Ubuntu Manpage: journalctl - Print log entries from the systemd journal

Provided by: systemd_255.4-1ubuntu8.4_amd64

NAME

       journalctl - Print log entries from the systemd journal

SYNOPSIS

       journalctl [OPTIONS...] [MATCHES...]

DESCRIPTION

journalctl is used to print the log entries stored in the journal by systemd-
journald.service(8) and systemd-journal-remote.service(8).

If called without parameters, it will show the contents of the journal accessible to the
calling user, starting with the oldest entry collected.

If one or more match arguments are passed, the output is filtered accordingly. A match is
in the format "FIELD=VALUE", e.g. "_SYSTEMD_UNIT=httpd.service", referring to the
components of a structured journal entry. See systemd.journal-fields(7) for a list of
well-known fields. If multiple matches are specified matching different fields, the log
entries are filtered by both, i.e. the resulting output will show only entries matching
all the specified matches of this kind. If two matches apply to the same field, then they
are automatically matched as alternatives, i.e. the resulting output will show entries
matching any of the specified matches for the same field. Finally, the character "+" may
appear as a separate word between other terms on the command line. This causes all matches
before and after to be combined in a disjunction (i.e. logical OR).

It is also possible to filter the entries by specifying an absolute file path as an
argument. The file path may be a file or a symbolic link and the file must exist at the
time of the query. If a file path refers to an executable binary, an "_EXE=" match for the
canonicalized binary path is added to the query. If a file path refers to an executable
script, a "_COMM=" match for the script name is added to the query. If a file path refers
to a device node, "_KERNEL_DEVICE=" matches for the kernel name of the device and for each
of its ancestor devices is added to the query. Symbolic links are dereferenced, kernel
names are synthesized, and parent devices are identified from the environment at the time
of the query. In general, a device node is the best proxy for an actual device, as log
entries do not usually contain fields that identify an actual device. For the resulting
log entries to be correct for the actual device, the relevant parts of the environment at
the time the entry was logged, in particular the actual device corresponding to the device
node, must have been the same as those at the time of the query. Because device nodes
generally change their corresponding devices across reboots, specifying a device node path
causes the resulting entries to be restricted to those from the current boot.

Additional constraints may be added using options --boot, --unit=, etc., to further limit
what entries will be shown (logical AND).

Output is interleaved from all accessible journal files, whether they are rotated or
currently being written, and regardless of whether they belong to the system itself or are
accessible user journals. The --header option can be used to identify which files are
being shown.

The set of journal files which will be used can be modified using the --user, --system,
--directory, and --file options, see below.

All users are granted access to their private per-user journals. However, by default, only
root and users who are members of a few special groups are granted access to the system
journal and the journals of other users. Members of the groups "systemd-journal", "adm",
and "wheel" can read all journal files. Note that the two latter groups traditionally have
additional privileges specified by the distribution. Members of the "wheel" group can
often perform administrative tasks.

The output is paged through less by default, and long lines are "truncated" to screen
width. The hidden part can be viewed by using the left-arrow and right-arrow keys. Paging
can be disabled; see the --no-pager option and the "Environment" section below.

When outputting to a tty, lines are colored according to priority: lines of level ERROR
and higher are colored red; lines of level WARNING are colored yellow; lines of level
NOTICE are highlighted; lines of level INFO are displayed normally; lines of level DEBUG
are colored grey.

To write entries to the journal, a few methods may be used. In general, output from
systemd units is automatically connected to the journal, see systemd-journald.service(8).
In addition, systemd-cat(1) may be used to send messages to the journal directly.

SOURCE OPTIONS

       The following options control where to read journal records from:

       --system, --user
           Show messages from system services and the kernel (with --system). Show messages from
           service of current user (with --user). If neither is specified, show all messages that
           the user can see.

           The --user option affects how --unit= arguments are treated. See --unit=.

           Note that --user only works if persistent logging is enabled, via the Storage= setting
           in journald.conf(5).

           Added in version 205.

       -M, --machine=
           Show messages from a running, local container. Specify a container name to connect to.

           Added in version 209.

       -m, --merge
           Show entries interleaved from all available journals, including remote ones.

           Added in version 190.

       -D DIR, --directory=DIR
           Takes a directory path as argument. If specified, journalctl will operate on the
           specified journal directory DIR instead of the default runtime and system journal
           paths.

