL) it will return
the contents of the file latency.html in the current directory, and will assign a content type based on
the file extension, in this case text/html.
Files with the .html, .css, .js, .json, .jpg, .png, .gif and .txt file extensions are automatically
recognized and assigned the correct content type. For files with other file extensions or with no file
extension, the application/octet-stream content type is used as a default.
If desired, an explicit content type for a static file can be given as follows:
static_files = {
'/': {'filename': 'latency.html', 'content_type': 'text/plain'},
}
It is also possible to configure an entire directory in a single rule, so that all the files in it are
served as static files:
static_files = {
'/static': './public',
}
In this example any files with URLs starting with /static will be served directly from the public folder
in the current directory, so for example, the URL /static/index.html will return local file
./public/index.html and the URL /static/css/styles.css will return local file ./public/css/styles.css.
If a URL that ends in a / is requested, then a default filename of index.html is appended to it. In the
previous example, a request for the /static/ URL would return local file ./public/index.html. The default
filename to serve for slash-ending URLs can be set in the static files dictionary with an empty key:
static_files = {
'/static': './public',
'': 'image.gif',
}
With this configuration, a request for /static/ would return local file ./public/image.gif. A
non-standard content type can also be specified if needed:
static_files = {
'/static': './public',
'': {'filename': 'image.gif', 'content_type': 'text/plain'},
}
The static file configuration dictionary is given as the static_files argument to the engineio.WSGIApp or
engineio.ASGIApp classes:
# for standard WSGI applications
eio = engineio.Server()
app = engineio.WSGIApp(eio, static_files=static_files)
# for asyncio-based ASGI applications
eio = engineio.AsyncServer()
app = engineio.ASGIApp(eio, static_files=static_files)
The routing precedence in these two classes is as follows:
• First, the path is checked against the Engine.IO path.
• Next, the path is checked against the static file configuration, if present.
• If the path did not match the Engine.IO path or any static file, control is passed to the secondary
application if configured, else a 404 error is returned.
Note: static file serving is intended for development use only, and as such it lacks important features
such as caching. Do not use in a production environment.
Defining Event Handlers
To responds to events triggered by the connection or the client, event Handler functions must be defined
using the on decorator:
@eio.on('connect')
def on_connect(sid):
print('A client connected!')
@eio.on('message')
def on_message(sid, data):
print('I received a message!')
@eio.on('disconnect')
def on_disconnect(sid):
print('Client disconnected!')
For the asyncio server, event handlers can be regular functions as above, or can also be coroutines:
@eio.on('message')
async def on_message(sid, data):
print('I received a message!')
The argument given to the on decorator is the event name. The events that are supported are connect,
message and disconnect. Note that the disconnect handler is invoked for client initiated disconnects,
server initiated disconnects, or accidental disconnects, for example due to networking failures.
The sid argument passed into all the event handlers is a connection identifier for the client. All the
events from a client will use the same sid value.
The connect handler is the place where the server can perform authentication. The value returned by this
handler is used to determine if the connection is accepted or rejected. When the handler does not return
any value (which is the same as returning None) or when it returns True the connection is accepted. If
the handler returns False or any JSON compatible data type (string, integer, list or dictionary) the
connection is rejected. A rejected connection triggers a response with a 401 status code.
The data argument passed to the 'message' event handler contains application-specific data provided by
the client with the event.
Sending Messages
The server can send a message to any client using the send() method:
eio.send(sid, {'foo': 'bar'})
Or in the case of asyncio, as a coroutine:
await eio.send(sid, {'foo': 'bar'})
The first argument provided to the method is the connection identifier for the recipient client. The
second argument is the data that is passed on to the server. The data can be of type str, bytes, dict or
list. The data included inside dictionaries and lists is also constrained to these types.
The send() method can be invoked inside an event handler as a response to a client event, or in any other
part of the application, including in background tasks.
User Sessions
The server can maintain application-specific information in a user session dedicated to each connected
client. Applications can use the user session to write any details about the user that need to be
preserved throughout the life of the connection, such as usernames or user ids.
The save_session() and get_session() methods are used to store and retrieve information in the user
session:
@eio.on('connect')
def on_connect(sid, environ):
username = authenticate_user(environ)
eio.save_session(sid, {'username': username})
@eio.on('message')
def on_message(sid, data):
session = eio.get_session(sid)
print('message from ', session['username'])
For the asyncio server, these methods are coroutines:
@eio.on('connect')
async def on_connect(sid, environ):
username = authenticate_user(environ)
await eio.save_session(sid, {'username': username})
@eio.on('message')
async def on_message(sid, data):
session = await eio.get_session(sid)
print('message from ', session['username'])
The session can also be manipulated with the session() context manager:
@eio.on('connect')
def on_connect(sid, environ):
username = authenticate_user(environ)
with eio.session(sid) as session:
session['username'] = username
@eio.on('message')
def on_message(sid, data):
with eio.session(sid) as session:
print('message from ', session['username'])
For the asyncio server, an asynchronous context manager is used:
@eio.on('connect')
def on_connect(sid, environ):
username = authenticate_user(environ)
async with eio.session(sid) as session:
session['username'] = username
@eio.on('message')
def on_message(sid, data):
async with eio.session(sid) as session:
print('message from ', session['username'])
Note: the contents of the user session are destroyed when the client disconnects.
