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NAME

       bpf - perform a command on an extended BPF map or program

SYNOPSIS

       #include <linux/bpf.h>

       int bpf(int cmd, union bpf_attr *attr, unsigned int size);

DESCRIPTION

       The  bpf()  system call performs a range of operations related to extended Berkeley Packet
       Filters.  Extended BPF (or eBPF) is similar to the original ("classic") BPF (cBPF) used to
       filter  network  packets.  For both cBPF and eBPF programs, the kernel statically analyzes
       the programs before loading them, in order to ensure that they  cannot  harm  the  running
       system.

       eBPF extends cBPF in multiple ways, including the ability to call a fixed set of in-kernel
       helper functions (via the BPF_CALL opcode extension provided by eBPF)  and  access  shared
       data structures such as eBPF maps.

   Extended BPF Design/Architecture
       eBPF  maps  are  a generic data structure for storage of different data types.  Data types
       are generally treated as binary blobs, so a user just specifies the size of  the  key  and
       the  size  of the value at map-creation time.  In other words, a key/value for a given map
       can have an arbitrary structure.

       A user process can create multiple maps (with key/value-pairs being opaque bytes of  data)
       and access them via file descriptors.  Different eBPF programs can access the same maps in
       parallel.  It's up to the user process and eBPF program to decide what they  store  inside
       maps.

       There's  one  special  map  type,  called  a  program array.  This type of map stores file
       descriptors referring to other eBPF programs.  When a lookup in the map is performed,  the
       program  flow is redirected in-place to the beginning of another eBPF program and does not
       return back to the calling program.  The level of nesting has a fixed limit of 32, so that
       infinite loops cannot be crafted.  At run time, the program file descriptors stored in the
       map  can  be  modified,  so  program  functionality  can  be  altered  based  on  specific
       requirements.   All  programs referred to in a program-array map must have been previously
       loaded into the kernel via bpf().  If a map lookup fails, the  current  program  continues
       its execution.  See BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY below for further details.

       Generally,  eBPF  programs  are loaded by the user process and automatically unloaded when
       the process exits.  In some cases, for example, tc-bpf(8), the program  will  continue  to
       stay  alive  inside  the  kernel even after the process that loaded the program exits.  In
       that case, the tc subsystem  holds  a  reference  to  the  eBPF  program  after  the  file
       descriptor  has  been  closed by the user-space program.  Thus, whether a specific program
       continues to live inside the kernel depends on how it  is  further  attached  to  a  given
       kernel subsystem after it was loaded via bpf().

       Each  eBPF  program is a set of instructions that is safe to run until its completion.  An
       in-kernel verifier statically determines that the eBPF program terminates and is  safe  to
       execute.  During verification, the kernel increments reference counts for each of the maps
       that the eBPF program uses, so that the attached maps can't be removed until  the  program
       is unloaded.

       eBPF  programs  can  be  attached to different events.  These events can be the arrival of
       network packets, tracing events, classification events by  network  queueing   disciplines
       (for  eBPF  programs attached to a tc(8) classifier), and other types that may be added in
       the future.  A new  event  triggers  execution  of  the  eBPF  program,  which  may  store
       information  about  the event in eBPF maps.  Beyond storing data, eBPF programs may call a
       fixed set of in-kernel helper functions.

       The same eBPF program can be attached to multiple events and different eBPF  programs  can
       access the same map:

           tracing     tracing    tracing    packet      packet     packet
           event A     event B    event C    on eth0     on eth1    on eth2
            |             |         |          |           |          ^
            |             |         |          |           v          |
            --> tracing <--     tracing      socket    tc ingress   tc egress
                 prog_1          prog_2      prog_3    classifier    action
                 |  |              |           |         prog_4      prog_5
              |---  -----|  |------|          map_3        |           |
            map_1       map_2                              --| map_4 |--

   Arguments
       The  operation to be performed by the bpf() system call is determined by the cmd argument.
       Each operation takes an accompanying argument, provided via attr, which is a pointer to  a
       union  of  type  bpf_attr  (see  below).  The unused fields and padding must be zeroed out
       before the call.  The size argument is the size of the union pointed to by attr.

       The value provided in cmd is one of the following:

       BPF_MAP_CREATE
              Create a map and return a file descriptor that refers to the  map.   The  close-on-
              exec  file descriptor flag (see fcntl(2)) is automatically enabled for the new file
              descriptor.

       BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM
              Look up an element by key in a specified map and return its value.

       BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM
              Create or update an element (key/value pair) in a specified map.

       BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM
              Look up and delete an element by key in a specified map.

       BPF_MAP_GET_NEXT_KEY
              Look up an element by key in a specified  map  and  return  the  key  of  the  next
              element.

       BPF_PROG_LOAD
              Verify  and  load  an eBPF program, returning a new file descriptor associated with
              the  program.   The  close-on-exec  file  descriptor   flag   (see   fcntl(2))   is
              automatically enabled for the new file descriptor.

              The  bpf_attr  union  consists  of  various  anonymous  structures that are used by
              different bpf() commands:

           union bpf_attr {
               struct {    /* Used by BPF_MAP_CREATE */
                   __u32         map_type;
                   __u32         key_size;    /* size of key in bytes */
                   __u32         value_size;  /* size of value in bytes */
                   __u32         max_entries; /* maximum number of entries
                                                 in a map */
               };

               struct {    /* Used by BPF_MAP_*_ELEM and BPF_MAP_GET_NEXT_KEY
                              commands */
                   __u32         map_fd;
                   __aligned_u64 key;
                   union {
                       __aligned_u64 value;
                       __aligned_u64 next_key;
                   };
                   __u64         flags;
               };

               struct {    /* Used by BPF_PROG_LOAD */
                   __u32         prog_type;
                   __u32         insn_cnt;
                   __aligned_u64 insns;      /* 'const struct bpf_insn *' */
                   __aligned_u64 license;    /* 'const char *' */
                   __u32         log_level;  /* verbosity level of verifier */
                   __u32         log_size;   /* size of user buffer */
                   __aligned_u64 log_buf;    /* user supplied 'char *'
                                                buffer */
                   __u32         kern_version;
                                             /* checked when prog_type=kprobe
                                                (since Linux 4.1) */
               };
           } __attribute__((aligned(8)));

   eBPF maps
       Maps are a generic data structure for storage of different  types  of  data.   They  allow
       sharing  of  data  between  eBPF  kernel  programs, and also between kernel and user-space
       applications.

       Each map type has the following attributes:

       •  type

       •  maximum number of elements

       •  key size in bytes

       •  value size in bytes

       The following wrapper functions demonstrate how various bpf()  commands  can  be  used  to
       access the maps.  The functions use the cmd argument to invoke different operations.

       BPF_MAP_CREATE
              The  BPF_MAP_CREATE command creates a new map, returning a new file descriptor that
              refers to the map.

                  int
                  bpf_create_map(enum bpf_map_type map_type,
                                 unsigned int key_size,
                                 unsigned int value_size,
                                 unsigned int max_entries)
                  {
                      union bpf_attr attr = {
                          .map_type    = map_type,
                          .key_size    = key_size,
                          .value_size  = value_size,
                          .max_entries = max_entries
                      };

                      return bpf(BPF_MAP_CREATE, &attr, sizeof(attr));
                  }

              The new map has the type specified by map_type,  and  attributes  as  specified  in
              key_size,  value_size,  and max_entries.  On success, this operation returns a file
              descriptor.  On error, -1 is returned and errno is set to EINVAL, EPERM, or ENOMEM.

              The key_size and value_size attributes will be used by the verifier during  program
              loading to check that the program is calling bpf_map_*_elem() helper functions with
              a correctly initialized key and to check that the program doesn't  access  the  map
              element  value beyond the specified value_size.  For example, when a map is created
              with a key_size of 8 and the eBPF program calls

                  bpf_map_lookup_elem(map_fd, fp - 4)

              the program will be rejected, since the in-kernel helper function

                  bpf_map_lookup_elem(map_fd, void *key)

              expects to read 8 bytes from the location pointed to by key, but the fp - 4  (where
              fp is the top of the stack) starting address will cause out-of-bounds stack access.

              Similarly,  when  a  map  is  created  with  a value_size of 1 and the eBPF program
              contains

                  value = bpf_map_lookup_elem(...);
                  *(u32 *) value = 1;

              the program will be rejected, since  it  accesses  the  value  pointer  beyond  the
              specified 1 byte value_size limit.