           Added in version 187.

       --file=GLOB
           Takes a file glob as an argument. If specified, journalctl will operate on the
           specified journal files matching GLOB instead of the default runtime and system
           journal paths. May be specified multiple times, in which case files will be suitably
           interleaved.

           Added in version 205.

       --root=ROOT
           Takes a directory path as an argument. If specified, journalctl will operate on
           journal directories and catalog file hierarchy underneath the specified directory
           instead of the root directory (e.g.  --update-catalog will create
           ROOT/var/lib/systemd/catalog/database, and journal files under ROOT/run/journal/ or
           ROOT/var/log/journal/ will be displayed).

           Added in version 201.

       --image=IMAGE
           Takes a path to a disk image file or block device node. If specified, journalctl will
           operate on the file system in the indicated disk image. This option is similar to
           --root=, but operates on file systems stored in disk images or block devices, thus
           providing an easy way to extract log data from disk images. The disk image should
           either contain just a file system or a set of file systems within a GPT partition
           table, following the Discoverable Partitions Specification[1]. For further information
           on supported disk images, see systemd-nspawn(1)'s switch of the same name.

           Added in version 247.

       --image-policy=policy
           Takes an image policy string as argument, as per systemd.image-policy(7). The policy
           is enforced when operating on the disk image specified via --image=, see above. If not
           specified defaults to the "*" policy, i.e. all recognized file systems in the image
           are used.

       --namespace=NAMESPACE
           Takes a journal namespace identifier string as argument. If not specified the data
           collected by the default namespace is shown. If specified shows the log data of the
           specified namespace instead. If the namespace is specified as "*" data from all
           namespaces is shown, interleaved. If the namespace identifier is prefixed with "+"
           data from the specified namespace and the default namespace is shown, interleaved, but
           no other. For details about journal namespaces see systemd-journald.service(8).

           Added in version 245.

FILTERING OPTIONS

The following options control how to filter journal records:

-S, --since=, -U, --until=
Start showing entries on or newer than the specified date, or on or older than the
specified date, respectively. Date specifications should be of the format "2012-10-30
18:17:16". If the time part is omitted, "00:00:00" is assumed. If only the seconds
component is omitted, ":00" is assumed. If the date component is omitted, the current
day is assumed. Alternatively the strings "yesterday", "today", "tomorrow" are
understood, which refer to 00:00:00 of the day before the current day, the current
day, or the day after the current day, respectively. "now" refers to the current
time. Finally, relative times may be specified, prefixed with "-" or "+", referring to
times before or after the current time, respectively. For complete time and date
specification, see systemd.time(7). Note that --output=short-full prints timestamps
that follow precisely this format.

Added in version 195.

-c, --cursor=
Start showing entries from the location in the journal specified by the passed cursor.

Added in version 193.

--after-cursor=
Start showing entries from the location in the journal after the location specified by
the passed cursor. The cursor is shown when the --show-cursor option is used.

Added in version 206.

--cursor-file=FILE
If FILE exists and contains a cursor, start showing entries after this location.
Otherwise show entries according to the other given options. At the end, write the
cursor of the last entry to FILE. Use this option to continually read the journal by
sequentially calling journalctl.

Added in version 242.

-b [[ID][±offset]|all], --boot[=[ID][±offset]|all]
Show messages from a specific boot. This will add a match for "_BOOT_ID=".

The argument may be empty, in which case logs for the current boot will be shown.

If the boot ID is omitted, a positive offset will look up the boots starting from the
beginning of the journal, and an equal-or-less-than zero offset will look up boots
starting from the end of the journal. Thus, 1 means the first boot found in the
journal in chronological order, 2 the second and so on; while -0 is the last boot, -1
the boot before last, and so on. An empty offset is equivalent to specifying -0,
except when the current boot is not the last boot (e.g. because --directory was
specified to look at logs from a different machine).

If the 32-character ID is specified, it may optionally be followed by offset which
identifies the boot relative to the one given by boot ID. Negative values mean earlier
boots and positive values mean later boots. If offset is not specified, a value of
zero is assumed, and the logs for the boot given by ID are shown.

The special argument all can be used to negate the effect of an earlier use of -b.

Added in version 186.