Disconnecting a Client
At any time the server can disconnect a client from the server by invoking the disconnect() method and
passing the sid value assigned to the client:
eio.disconnect(sid)
For the asyncio client this is a coroutine:
await eio.disconnect(sid)
Managing Background Tasks
For the convenience of the application, a helper function is provided to start a custom background task:
def my_background_task(my_argument)
# do some background work here!
pass
eio.start_background_task(my_background_task, 123)
The arguments passed to this method are the background function and any positional or keyword arguments
to invoke the function with.
Here is the asyncio version:
async def my_background_task(my_argument)
# do some background work here!
pass
eio.start_background_task(my_background_task, 123)
Note that this function is not a coroutine, since it does not wait for the background function to end,
but the background function is.
The sleep() method is a second convenience function that is provided for the benefit of applications
working with background tasks of their own:
eio.sleep(2)
Or for asyncio:
await eio.sleep(2)
The single argument passed to the method is the number of seconds to sleep for.
Debugging and Troubleshooting
To help you debug issues, the server can be configured to output logs to the terminal:
import engineio
# standard Python
eio = engineio.Server(logger=True)
# asyncio
eio = engineio.AsyncServer(logger=True)
The logger argument can be set to True to output logs to stderr, or to an object compatible with Python's
logging package where the logs should be emitted to. A value of False disables logging.
Logging can help identify the cause of connection problems, 400 responses, bad performance and other
issues.
Deployment Strategies
The following sections describe a variety of deployment strategies for Engine.IO servers.
aiohttp
aiohttp provides a framework with support for HTTP and WebSocket, based on asyncio. Support for this
framework is limited to Python 3.5 and newer.
Instances of class engineio.AsyncServer will automatically use aiohttp for asynchronous operations if the
library is installed. To request its use explicitly, the async_mode option can be given in the
constructor:
eio = engineio.AsyncServer(async_mode='aiohttp')
A server configured for aiohttp must be attached to an existing application:
app = web.Application()
eio.attach(app)
The aiohttp application can define regular routes that will coexist with the Engine.IO server. A typical
pattern is to add routes that serve a client application and any associated static files.
The aiohttp application is then executed in the usual manner:
if __name__ == '__main__':
web.run_app(app)
Tornado
Tornado is a web framework with support for HTTP and WebSocket. Support for this framework requires
Python 3.5 and newer. Only Tornado version 5 and newer are supported, thanks to its tight integration
with asyncio.
Instances of class engineio.AsyncServer will automatically use tornado for asynchronous operations if the
library is installed. To request its use explicitly, the async_mode option can be given in the
constructor:
eio = engineio.AsyncServer(async_mode='tornado')
A server configured for tornado must include a request handler for Engine.IO:
app = tornado.web.Application(
[
(r"/engine.io/", engineio.get_tornado_handler(eio)),
],
# ... other application options
)
The tornado application can define other routes that will coexist with the Engine.IO server. A typical
pattern is to add routes that serve a client application and any associated static files.
The tornado application is then executed in the usual manner:
app.listen(port)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
Sanic
Sanic is a very efficient asynchronous web server for Python 3.5 and newer.
Instances of class engineio.AsyncServer will automatically use Sanic for asynchronous operations if the
framework is installed. To request its use explicitly, the async_mode option can be given in the
constructor:
eio = engineio.AsyncServer(async_mode='sanic')
A server configured for Sanic must be attached to an existing application:
app = Sanic()
eio.attach(app)
The Sanic application can define regular routes that will coexist with the Engine.IO server. A typical
pattern is to add routes that serve a client application and any associated static files to this
application.
The Sanic application is then executed in the usual manner:
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
It has been reported that the CORS support provided by the Sanic extension sanic-cors is incompatible
with this package's own support for this protocol. To disable CORS support in this package and let Sanic
take full control, initialize the server as follows:
eio = engineio.AsyncServer(async_mode='sanic', cors_allowed_origins=[])
On the Sanic side you will need to enable the CORS_SUPPORTS_CREDENTIALS setting in addition to any other
configuration that you use:
app.config['CORS_SUPPORTS_CREDENTIALS'] = True
Uvicorn, Daphne, and other ASGI servers
The engineio.ASGIApp class is an ASGI compatible application that can forward Engine.IO traffic to an
engineio.AsyncServer instance:
eio = engineio.AsyncServer(async_mode='asgi')
app = engineio.ASGIApp(eio)
The application can then be deployed with any ASGI compatible web server.