              Currently, the following values are supported for map_type:

                  enum bpf_map_type {
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_UNSPEC,  /* Reserve 0 as invalid map type */
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERCPU_HASH,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERCPU_ARRAY,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK_TRACE,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_ARRAY,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_LRU_HASH,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_LRU_PERCPU_HASH,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_LPM_TRIE,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY_OF_MAPS,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH_OF_MAPS,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_DEVMAP,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKMAP,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_CPUMAP,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_XSKMAP,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKHASH,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_CGROUP_STORAGE,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_REUSEPORT_SOCKARRAY,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERCPU_CGROUP_STORAGE,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_QUEUE,
                      BPF_MAP_TYPE_STACK,
                      /* See /usr/include/linux/bpf.h for the full list. */
                  };

              map_type  selects  one of the available map implementations in the kernel.  For all
              map types, eBPF programs  access  maps  with  the  same  bpf_map_lookup_elem()  and
              bpf_map_update_elem()  helper  functions.  Further details of the various map types
              are given below.

       BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM
              The BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM command looks up an element with a given  key  in  the  map
              referred to by the file descriptor fd.

                  int
                  bpf_lookup_elem(int fd, const void *key, void *value)
                  {
                      union bpf_attr attr = {
                          .map_fd = fd,
                          .key    = ptr_to_u64(key),
                          .value  = ptr_to_u64(value),
                      };

                      return bpf(BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM, &attr, sizeof(attr));
                  }

              If  an  element is found, the operation returns zero and stores the element's value
              into value, which must point to a buffer of value_size bytes.

              If no element is found, the operation returns -1 and sets errno to ENOENT.

       BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM
              The BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM  command  creates  or  updates  an  element  with  a  given
              key/value in the map referred to by the file descriptor fd.

                  int
                  bpf_update_elem(int fd, const void *key, const void *value,
                                  uint64_t flags)
                  {
                      union bpf_attr attr = {
                          .map_fd = fd,
                          .key    = ptr_to_u64(key),
                          .value  = ptr_to_u64(value),
                          .flags  = flags,
                      };

                      return bpf(BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM, &attr, sizeof(attr));
                  }

              The flags argument should be specified as one of the following:

              BPF_ANY
                     Create a new element or update an existing element.

              BPF_NOEXIST
                     Create a new element only if it did not exist.

              BPF_EXIST
                     Update an existing element.

              On  success, the operation returns zero.  On error, -1 is returned and errno is set
              to EINVAL, EPERM, ENOMEM, or E2BIG.  E2BIG indicates that the number of elements in
              the  map reached the max_entries limit specified at map creation time.  EEXIST will
              be returned if flags specifies BPF_NOEXIST and the element with key already  exists
              in  the  map.  ENOENT will be returned if flags specifies BPF_EXIST and the element
              with key doesn't exist in the map.

       BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM
              The BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM command deletes the element whose key is key from  the  map
              referred to by the file descriptor fd.

                  int
                  bpf_delete_elem(int fd, const void *key)
                  {
                      union bpf_attr attr = {
                          .map_fd = fd,
                          .key    = ptr_to_u64(key),
                      };

                      return bpf(BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM, &attr, sizeof(attr));
                  }

              On  success,  zero  is  returned.   If the element is not found, -1 is returned and
              errno is set to ENOENT.

       BPF_MAP_GET_NEXT_KEY
              The BPF_MAP_GET_NEXT_KEY command looks up an element by key in the map referred  to
              by  the  file  descriptor  fd  and sets the next_key pointer to the key of the next
              element.

                  int
                  bpf_get_next_key(int fd, const void *key, void *next_key)
                  {
                      union bpf_attr attr = {
                          .map_fd   = fd,
                          .key      = ptr_to_u64(key),
                          .next_key = ptr_to_u64(next_key),
                      };

                      return bpf(BPF_MAP_GET_NEXT_KEY, &attr, sizeof(attr));
                  }

              If key is found, the operation returns zero and sets the next_key  pointer  to  the
              key  of the next element.  If key is not found, the operation returns zero and sets
              the next_key pointer to the key of the first element.  If key is the last  element,
              -1 is returned and errno is set to ENOENT.  Other possible errno values are ENOMEM,
              EFAULT, EPERM, and EINVAL.  This method can be used to iterate over all elements in
              the map.

       close(map_fd)
              Delete  the  map  referred  to  by the file descriptor map_fd.  When the user-space
              program that created a map exits, all maps will be deleted automatically  (but  see
              NOTES).

   eBPF map types
       The following map types are supported:

       BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH
              Hash-table maps have the following characteristics:

              •  Maps are created and destroyed by user-space programs.  Both user-space and eBPF
                 programs can perform lookup, update, and delete operations.