-u, --unit=UNIT|PATTERN
Show messages for the specified systemd unit UNIT (such as a service unit), or for any
of the units matched by PATTERN. If a pattern is specified, a list of unit names found
in the journal is compared with the specified pattern and all that match are used. For
each unit name, a match is added for messages from the unit ("_SYSTEMD_UNIT=UNIT"),
along with additional matches for messages from systemd and messages about coredumps
for the specified unit. A match is also added for "_SYSTEMD_SLICE=UNIT", such that if
the provided UNIT is a systemd.slice(5) unit, all logs of children of the slice will
be shown.

With --user, all --unit= arguments will be converted to match user messages as if
specified with --user-unit=.

This parameter can be specified multiple times.

Added in version 195.

--user-unit=
Show messages for the specified user session unit. This will add a match for messages
from the unit ("_SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT=" and "_UID=") and additional matches for messages
from session systemd and messages about coredumps for the specified unit. A match is
also added for "_SYSTEMD_USER_SLICE=UNIT", such that if the provided UNIT is a
systemd.slice(5) unit, all logs of children of the unit will be shown.

This parameter can be specified multiple times.

Added in version 198.

-t, --identifier=SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER
Show messages for the specified syslog identifier SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER.

This parameter can be specified multiple times.

Added in version 217.

-p, --priority=
Filter output by message priorities or priority ranges. Takes either a single numeric
or textual log level (i.e. between 0/"emerg" and 7/"debug"), or a range of
numeric/text log levels in the form FROM..TO. The log levels are the usual syslog log
levels as documented in syslog(3), i.e. "emerg" (0), "alert" (1), "crit" (2),
"err" (3), "warning" (4), "notice" (5), "info" (6), "debug" (7). If a single log level
is specified, all messages with this log level or a lower (hence more important) log
level are shown. If a range is specified, all messages within the range are shown,
including both the start and the end value of the range. This will add "PRIORITY="
matches for the specified priorities.

Added in version 188.

--facility=
Filter output by syslog facility. Takes a comma-separated list of numbers or facility
names. The names are the usual syslog facilities as documented in syslog(3).
--facility=help may be used to display a list of known facility names and exit.

Added in version 245.

-g, --grep=
Filter output to entries where the MESSAGE= field matches the specified regular
expression. PERL-compatible regular expressions are used, see pcre2pattern(3) for a
detailed description of the syntax.

If the pattern is all lowercase, matching is case insensitive. Otherwise, matching is
case sensitive. This can be overridden with the --case-sensitive option, see below.

When used with --lines= (not prefixed with "+"), --reverse is implied.

Added in version 237.

--case-sensitive[=BOOLEAN]
Make pattern matching case sensitive or case insensitive.

Added in version 237.

-k, --dmesg
Show only kernel messages. This implies -b and adds the match "_TRANSPORT=kernel".

Added in version 205.

OUTPUT OPTIONS

The following options control how journal records are printed:

-o, --output=
Controls the formatting of the journal entries that are shown. Takes one of the
following options:

short
is the default and generates an output that is mostly identical to the formatting
of classic syslog files, showing one line per journal entry.

Added in version 206.

short-full
is very similar, but shows timestamps in the format the --since= and --until=
options accept. Unlike the timestamp information shown in short output mode this
mode includes weekday, year and timezone information in the output, and is
locale-independent.

Added in version 232.

short-iso
is very similar, but shows timestamps in the RFC 3339[2] profile of ISO 8601.

Added in version 206.

short-iso-precise
as for short-iso but includes full microsecond precision.

Added in version 234.

short-precise
is very similar, but shows classic syslog timestamps with full microsecond
precision.

Added in version 207.

short-monotonic
is very similar, but shows monotonic timestamps instead of wallclock timestamps.

Added in version 206.

short-delta
as for short-monotonic but includes the time difference to the previous entry.
Maybe unreliable time differences are marked by a "*".

Added in version 252.

short-unix
is very similar, but shows seconds passed since January 1st 1970 UTC instead of
wallclock timestamps ("UNIX time"). The time is shown with microsecond accuracy.

Added in version 230.

verbose
shows the full-structured entry items with all fields.

Added in version 206.

export
serializes the journal into a binary (but mostly text-based) stream suitable for
backups and network transfer (see Journal Export Format[3] for more information).
To import the binary stream back into native journald format use systemd-journal-
remote(8).