Eventlet
Eventlet is a high performance concurrent networking library for Python 2 and 3 that uses coroutines,
enabling code to be written in the same style used with the blocking standard library functions. An
Engine.IO server deployed with eventlet has access to the long-polling and WebSocket transports.
Instances of class engineio.Server will automatically use eventlet for asynchronous operations if the
library is installed. To request its use explicitly, the async_mode option can be given in the
constructor:
eio = engineio.Server(async_mode='eventlet')
A server configured for eventlet is deployed as a regular WSGI application using the provided
engineio.WSGIApp:
app = engineio.WSGIApp(eio)
import eventlet
eventlet.wsgi.server(eventlet.listen(('', 8000)), app)
Eventlet with Gunicorn
An alternative to running the eventlet WSGI server as above is to use gunicorn, a fully featured pure
Python web server. The command to launch the application under gunicorn is shown below:
$ gunicorn -k eventlet -w 1 module:app
Due to limitations in its load balancing algorithm, gunicorn can only be used with one worker process, so
the -w 1 option is required. Note that a single eventlet worker can handle a large number of concurrent
clients.
Another limitation when using gunicorn is that the WebSocket transport is not available, because this
transport it requires extensions to the WSGI standard.
Note: Eventlet provides a monkey_patch() function that replaces all the blocking functions in the
standard library with equivalent asynchronous versions. While python-engineio does not require monkey
patching, other libraries such as database drivers are likely to require it.
Gevent
Gevent is another asynchronous framework based on coroutines, very similar to eventlet. An Engine.IO
server deployed with gevent has access to the long-polling transport. If project gevent-websocket is
installed, the WebSocket transport is also available. Note that when using the uWSGI server, the native
WebSocket implementation of uWSGI can be used instead of gevent-websocket (see next section for details
on this).
Instances of class engineio.Server will automatically use gevent for asynchronous operations if the
library is installed and eventlet is not installed. To request gevent to be selected explicitly, the
async_mode option can be given in the constructor:
# gevent alone or with gevent-websocket
eio = engineio.Server(async_mode='gevent')
A server configured for gevent is deployed as a regular WSGI application using the provided
engineio.WSGIApp:
from gevent import pywsgi
app = engineio.WSGIApp(eio)
pywsgi.WSGIServer(('', 8000), app).serve_forever()
If the WebSocket transport is installed, then the server must be started as follows:
from gevent import pywsgi
from geventwebsocket.handler import WebSocketHandler
app = engineio.WSGIApp(eio)
pywsgi.WSGIServer(('', 8000), app,
handler_class=WebSocketHandler).serve_forever()
Gevent with Gunicorn
An alternative to running the gevent WSGI server as above is to use gunicorn, a fully featured pure
Python web server. The command to launch the application under gunicorn is shown below:
$ gunicorn -k gevent -w 1 module:app
Or to include WebSocket:
$ gunicorn -k geventwebsocket.gunicorn.workers.GeventWebSocketWorker -w 1 module: app
Same as with eventlet, due to limitations in its load balancing algorithm, gunicorn can only be used with
one worker process, so the -w 1 option is required. Note that a single gevent worker can handle a large
number of concurrent clients.
Note: Gevent provides a monkey_patch() function that replaces all the blocking functions in the standard
library with equivalent asynchronous versions. While python-engineio does not require monkey patching,
other libraries such as database drivers are likely to require it.
uWSGI
When using the uWSGI server in combination with gevent, the Engine.IO server can take advantage of
uWSGI's native WebSocket support.
Instances of class engineio.Server will automatically use this option for asynchronous operations if both
gevent and uWSGI are installed and eventlet is not installed. To request this asynchoronous mode
explicitly, the async_mode option can be given in the constructor:
# gevent with uWSGI
eio = engineio.Server(async_mode='gevent_uwsgi')
A complete explanation of the configuration and usage of the uWSGI server is beyond the scope of this
documentation. The uWSGI server is a fairly complex package that provides a large and comprehensive set
of options. It must be compiled with WebSocket and SSL support for the WebSocket transport to be
available. As way of an introduction, the following command starts a uWSGI server for the latency.py
example on port 5000:
$ uwsgi --http :5000 --gevent 1000 --http-websockets --master --wsgi-file latency.py --callable app
Standard Threads
While not comparable to eventlet and gevent in terms of performance, the Engine.IO server can also be
configured to work with multi-threaded web servers that use standard Python threads. This is an ideal
setup to use with development servers such as Werkzeug. Only the long-polling transport is currently
available when using standard threads.