              •  The kernel takes care of allocating and freeing key/value pairs.

              •  The  map_update_elem()  helper  will  fail  to  insert  new  element  when   the
                 max_entries  limit  is reached.  (This ensures that eBPF programs cannot exhaust
                 memory.)

              •  map_update_elem() replaces existing elements atomically.

              Hash-table maps are optimized for speed of lookup.

       BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY
              Array maps have the following characteristics:

              •  Optimized for fastest possible lookup.  In the future the verifier/JIT  compiler
                 may  recognize  lookup()  operations  that employ a constant key and optimize it
                 into constant pointer.  It is possible  to  optimize  a  non-constant  key  into
                 direct  pointer  arithmetic  as well, since pointers and value_size are constant
                 for the life of the eBPF program.  In other words,  array_map_lookup_elem()  may
                 be  'inlined' by the verifier/JIT compiler while preserving concurrent access to
                 this map from user space.

              •  All array elements pre-allocated and zero initialized at init time

              •  The key is an array index, and must be exactly four bytes.

              •  map_delete_elem() fails with the error EINVAL, since elements cannot be deleted.

              •  map_update_elem() replaces elements in a nonatomic fashion; for atomic  updates,
                 a hash-table map should be used instead.  There is however one special case that
                 can also be used with arrays: the atomic built-in __sync_fetch_and_add() can  be
                 used  on  32  and 64 bit atomic counters.  For example, it can be applied on the
                 whole value itself if it represents a single counter, or in case of a  structure
                 containing  multiple counters, it could be used on individual counters.  This is
                 quite often useful for aggregation and accounting of events.

              Among the uses for array maps are the following:

              •  As "global" eBPF variables: an array of 1 element whose key  is  (index)  0  and
                 where  the  value  is a collection of 'global' variables which eBPF programs can
                 use to keep state between events.

              •  Aggregation of tracing events into a fixed set of buckets.

              •  Accounting of networking events, for  example,  number  of  packets  and  packet
                 sizes.

       BPF_MAP_TYPE_PROG_ARRAY (since Linux 4.2)
              A  program  array  map is a special kind of array map whose map values contain only
              file descriptors referring to other eBPF programs.  Thus,  both  the  key_size  and
              value_size  must  be  exactly four bytes.  This map is used in conjunction with the
              bpf_tail_call() helper.

              This means that an eBPF program with a program array map attached to  it  can  call
              from kernel side into

                  void bpf_tail_call(void *context, void *prog_map,
                                     unsigned int index);

              and  therefore  replace  its  own program flow with the one from the program at the
              given program array slot, if present.  This can be regarded as kind of a jump table
              to  a  different eBPF program.  The invoked program will then reuse the same stack.
              When a jump into the new program has been performed, it won't  return  to  the  old
              program anymore.

              If  no  eBPF  program is found at the given index of the program array (because the
              map slot doesn't contain a valid program  file  descriptor,  the  specified  lookup
              index/key  is  out  of  bounds,  or  the limit of 32 nested calls has been exceed),
              execution continues with the current eBPF program.  This can be  used  as  a  fall-
              through for default cases.

              A  program  array  map  is useful, for example, in tracing or networking, to handle
              individual system calls or  protocols  in  their  own  subprograms  and  use  their
              identifiers  as  an  individual map index.  This approach may result in performance
              benefits, and also makes it possible to overcome the maximum instruction limit of a
              single eBPF program.  In dynamic environments, a user-space daemon might atomically
              replace individual subprograms at run-time with newer  versions  to  alter  overall
              program behavior, for instance, if global policies change.

   eBPF programs
       The  BPF_PROG_LOAD  command  is  used to load an eBPF program into the kernel.  The return
       value for this command is a new file descriptor associated with this eBPF program.