Added in version 206.

json
formats entries as JSON objects, separated by newline characters (see Journal JSON
Format[4] for more information). Field values are generally encoded as JSON
strings, with three exceptions:

1. Fields larger than 4096 bytes are encoded as null values. (This may be turned
off by passing --all, but be aware that this may allocate overly long JSON
objects.)

2. Journal entries permit non-unique fields within the same log entry. JSON does
not allow non-unique fields within objects. Due to this, if a non-unique field
is encountered a JSON array is used as field value, listing all field values
as elements.

3. Fields containing non-printable or non-UTF8 bytes are encoded as arrays
containing the raw bytes individually formatted as unsigned numbers.

Note that this encoding is reversible (with the exception of the size limit).

Added in version 206.

json-pretty
formats entries as JSON data structures, but formats them in multiple lines in
order to make them more readable by humans.

Added in version 206.

json-sse
formats entries as JSON data structures, but wraps them in a format suitable for
Server-Sent Events[5].

Added in version 206.

json-seq
formats entries as JSON data structures, but prefixes them with an ASCII Record
Separator character (0x1E) and suffixes them with an ASCII Line Feed character
(0x0A), in accordance with JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Text Sequences[6]
("application/json-seq").

Added in version 240.

cat
generates a very terse output, only showing the actual message of each journal
entry with no metadata, not even a timestamp. If combined with the
--output-fields= option will output the listed fields for each log record, instead
of the message.

Added in version 206.

with-unit
similar to short-full, but prefixes the unit and user unit names instead of the
traditional syslog identifier. Useful when using templated instances, as it will
include the arguments in the unit names.

Added in version 239.

--truncate-newline
Truncate each log message at the first newline character on output, so that only the
first line of each message is displayed.

Added in version 254.

--output-fields=
A comma separated list of the fields which should be included in the output. This has
an effect only for the output modes which would normally show all fields (verbose,
export, json, json-pretty, json-sse and json-seq), as well as on cat. For the former,
the "__CURSOR", "__REALTIME_TIMESTAMP", "__MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP", and "_BOOT_ID" fields
are always printed.

Added in version 236.

-n, --lines=
Show the most recent journal events and limit the number of events shown. The argument
is a positive integer or "all" to disable the limit. Additionally, if the number is
prefixed with "+", the oldest journal events are used instead. The default value is 10
if no argument is given.

If --follow is used, this option is implied. When not prefixed with "+" and used with
--grep=, --reverse is implied.

-r, --reverse
Reverse output so that the newest entries are displayed first.

Added in version 198.

--show-cursor
The cursor is shown after the last entry after two dashes:

-- cursor: s=0639...

The format of the cursor is private and subject to change.

Added in version 209.

--utc
Express time in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

Added in version 217.

-x, --catalog
Augment log lines with explanation texts from the message catalog. This will add
explanatory help texts to log messages in the output where this is available. These
short help texts will explain the context of an error or log event, possible
solutions, as well as pointers to support forums, developer documentation, and any
other relevant manuals. Note that help texts are not available for all messages, but
only for selected ones. For more information on the message catalog, please refer to
the Message Catalog Developer Documentation[7].

Note: when attaching journalctl output to bug reports, please do not use -x.

Added in version 196.

--no-hostname
Don't show the hostname field of log messages originating from the local host. This
switch has an effect only on the short family of output modes (see above).

Note: this option does not remove occurrences of the hostname from log entries
themselves, so it does not prevent the hostname from being visible in the logs.

Added in version 230.

--no-full, --full, -l
Ellipsize fields when they do not fit in available columns. The default is to show
full fields, allowing them to wrap or be truncated by the pager, if one is used.

The old options -l/--full are not useful anymore, except to undo --no-full.

Added in version 196.

-a, --all
Show all fields in full, even if they include unprintable characters or are very long.
By default, fields with unprintable characters are abbreviated as "blob data". (Note
that the pager may escape unprintable characters again.)

-f, --follow
Show only the most recent journal entries, and continuously print new entries as they
are appended to the journal.

--no-tail
Show all stored output lines, even in follow mode. Undoes the effect of --lines=.

-q, --quiet
Suppresses all informational messages (i.e. "-- Journal begins at ...", "-- Reboot
--"), any warning messages regarding inaccessible system journals when run as a normal
user.

PAGER CONTROL OPTIONS

       The following options control page support:

       --no-pager
           Do not pipe output into a pager.