Instances of class engineio.Server will automatically use the threading mode if neither eventlet nor
gevent are not installed. To request the threading mode explicitly, the async_mode option can be given in
the constructor:
eio = engineio.Server(async_mode='threading')
A server configured for threading is deployed as a regular web application, using any WSGI complaint
multi-threaded server. The example below deploys an Engine.IO application combined with a Flask web
application, using Flask's development web server based on Werkzeug:
eio = engineio.Server(async_mode='threading')
app = Flask(__name__)
app.wsgi_app = engineio.WSGIApp(eio, app.wsgi_app)
# ... Engine.IO and Flask handler functions ...
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(threaded=True)
When using the threading mode, it is important to ensure that the WSGI server can handle multiple
concurrent requests using threads, since a client can have up to two outstanding requests at any given
time. The Werkzeug server is single-threaded by default, so the threaded=True option is required.
Note that servers that use worker processes instead of threads, such as gunicorn, do not support an
Engine.IO server configured in threading mode.
Scalability Notes
Engine.IO is a stateful protocol, which makes horizontal scaling more difficult. To deploy a cluster of
Engine.IO processes hosted on one or multiple servers the following conditions must be met:
• Each Engine.IO server process must be able to handle multiple requests concurrently. This is required
because long-polling clients send two requests in parallel. Worker processes that can only handle one
request at a time are not supported.
• The load balancer must be configured to always forward requests from a client to the same process. Load
balancers call this sticky sessions, or session affinity.
Cross-Origin Controls
For security reasons, this server enforces a same-origin policy by default. In practical terms, this
means the following:
• If an incoming HTTP or WebSocket request includes the Origin header, this header must match the scheme
and host of the connection URL. In case of a mismatch, a 400 status code response is returned and the
connection is rejected.
• No restrictions are imposed on incoming requests that do not include the Origin header.
If necessary, the cors_allowed_origins option can be used to allow other origins. This argument can be
set to a string to set a single allowed origin, or to a list to allow multiple origins. A special value
of '*' can be used to instruct the server to allow all origins, but this should be done with care, as
this could make the server vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks.
API REFERENCE
Client class
class engineio.Client(logger=False, json=None, request_timeout=5, http_session=None, ssl_verify=True)
An Engine.IO client.
This class implements a fully compliant Engine.IO web client with support for websocket and
long-polling transports.
Parameters
• logger -- To enable logging set to True or pass a logger object to use. To disable
logging set to False. The default is False. Note that fatal errors are logged even when
logger is False.
• json -- An alternative json module to use for encoding and decoding packets. Custom json
modules must have dumps and loads functions that are compatible with the standard library
versions.
• request_timeout -- A timeout in seconds for requests. The default is 5 seconds.
• http_session -- an initialized requests.Session object to be used when sending requests
to the server. Use it if you need to add special client options such as proxy servers,
SSL certificates, etc.
• ssl_verify -- True to verify SSL certificates, or False to skip SSL certificate
verification, allowing connections to servers with self signed certificates. The default
is True.
connect(url, headers=None, transports=None, engineio_path='engine.io')
Connect to an Engine.IO server.
Parameters
• url -- The URL of the Engine.IO server. It can include custom query string
parameters if required by the server.
• headers -- A dictionary with custom headers to send with the connection request.
• transports -- The list of allowed transports. Valid transports are 'polling' and
'websocket'. If not given, the polling transport is connected first, then an
upgrade to websocket is attempted.
• engineio_path -- The endpoint where the Engine.IO server is installed. The default
value is appropriate for most cases.
Example usage:
eio = engineio.Client()
eio.connect('http://localhost:5000')
create_event(*args, **kwargs)
Create an event object.
create_queue(*args, **kwargs)
Create a queue object.
disconnect(abort=False)
Disconnect from the server.
Parameters
abort -- If set to True, do not wait for background tasks associated with the
connection to end.
on(event, handler=None)
Register an event handler.
Parameters
• event -- The event name. Can be 'connect', 'message' or 'disconnect'.
• handler -- The function that should be invoked to handle the event. When this
parameter is not given, the method acts as a decorator for the handler function.
Example usage:
# as a decorator:
@eio.on('connect')
def connect_handler():
print('Connection request')
# as a method:
def message_handler(msg):
print('Received message: ', msg)
eio.send('response')
eio.on('message', message_handler)
send(data)
Send a message to a client.
Parameters
data -- The data to send to the client. Data can be of type str, bytes, list or
dict. If a list or dict, the data will be serialized as JSON.
sleep(seconds=0)
Sleep for the requested amount of time.
start_background_task(target, *args, **kwargs)
Start a background task.
This is a utility function that applications can use to start a background task.
Parameters
• target -- the target function to execute.
• args -- arguments to pass to the function.
• kwargs -- keyword arguments to pass to the function.