           char bpf_log_buf[LOG_BUF_SIZE];

           int
           bpf_prog_load(enum bpf_prog_type type,
                         const struct bpf_insn *insns, int insn_cnt,
                         const char *license)
           {
               union bpf_attr attr = {
                   .prog_type = type,
                   .insns     = ptr_to_u64(insns),
                   .insn_cnt  = insn_cnt,
                   .license   = ptr_to_u64(license),
                   .log_buf   = ptr_to_u64(bpf_log_buf),
                   .log_size  = LOG_BUF_SIZE,
                   .log_level = 1,
               };

               return bpf(BPF_PROG_LOAD, &attr, sizeof(attr));
           }

       prog_type is one of the available program types:

                  enum bpf_prog_type {
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_UNSPEC,        /* Reserve 0 as invalid
                                                      program type */
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_KPROBE,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_CLS,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_ACT,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_XDP,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_PERF_EVENT,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SKB,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SOCK,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_LWT_IN,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_LWT_OUT,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_LWT_XMIT,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCK_OPS,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_SKB,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_DEVICE,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_MSG,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_RAW_TRACEPOINT,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SOCK_ADDR,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_LWT_SEG6LOCAL,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_LIRC_MODE2,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_REUSEPORT,
                      BPF_PROG_TYPE_FLOW_DISSECTOR,
                      /* See /usr/include/linux/bpf.h for the full list. */
                  };

       For further details of eBPF program types, see below.

       The remaining fields of bpf_attr are set as follows:

       •  insns is an array of struct bpf_insn instructions.

       •  insn_cnt is the number of instructions in the program referred to by insns.

       •  license is a license string, which must be GPL  compatible  to  call  helper  functions
          marked gpl_only.  (The licensing rules are the same as for kernel modules, so that also
          dual licenses, such as "Dual BSD/GPL", may be used.)

       •  log_buf is a pointer to a caller-allocated buffer in which the in-kernel  verifier  can
          store the verification log.  This log is a multi-line string that can be checked by the
          program author in order to understand how the verifier came to the conclusion that  the
          eBPF  program  is  unsafe.   The  format  of  the  output can change at any time as the
          verifier evolves.

       •  log_size size of the buffer pointed to by log_buf.  If the size of the  buffer  is  not
          large enough to store all verifier messages, -1 is returned and errno is set to ENOSPC.

       •  log_level  verbosity  level  of  the verifier.  A value of zero means that the verifier
          will not provide a log; in this case, log_buf must be a null pointer, and log_size must
          be zero.

       Applying  close(2)  to  the file descriptor returned by BPF_PROG_LOAD will unload the eBPF
       program (but see NOTES).

       Maps are accessible from eBPF programs and are used to exchange data between eBPF programs
       and between eBPF programs and user-space programs.  For example, eBPF programs can process
       various events (like kprobe, packets) and store their data  into  a  map,  and  user-space
       programs  can then fetch data from the map.  Conversely, user-space programs can use a map
       as a configuration mechanism, populating the map with values checked by the eBPF  program,
       which then modifies its behavior on the fly according to those values.

   eBPF program types
       The  eBPF  program  type (prog_type) determines the subset of kernel helper functions that
       the program may call.  The program type also determines the  program  input  (context)—the
       format  of  struct bpf_context (which is the data blob passed into the eBPF program as the
       first argument).

       For example, a tracing program does not have the exact same subset of helper functions  as
       a  socket  filter  program  (though they may have some helpers in common).  Similarly, the
       input (context) for a tracing program is a set of register  values,  while  for  a  socket
       filter it is a network packet.

       The  set  of  functions  available  to  eBPF  programs of a given type may increase in the
       future.

       The following program types are supported:

       BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER (since Linux 3.19)
              Currently, the set of functions for BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER is:

                  bpf_map_lookup_elem(map_fd, void *key)
                                      /* look up key in a map_fd */
                  bpf_map_update_elem(map_fd, void *key, void *value)
                                      /* update key/value */
                  bpf_map_delete_elem(map_fd, void *key)
                                      /* delete key in a map_fd */

              The bpf_context argument is a pointer to a struct __sk_buff.

       BPF_PROG_TYPE_KPROBE (since Linux 4.1)
              [To be documented]

       BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_CLS (since Linux 4.1)
              [To be documented]

       BPF_PROG_TYPE_SCHED_ACT (since Linux 4.1)
              [To be documented]

   Events
       Once a program is loaded, it can be attached to an event.  Various kernel subsystems  have
       different ways to do so.