       -e, --pager-end
           Immediately jump to the end of the journal inside the implied pager tool. This implies
           -n1000 to guarantee that the pager will not buffer logs of unbounded size. This may be
           overridden with an explicit -n with some other numeric value, while -nall will disable
           this cap. Note that this option is only supported for the less(1) pager.

           Added in version 198.

FORWARD SECURE SEALING (FSS) OPTIONS

       The following options may be used together with the --setup-keys command described below:

       --interval=
           Specifies the change interval for the sealing key when generating an FSS key pair with
           --setup-keys. Shorter intervals increase CPU consumption but shorten the time range of
           undetectable journal alterations. Defaults to 15min.

           Added in version 189.

       --verify-key=
           Specifies the FSS verification key to use for the --verify operation.

           Added in version 189.

       --force
           When --setup-keys is passed and Forward Secure Sealing (FSS) has already been
           configured, recreate FSS keys.

           Added in version 206.

COMMANDS

The following commands are understood. If none is specified the default is to display
journal records.

-N, --fields
Print all field names currently used in all entries of the journal.

Added in version 229.

-F, --field=
Print all possible data values the specified field can take in all entries of the
journal.

Added in version 195.

--list-boots
Show a tabular list of boot numbers (relative to the current boot), their IDs, and the
timestamps of the first and last message pertaining to the boot.

Added in version 209.

--disk-usage
Shows the current disk usage of all journal files. This shows the sum of the disk
usage of all archived and active journal files.

Added in version 190.

--vacuum-size=, --vacuum-time=, --vacuum-files=
--vacuum-size= removes the oldest archived journal files until the disk space they use
falls below the specified size. Accepts the usual "K", "M", "G" and "T" suffixes (to
the base of 1024).

--vacuum-time= removes archived journal files older than the specified timespan.
Accepts the usual "s" (default), "m", "h", "days", "weeks", "months", and "years"
suffixes, see systemd.time(7) for details.

--vacuum-files= leaves only the specified number of separate journal files.

Note that running --vacuum-size= has only an indirect effect on the output shown by
--disk-usage, as the latter includes active journal files, while the vacuuming
operation only operates on archived journal files. Similarly, --vacuum-files= might
not actually reduce the number of journal files to below the specified number, as it
will not remove active journal files.

--vacuum-size=, --vacuum-time= and --vacuum-files= may be combined in a single
invocation to enforce any combination of a size, a time and a number of files limit on
the archived journal files. Specifying any of these three parameters as zero is
equivalent to not enforcing the specific limit, and is thus redundant.

These three switches may also be combined with --rotate into one command. If so, all
active files are rotated first, and the requested vacuuming operation is executed
right after. The rotation has the effect that all currently active files are archived
(and potentially new, empty journal files opened as replacement), and hence the
vacuuming operation has the greatest effect as it can take all log data written so far
into account.

Added in version 218.

--verify
Check the journal file for internal consistency. If the file has been generated with
FSS enabled and the FSS verification key has been specified with --verify-key=,
authenticity of the journal file is verified.

Added in version 189.

--sync
Asks the journal daemon to write all yet unwritten journal data to the backing file
system and synchronize all journals. This call does not return until the
synchronization operation is complete. This command guarantees that any log messages
written before its invocation are safely stored on disk at the time it returns.

Added in version 228.

--relinquish-var
Asks the journal daemon for the reverse operation to --flush: if requested the daemon
will write further log data to /run/log/journal/ and stops writing to
/var/log/journal/. A subsequent call to --flush causes the log output to switch back
to /var/log/journal/, see above.

Added in version 243.

--smart-relinquish-var
Similar to --relinquish-var, but executes no operation if the root file system and
/var/log/journal/ reside on the same mount point. This operation is used during system
shutdown in order to make the journal daemon stop writing data to /var/log/journal/ in
case that directory is located on a mount point that needs to be unmounted.

Added in version 243.

--flush
Asks the journal daemon to flush any log data stored in /run/log/journal/ into
/var/log/journal/, if persistent storage is enabled. This call does not return until
the operation is complete. Note that this call is idempotent: the data is only flushed
from /run/log/journal/ into /var/log/journal/ once during system runtime (but see
--relinquish-var below), and this command exits cleanly without executing any
operation if this has already happened. This command effectively guarantees that all
data is flushed to /var/log/journal/ at the time it returns.