This function returns an object compatible with the Thread class in the Python standard
library. The start() method on this object is already called by this function.
transport()
Return the name of the transport currently in use.
The possible values returned by this function are 'polling' and 'websocket'.
wait() Wait until the connection with the server ends.
Client applications can use this function to block the main thread during the life of the
connection.
AsyncClient class
class engineio.AsyncClient(logger=False, json=None, request_timeout=5, http_session=None,
ssl_verify=True)
An Engine.IO client for asyncio.
This class implements a fully compliant Engine.IO web client with support for websocket and
long-polling transports, compatible with the asyncio framework on Python 3.5 or newer.
Parameters
• logger -- To enable logging set to True or pass a logger object to use. To disable
logging set to False. The default is False. Note that fatal errors are logged even when
logger is False.
• json -- An alternative json module to use for encoding and decoding packets. Custom json
modules must have dumps and loads functions that are compatible with the standard library
versions.
• request_timeout -- A timeout in seconds for requests. The default is 5 seconds.
• http_session -- an initialized aiohttp.ClientSession object to be used when sending
requests to the server. Use it if you need to add special client options such as proxy
servers, SSL certificates, etc.
• ssl_verify -- True to verify SSL certificates, or False to skip SSL certificate
verification, allowing connections to servers with self signed certificates. The default
is True.
async connect(url, headers=None, transports=None, engineio_path='engine.io')
Connect to an Engine.IO server.
Parameters
• url -- The URL of the Engine.IO server. It can include custom query string
parameters if required by the server.
• headers -- A dictionary with custom headers to send with the connection request.
• transports -- The list of allowed transports. Valid transports are 'polling' and
'websocket'. If not given, the polling transport is connected first, then an
upgrade to websocket is attempted.
• engineio_path -- The endpoint where the Engine.IO server is installed. The default
value is appropriate for most cases.
Note: this method is a coroutine.
Example usage:
eio = engineio.Client()
await eio.connect('http://localhost:5000')
create_event()
Create an event object.
create_queue()
Create a queue object.
async disconnect(abort=False)
Disconnect from the server.
Parameters
abort -- If set to True, do not wait for background tasks associated with the
connection to end.
Note: this method is a coroutine.
on(event, handler=None)
Register an event handler.
Parameters
• event -- The event name. Can be 'connect', 'message' or 'disconnect'.
• handler -- The function that should be invoked to handle the event. When this
parameter is not given, the method acts as a decorator for the handler function.
Example usage:
# as a decorator:
@eio.on('connect')
def connect_handler():
print('Connection request')
# as a method:
def message_handler(msg):
print('Received message: ', msg)
eio.send('response')
eio.on('message', message_handler)
async send(data)
Send a message to a client.
Parameters
data -- The data to send to the client. Data can be of type str, bytes, list or
dict. If a list or dict, the data will be serialized as JSON.
Note: this method is a coroutine.
async sleep(seconds=0)
Sleep for the requested amount of time.
Note: this method is a coroutine.
start_background_task(target, *args, **kwargs)
Start a background task.
This is a utility function that applications can use to start a background task.
Parameters
• target -- the target function to execute.
• args -- arguments to pass to the function.
• kwargs -- keyword arguments to pass to the function.
This function returns an object compatible with the Thread class in the Python standard
library. The start() method on this object is already called by this function.
Note: this method is a coroutine.
transport()
Return the name of the transport currently in use.
The possible values returned by this function are 'polling' and 'websocket'.
async wait()
Wait until the connection with the server ends.
Client applications can use this function to block the main thread during the life of the
connection.
Note: this method is a coroutine.
Server class
class engineio.Server(async_mode=None, ping_interval=25, ping_timeout=5, max_http_buffer_size=1000000,
allow_upgrades=True, http_compression=True, compression_threshold=1024, cookie=None,
cors_allowed_origins=None, cors_credentials=True, logger=False, json=None, async_handlers=True,
monitor_clients=None, **kwargs)
An Engine.IO server.
This class implements a fully compliant Engine.IO web server with support for websocket and
long-polling transports.
Parameters
• async_mode -- The asynchronous model to use. See the Deployment section in the
documentation for a description of the available options. Valid async modes are
"threading", "eventlet", "gevent" and "gevent_uwsgi". If this argument is not given,
"eventlet" is tried first, then "gevent_uwsgi", then "gevent", and finally "threading".
The first async mode that has all its dependencies installed is the one that is chosen.
• ping_interval -- The interval in seconds at which the server pings the client. The
default is 25 seconds. For advanced control, a two element tuple can be given, where the
first number is the ping interval and the second is a grace period added by the server.
• ping_timeout -- The time in seconds that the client waits for the server to respond
before disconnecting. The default is 5 seconds.
• max_http_buffer_size -- The maximum size of a message when using the polling transport.
The default is 1,000,000 bytes.