       Since Linux 3.19, the following call will attach the program prog_fd to the socket sockfd,
       which was created by an earlier call to socket(2):

           setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ATTACH_BPF,
                      &prog_fd, sizeof(prog_fd));

       Since Linux 4.1, the following call may be used to attach the eBPF program referred to  by
       the file descriptor prog_fd to a perf event file descriptor, event_fd, that was created by
       a previous call to perf_event_open(2):

           ioctl(event_fd, PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF, prog_fd);

RETURN VALUE

       For a successful call, the return value depends on the operation:

       BPF_MAP_CREATE
              The new file descriptor associated with the eBPF map.

       BPF_PROG_LOAD
              The new file descriptor associated with the eBPF program.

       All other commands
              Zero.

       On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the error.

ERRORS

       E2BIG  The eBPF program is too large or a  map  reached  the  max_entries  limit  (maximum
              number of elements).

       EACCES For  BPF_PROG_LOAD, even though all program instructions are valid, the program has
              been rejected because it was deemed unsafe.   This  may  be  because  it  may  have
              accessed  a  disallowed memory region or an uninitialized stack/register or because
              the function constraints don't match the  actual  types  or  because  there  was  a
              misaligned memory access.  In this case, it is recommended to call bpf() again with
              log_level = 1 and examine log_buf for the specific reason provided by the verifier.

       EAGAIN For BPF_PROG_LOAD, indicates that needed resources are blocked.  This happens  when
              the  verifier  detects pending signals while it is checking the validity of the bpf
              program.  In this case, just call bpf() again with the same parameters.

       EBADF  fd is not an open file descriptor.

       EFAULT One of the pointers (key or value or log_buf or insns) is  outside  the  accessible
              address space.

       EINVAL The value specified in cmd is not recognized by this kernel.

       EINVAL For BPF_MAP_CREATE, either map_type or attributes are invalid.

       EINVAL For BPF_MAP_*_ELEM commands, some of the fields of union bpf_attr that are not used
              by this command are not set to zero.

       EINVAL For BPF_PROG_LOAD, indicates an attempt to load an invalid program.  eBPF  programs
              can be deemed invalid due to unrecognized instructions, the use of reserved fields,
              jumps out of range, infinite loops or calls of unknown functions.

       ENOENT For BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM or BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM, indicates that the element with the
              given key was not found.

       ENOMEM Cannot allocate sufficient memory.

       EPERM  The   call  was  made  without  sufficient  privilege  (without  the  CAP_SYS_ADMIN
              capability).

STANDARDS

       Linux.

HISTORY

       Linux 3.18.

NOTES

       Prior to Linux 4.4, all bpf() commands  require  the  caller  to  have  the  CAP_SYS_ADMIN
       capability.   From  Linux 4.4 onwards, an unprivileged user may create limited programs of
       type BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER and associated maps.  However they may not  store  kernel
       pointers within the maps and are presently limited to the following helper functions:

       •  get_random
       •  get_smp_processor_id
       •  tail_call
       •  ktime_get_ns

       Unprivileged   access   may   be   blocked   by   writing   the   value   1  to  the  file
       /proc/sys/kernel/unprivileged_bpf_disabled.

       eBPF objects (maps and programs) can be shared  between  processes.   For  example,  after
       fork(2),  the  child  inherits  file  descriptors  referring to the same eBPF objects.  In
       addition, file descriptors referring to eBPF objects can be transferred over  UNIX  domain
       sockets.   File  descriptors referring to eBPF objects can be duplicated in the usual way,
       using dup(2) and similar calls.  An  eBPF  object  is  deallocated  only  after  all  file
       descriptors referring to the object have been closed.

       eBPF programs can be written in a restricted C that is compiled (using the clang compiler)
       into eBPF bytecode.  Various features are omitted from this restricted C, such  as  loops,
       global  variables,  variadic  functions, floating-point numbers, and passing structures as
       function arguments.  Some examples can be found in the samples/bpf/*_kern.c files  in  the
       kernel source tree.

       The  kernel  contains  a  just-in-time  (JIT)  compiler that translates eBPF bytecode into
       native machine code for better performance.   Before  Linux  4.15,  the  JIT  compiler  is
       disabled  by  default, but its operation can be controlled by writing one of the following
       integer strings to the file /proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_enable:

       0      Disable JIT compilation (default).

       1      Normal compilation.

       2      Debugging mode.  The generated opcodes are dumped in hexadecimal  into  the  kernel
              log.     These    opcodes    can   then   be   disassembled   using   the   program
              tools/net/bpf_jit_disasm.c provided in the kernel source tree.