Added in version 217.

--rotate
Asks the journal daemon to rotate journal files. This call does not return until the
rotation operation is complete. Journal file rotation has the effect that all
currently active journal files are marked as archived and renamed, so that they are
never written to in future. New (empty) journal files are then created in their place.
This operation may be combined with --vacuum-size=, --vacuum-time= and --vacuum-file=
into a single command, see above.

Added in version 227.

--header
Instead of showing journal contents, show internal header information of the journal
fields accessed.

This option is particularly useful when trying to identify out-of-order journal
entries, as happens for example when the machine is booted with the wrong system time.

Added in version 187.

--list-catalog [128-bit-ID...]
List the contents of the message catalog as a table of message IDs, plus their short
description strings.

If any 128-bit-IDs are specified, only those entries are shown.

Added in version 196.

--dump-catalog [128-bit-ID...]
Show the contents of the message catalog, with entries separated by a line consisting
of two dashes and the ID (the format is the same as .catalog files).

If any 128-bit-IDs are specified, only those entries are shown.

Added in version 199.

--update-catalog
Update the message catalog index. This command needs to be executed each time new
catalog files are installed, removed, or updated to rebuild the binary catalog index.

Added in version 196.

--setup-keys
Instead of showing journal contents, generate a new key pair for Forward Secure
Sealing (FSS). This will generate a sealing key and a verification key. The sealing
key is stored in the journal data directory and shall remain on the host. The
verification key should be stored externally. Refer to the Seal= option in
journald.conf(5) for information on Forward Secure Sealing and for a link to a
refereed scholarly paper detailing the cryptographic theory it is based on.

Added in version 189.

-h, --help
Print a short help text and exit.

--version
Print a short version string and exit.

EXIT STATUS

       On success, 0 is returned; otherwise, a non-zero failure code is returned.

ENVIRONMENT

$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL
The maximum log level of emitted messages (messages with a higher log level, i.e. less
important ones, will be suppressed). Either one of (in order of decreasing importance)
emerg, alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug, or an integer in the range
0...7. See syslog(3) for more information.

$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR
A boolean. If true, messages written to the tty will be colored according to priority.

This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal,
because journalctl(1) and other tools that display logs will color messages based on
the log level on their own.

$SYSTEMD_LOG_TIME
A boolean. If true, console log messages will be prefixed with a timestamp.

This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal or a
file, because journalctl(1) and other tools that display logs will attach timestamps
based on the entry metadata on their own.

$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION
A boolean. If true, messages will be prefixed with a filename and line number in the
source code where the message originates.

Note that the log location is often attached as metadata to journal entries anyway.
Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when
debugging programs.

$SYSTEMD_LOG_TID
A boolean. If true, messages will be prefixed with the current numerical thread ID
(TID).

Note that the this information is attached as metadata to journal entries anyway.
Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when
debugging programs.

$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET
The destination for log messages. One of console (log to the attached tty),
console-prefixed (log to the attached tty but with prefixes encoding the log level and
"facility", see syslog(3), kmsg (log to the kernel circular log buffer), journal (log
to the journal), journal-or-kmsg (log to the journal if available, and to kmsg
otherwise), auto (determine the appropriate log target automatically, the default),
null (disable log output).

$SYSTEMD_LOG_RATELIMIT_KMSG
Whether to ratelimit kmsg or not. Takes a boolean. Defaults to "true". If disabled,
systemd will not ratelimit messages written to kmsg.

$SYSTEMD_PAGER
Pager to use when --no-pager is not given; overrides $PAGER. If neither $SYSTEMD_PAGER
nor $PAGER are set, a set of well-known pager implementations are tried in turn,
including less(1) and more(1), until one is found. If no pager implementation is
discovered no pager is invoked. Setting this environment variable to an empty string
or the value "cat" is equivalent to passing --no-pager.

Note: if $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set, $SYSTEMD_PAGER (as well as $PAGER) will be
silently ignored.

$SYSTEMD_LESS
Override the options passed to less (by default "FRSXMK").

Users might want to change two options in particular:

K
This option instructs the pager to exit immediately when Ctrl+C is pressed. To
allow less to handle Ctrl+C itself to switch back to the pager command prompt,
unset this option.