• allow_upgrades -- Whether to allow transport upgrades or not. The default is True.
• http_compression -- Whether to compress packages when using the polling transport. The
default is True.
• compression_threshold -- Only compress messages when their byte size is greater than this
value. The default is 1024 bytes.
• cookie -- If set to a string, it is the name of the HTTP cookie the server sends back tot
he client containing the client session id. If set to a dictionary, the 'name' key
contains the cookie name and other keys define cookie attributes, where the value of each
attribute can be a string, a callable with no arguments, or a boolean. If set to None
(the default), a cookie is not sent to the client.
• cors_allowed_origins -- Origin or list of origins that are allowed to connect to this
server. Only the same origin is allowed by default. Set this argument to '*' to allow all
origins, or to [] to disable CORS handling.
• cors_credentials -- Whether credentials (cookies, authentication) are allowed in requests
to this server. The default is True.
• logger -- To enable logging set to True or pass a logger object to use. To disable
logging set to False. The default is False. Note that fatal errors are logged even when
logger is False.
• json -- An alternative json module to use for encoding and decoding packets. Custom json
modules must have dumps and loads functions that are compatible with the standard library
versions.
• async_handlers -- If set to True, run message event handlers in non-blocking threads. To
run handlers synchronously, set to False. The default is True.
• monitor_clients -- If set to True, a background task will ensure inactive clients are
closed. Set to False to disable the monitoring task (not recommended). The default is
True.
• kwargs -- Reserved for future extensions, any additional parameters given as keyword
arguments will be silently ignored.
create_event(*args, **kwargs)
Create an event object using the appropriate async model.
This is a utility function that applications can use to create an event without having to
worry about using the correct call for the selected async mode.
create_queue(*args, **kwargs)
Create a queue object using the appropriate async model.
This is a utility function that applications can use to create a queue without having to
worry about using the correct call for the selected async mode.
disconnect(sid=None)
Disconnect a client.
Parameters
sid -- The session id of the client to close. If this parameter is not given, then
all clients are closed.
generate_id()
Generate a unique session id.
get_queue_empty_exception()
Return the queue empty exception for the appropriate async model.
This is a utility function that applications can use to work with a queue without having to
worry about using the correct call for the selected async mode.
get_session(sid)
Return the user session for a client.
Parameters
sid -- The session id of the client.
The return value is a dictionary. Modifications made to this dictionary are not guaranteed
to be preserved unless save_session() is called, or when the session context manager is
used.
handle_request(environ, start_response)
Handle an HTTP request from the client.
This is the entry point of the Engine.IO application, using the same interface as a WSGI
application. For the typical usage, this function is invoked by the Middleware instance,
but it can be invoked directly when the middleware is not used.
Parameters
• environ -- The WSGI environment.
• start_response -- The WSGI start_response function.
This function returns the HTTP response body to deliver to the client as a byte sequence.
on(event, handler=None)
Register an event handler.
Parameters
• event -- The event name. Can be 'connect', 'message' or 'disconnect'.
• handler -- The function that should be invoked to handle the event. When this
parameter is not given, the method acts as a decorator for the handler function.
Example usage:
# as a decorator:
@eio.on('connect')
def connect_handler(sid, environ):
print('Connection request')
if environ['REMOTE_ADDR'] in blacklisted:
return False # reject
# as a method:
def message_handler(sid, msg):
print('Received message: ', msg)
eio.send(sid, 'response')
eio.on('message', message_handler)
The handler function receives the sid (session ID) for the client as first argument. The
'connect' event handler receives the WSGI environment as a second argument, and can return
False to reject the connection. The 'message' handler receives the message payload as a
second argument. The 'disconnect' handler does not take a second argument.
save_session(sid, session)
Store the user session for a client.
Parameters
• sid -- The session id of the client.
• session -- The session dictionary.
send(sid, data)
Send a message to a client.
Parameters
• sid -- The session id of the recipient client.
• data -- The data to send to the client. Data can be of type str, bytes, list or
dict. If a list or dict, the data will be serialized as JSON.
session(sid)
Return the user session for a client with context manager syntax.
Parameters
sid -- The session id of the client.
This is a context manager that returns the user session dictionary for the client. Any
changes that are made to this dictionary inside the context manager block are saved back to
the session. Example usage:
@eio.on('connect')
def on_connect(sid, environ):
username = authenticate_user(environ)
if not username:
return False
with eio.session(sid) as session:
session['username'] = username
@eio.on('message')
def on_message(sid, msg):
with eio.session(sid) as session:
print('received message from ', session['username'])
sleep(seconds=0)
Sleep for the requested amount of time using the appropriate async model.
This is a utility function that applications can use to put a task to sleep without having
to worry about using the correct call for the selected async mode.
start_background_task(target, *args, **kwargs)
Start a background task using the appropriate async model.