       Since Linux 4.15, the kernel may be configured with the  CONFIG_BPF_JIT_ALWAYS_ON  option.
       In this case, the JIT compiler is always enabled, and the bpf_jit_enable is initialized to
       1 and is immutable.  (This kernel configuration option was provided as  a  mitigation  for
       one of the Spectre attacks against the BPF interpreter.)

       The JIT compiler for eBPF is currently available for the following architectures:

       •  x86-64 (since Linux 3.18; cBPF since Linux 3.0);
       •  ARM32 (since Linux 3.18; cBPF since Linux 3.4);
       •  SPARC 32 (since Linux 3.18; cBPF since Linux 3.5);
       •  ARM-64 (since Linux 3.18);
       •  s390 (since Linux 4.1; cBPF since Linux 3.7);
       •  PowerPC 64 (since Linux 4.8; cBPF since Linux 3.1);
       •  SPARC 64 (since Linux 4.12);
       •  x86-32 (since Linux 4.18);
       •  MIPS 64 (since Linux 4.18; cBPF since Linux 3.16);
       •  riscv (since Linux 5.1).

EXAMPLES

       /* bpf+sockets example:
        * 1. create array map of 256 elements
        * 2. load program that counts number of packets received
        *    r0 = skb->data[ETH_HLEN + offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol)]
        *    map[r0]++
        * 3. attach prog_fd to raw socket via setsockopt()
        * 4. print number of received TCP/UDP packets every second
        */
       int
       main(int argc, char *argv[])
       {
           int sock, map_fd, prog_fd, key;
           long long value = 0, tcp_cnt, udp_cnt;

           map_fd = bpf_create_map(BPF_MAP_TYPE_ARRAY, sizeof(key),
                                   sizeof(value), 256);
           if (map_fd < 0) {
               printf("failed to create map '%s'\n", strerror(errno));
               /* likely not run as root */
               return 1;
           }

           struct bpf_insn prog[] = {
               BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_1),        /* r6 = r1 */
               BPF_LD_ABS(BPF_B, ETH_HLEN + offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol)),
                                       /* r0 = ip->proto */
               BPF_STX_MEM(BPF_W, BPF_REG_10, BPF_REG_0, -4),
                                       /* *(u32 *)(fp - 4) = r0 */
               BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),       /* r2 = fp */
               BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -4),      /* r2 = r2 - 4 */
               BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_1, map_fd),           /* r1 = map_fd */
               BPF_CALL_FUNC(BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem),
                                       /* r0 = map_lookup(r1, r2) */
               BPF_JMP_IMM(BPF_JEQ, BPF_REG_0, 0, 2),
                                       /* if (r0 == 0) goto pc+2 */
               BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_1, 1),                /* r1 = 1 */
               BPF_XADD(BPF_DW, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_1, 0, 0),
                                       /* lock *(u64 *) r0 += r1 */
               BPF_MOV64_IMM(BPF_REG_0, 0),                /* r0 = 0 */
               BPF_EXIT_INSN(),                            /* return r0 */
           };

           prog_fd = bpf_prog_load(BPF_PROG_TYPE_SOCKET_FILTER, prog,
                                   sizeof(prog) / sizeof(prog[0]), "GPL");

           sock = open_raw_sock("lo");

           assert(setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ATTACH_BPF, &prog_fd,
                             sizeof(prog_fd)) == 0);

           for (;;) {
               key = IPPROTO_TCP;
               assert(bpf_lookup_elem(map_fd, &key, &tcp_cnt) == 0);
               key = IPPROTO_UDP;
               assert(bpf_lookup_elem(map_fd, &key, &udp_cnt) == 0);
               printf("TCP %lld UDP %lld packets\n", tcp_cnt, udp_cnt);
               sleep(1);
           }

           return 0;
       }

       Some  complete working code can be found in the samples/bpf directory in the kernel source
       tree.

SEE ALSO

       seccomp(2), bpf-helpers(7), socket(7), tc(8), tc-bpf(8)

       Both  classic   and   extended   BPF   are   explained   in   the   kernel   source   file
       Documentation/networking/filter.txt.