If the value of $SYSTEMD_LESS does not include "K", and the pager that is invoked
is less, Ctrl+C will be ignored by the executable, and needs to be handled by the
pager.

X
This option instructs the pager to not send termcap initialization and
deinitialization strings to the terminal. It is set by default to allow command
output to remain visible in the terminal even after the pager exits. Nevertheless,
this prevents some pager functionality from working, in particular paged output
cannot be scrolled with the mouse.

See less(1) for more discussion.

$SYSTEMD_LESSCHARSET
Override the charset passed to less (by default "utf-8", if the invoking terminal is
determined to be UTF-8 compatible).

$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE
Takes a boolean argument. When true, the "secure" mode of the pager is enabled; if
false, disabled. If $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set at all, secure mode is enabled if
the effective UID is not the same as the owner of the login session, see geteuid(2)
and sd_pid_get_owner_uid(3). In secure mode, LESSSECURE=1 will be set when invoking
the pager, and the pager shall disable commands that open or create new files or start
new subprocesses. When $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set at all, pagers which are not
known to implement secure mode will not be used. (Currently only less(1) implements
secure mode.)

Note: when commands are invoked with elevated privileges, for example under sudo(8) or
pkexec(1), care must be taken to ensure that unintended interactive features are not
enabled. "Secure" mode for the pager may be enabled automatically as describe above.
Setting SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE=0 or not removing it from the inherited environment allows
the user to invoke arbitrary commands. Note that if the $SYSTEMD_PAGER or $PAGER
variables are to be honoured, $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE must be set too. It might be
reasonable to completely disable the pager using --no-pager instead.

$SYSTEMD_COLORS
Takes a boolean argument. When true, systemd and related utilities will use colors in
their output, otherwise the output will be monochrome. Additionally, the variable can
take one of the following special values: "16", "256" to restrict the use of colors to
the base 16 or 256 ANSI colors, respectively. This can be specified to override the
automatic decision based on $TERM and what the console is connected to.

$SYSTEMD_URLIFY
The value must be a boolean. Controls whether clickable links should be generated in
the output for terminal emulators supporting this. This can be specified to override
the decision that systemd makes based on $TERM and other conditions.

EXAMPLES

       Without arguments, all collected logs are shown unfiltered:

           journalctl

       With one match specified, all entries with a field matching the expression are shown:

           journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service
           journalctl _SYSTEMD_CGROUP=/user.slice/user-42.slice/session-c1.scope

       If two different fields are matched, only entries matching both expressions at the same
       time are shown:

           journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097

       If two matches refer to the same field, all entries matching either expression are shown:

           journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service

       If the separator "+" is used, two expressions may be combined in a logical OR. The
       following will show all messages from the Avahi service process with the PID 28097 plus
       all messages from the D-Bus service (from any of its processes):

           journalctl _SYSTEMD_UNIT=avahi-daemon.service _PID=28097 + _SYSTEMD_UNIT=dbus.service

       To show all fields emitted by a unit and about the unit, option -u/--unit= should be used.
       journalctl -u name expands to a complex filter similar to

           _SYSTEMD_UNIT=name.service
             + UNIT=name.service _PID=1
             + OBJECT_SYSTEMD_UNIT=name.service _UID=0
             + COREDUMP_UNIT=name.service _UID=0 MESSAGE_ID=fc2e22bc6ee647b6b90729ab34a250b1

       (see systemd.journal-fields(7) for an explanation of those patterns).

       Show all logs generated by the D-Bus executable:

           journalctl /usr/bin/dbus-daemon

       Show all kernel logs from previous boot:

           journalctl -k -b -1

       Show a live log display from a system service apache.service:

           journalctl -f -u apache

NOTES

        1. Discoverable Partitions Specification
           https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification

        2. RFC 3339
           https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339

        3. Journal Export Format
           https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS#journal-export-format

        4. Journal JSON Format
           https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS#journal-json-format

        5. Server-Sent Events
           https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events

        6. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Text Sequences
           https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7464

        7. Message Catalog Developer Documentation
           https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/catalog

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

SOURCE OPTIONS

FILTERING OPTIONS

OUTPUT OPTIONS

PAGER CONTROL OPTIONS

FORWARD SECURE SEALING (FSS) OPTIONS

COMMANDS

EXIT STATUS

ENVIRONMENT

EXAMPLES

SEE ALSO

NOTES