This is a utility function that applications can use to start a background task using the
method that is compatible with the selected async mode.
Parameters
• target -- the target function to execute.
• args -- arguments to pass to the function.
• kwargs -- keyword arguments to pass to the function.
This function returns an object compatible with the Thread class in the Python standard
library. The start() method on this object is already called by this function.
transport(sid)
Return the name of the transport used by the client.
The two possible values returned by this function are 'polling' and 'websocket'.
Parameters
sid -- The session of the client.
AsyncServer class
class engineio.AsyncServer(async_mode=None, ping_interval=25, ping_timeout=5,
max_http_buffer_size=1000000, allow_upgrades=True, http_compression=True, compression_threshold=1024,
cookie=None, cors_allowed_origins=None, cors_credentials=True, logger=False, json=None,
async_handlers=True, monitor_clients=None, **kwargs)
An Engine.IO server for asyncio.
This class implements a fully compliant Engine.IO web server with support for websocket and
long-polling transports, compatible with the asyncio framework on Python 3.5 or newer.
Parameters
• async_mode -- The asynchronous model to use. See the Deployment section in the
documentation for a description of the available options. Valid async modes are
"aiohttp", "sanic", "tornado" and "asgi". If this argument is not given, "aiohttp" is
tried first, followed by "sanic", "tornado", and finally "asgi". The first async mode
that has all its dependencies installed is the one that is chosen.
• ping_interval -- The interval in seconds at which the server pings the client. The
default is 25 seconds. For advanced control, a two element tuple can be given, where the
first number is the ping interval and the second is a grace period added by the server.
• ping_timeout -- The time in seconds that the client waits for the server to respond
before disconnecting. The default is 5 seconds.
• max_http_buffer_size -- The maximum size of a message when using the polling transport.
The default is 1,000,000 bytes.
• allow_upgrades -- Whether to allow transport upgrades or not.
• http_compression -- Whether to compress packages when using the polling transport.
• compression_threshold -- Only compress messages when their byte size is greater than this
value.
• cookie -- If set to a string, it is the name of the HTTP cookie the server sends back tot
he client containing the client session id. If set to a dictionary, the 'name' key
contains the cookie name and other keys define cookie attributes, where the value of each
attribute can be a string, a callable with no arguments, or a boolean. If set to None
(the default), a cookie is not sent to the client.
• cors_allowed_origins -- Origin or list of origins that are allowed to connect to this
server. Only the same origin is allowed by default. Set this argument to '*' to allow all
origins, or to [] to disable CORS handling.
• cors_credentials -- Whether credentials (cookies, authentication) are allowed in requests
to this server.
• logger -- To enable logging set to True or pass a logger object to use. To disable
logging set to False. Note that fatal errors are logged even when logger is False.
• json -- An alternative json module to use for encoding and decoding packets. Custom json
modules must have dumps and loads functions that are compatible with the standard library
versions.
• async_handlers -- If set to True, run message event handlers in non-blocking threads. To
run handlers synchronously, set to False. The default is True.
• kwargs -- Reserved for future extensions, any additional parameters given as keyword
arguments will be silently ignored.
attach(app, engineio_path='engine.io')
Attach the Engine.IO server to an application.
create_event(*args, **kwargs)
Create an event object using the appropriate async model.
This is a utility function that applications can use to create an event without having to
worry about using the correct call for the selected async mode. For asyncio based async
modes, this returns an instance of asyncio.Event.
create_queue(*args, **kwargs)
Create a queue object using the appropriate async model.
This is a utility function that applications can use to create a queue without having to
worry about using the correct call for the selected async mode. For asyncio based async
modes, this returns an instance of asyncio.Queue.
async disconnect(sid=None)
Disconnect a client.
Parameters
sid -- The session id of the client to close. If this parameter is not given, then
all clients are closed.
Note: this method is a coroutine.
generate_id()
Generate a unique session id.
get_queue_empty_exception()
Return the queue empty exception for the appropriate async model.
This is a utility function that applications can use to work with a queue without having to
worry about using the correct call for the selected async mode. For asyncio based async
modes, this returns an instance of asyncio.QueueEmpty.
async get_session(sid)
Return the user session for a client.
Parameters
sid -- The session id of the client.
The return value is a dictionary. Modifications made to this dictionary are not guaranteed
to be preserved. If you want to modify the user session, use the session context manager
instead.
async handle_request(*args, **kwargs)
Handle an HTTP request from the client.
This is the entry point of the Engine.IO application. This function returns the HTTP
response to deliver to the client.
Note: this method is a coroutine.
on(event, handler=None)
Register an event handler.
Parameters
• event -- The event name. Can be 'connect', 'message' or 'disconnect'.
• handler -- The function that should be invoked to handle the event. When this
parameter is not given, the method acts as a decorator for the handler function.
Example usage:
# as a decorator:
@eio.on('connect')
def connect_handler(sid, environ):
print('Connection request')
if environ['REMOTE_ADDR'] in blacklisted:
return False # reject
# as a method:
def message_handler(sid, msg):
print('Received message: ', msg)
eio.send(sid, 'response')
eio.on('message', message_handler)
The handler function receives the sid (session ID) for the client as first argument. The
'connect' event handler receives the WSGI environment as a second argument, and can return
False to reject the connection. The 'message' handler receives the message payload as a
second argument. The 'disconnect' handler does not take a second argument.
async save_session(sid, session)
Store the user session for a client.
Parameters
• sid -- The session id of the client.
• session -- The session dictionary.
async send(sid, data)
Send a message to a client.
Parameters
• sid -- The session id of the recipient client.
• data -- The data to send to the client. Data can be of type str, bytes, list or
dict. If a list or dict, the data will be serialized as JSON.
Note: this method is a coroutine.
session(sid)
Return the user session for a client with context manager syntax.
Parameters
sid -- The session id of the client.
This is a context manager that returns the user session dictionary for the client. Any
changes that are made to this dictionary inside the context manager block are saved back to
the session. Example usage:
@eio.on('connect')
def on_connect(sid, environ):
username = authenticate_user(environ)
if not username:
return False
with eio.session(sid) as session:
session['username'] = username
@eio.on('message')
def on_message(sid, msg):
async with eio.session(sid) as session:
print('received message from ', session['username'])
async sleep(seconds=0)
Sleep for the requested amount of time using the appropriate async model.
This is a utility function that applications can use to put a task to sleep without having
to worry about using the correct call for the selected async mode.
Note: this method is a coroutine.
start_background_task(target, *args, **kwargs)
Start a background task using the appropriate async model.
This is a utility function that applications can use to start a background task using the
method that is compatible with the selected async mode.
Parameters
• target -- the target function to execute.
• args -- arguments to pass to the function.
• kwargs -- keyword arguments to pass to the function.
The return value is a asyncio.Task object.
transport(sid)
Return the name of the transport used by the client.
The two possible values returned by this function are 'polling' and 'websocket'.
Parameters
sid -- The session of the client.
WSGIApp class
class engineio.WSGIApp(engineio_app, wsgi_app=None, static_files=None, engineio_path='engine.io')
WSGI application middleware for Engine.IO.
This middleware dispatches traffic to an Engine.IO application. It can also serve a list of static
files to the client, or forward unrelated HTTP traffic to another WSGI application.
Parameters
• engineio_app -- The Engine.IO server. Must be an instance of the engineio.Server class.
• wsgi_app -- The WSGI app that receives all other traffic.
• static_files -- A dictionary with static file mapping rules. See the documentation for
details on this argument.
• engineio_path -- The endpoint where the Engine.IO application should be installed. The
default value is appropriate for most cases.
Example usage:
import engineio
import eventlet
eio = engineio.Server()
app = engineio.WSGIApp(eio, static_files={
'/': {'content_type': 'text/html', 'filename': 'index.html'},
'/index.html': {'content_type': 'text/html',
'filename': 'index.html'},
})
eventlet.wsgi.server(eventlet.listen(('', 8000)), app)
ASGIApp class
class engineio.ASGIApp(engineio_server, other_asgi_app=None, static_files=None,
engineio_path='engine.io', on_startup=None, on_shutdown=None)
ASGI application middleware for Engine.IO.
This middleware dispatches traffic to an Engine.IO application. It can also serve a list of static
files to the client, or forward unrelated HTTP traffic to another ASGI application.
Parameters
• engineio_server -- The Engine.IO server. Must be an instance of the engineio.AsyncServer
class.
• static_files -- A dictionary with static file mapping rules. See the documentation for
details on this argument.
• other_asgi_app -- A separate ASGI app that receives all other traffic.
• engineio_path -- The endpoint where the Engine.IO application should be installed. The
default value is appropriate for most cases.
• on_startup -- function to be called on application startup; can be coroutine
• on_shutdown -- function to be called on application shutdown; can be coroutine
Example usage:
import engineio
import uvicorn
eio = engineio.AsyncServer()
app = engineio.ASGIApp(eio, static_files={
'/': {'content_type': 'text/html', 'filename': 'index.html'},
'/index.html': {'content_type': 'text/html',
'filename': 'index.html'},
})
uvicorn.run(app, '127.0.0.1', 5000)
Middleware class (deprecated)
class engineio.Middleware(engineio_app, wsgi_app=None, engineio_path='engine.io')
This class has been renamed to WSGIApp and is now deprecated.
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AUTHOR
Miguel Grinberg
COPYRIGHT
2018, Miguel Grinberg
Dec 24, 2020 PYTHON-ENGINEIO(1)