Provided by: systemd_237-3ubuntu10.57_amd64 
NAME
systemd, init - systemd system and service manager
SYNOPSIS
/lib/systemd/systemd [OPTIONS...]
init [OPTIONS...] {COMMAND}
DESCRIPTION
systemd is a system and service manager for Linux operating systems. When run as first process on boot
(as PID 1), it acts as init system that brings up and maintains userspace services.
For compatibility with SysV, if systemd is called as init and a PID that is not 1, it will execute
telinit and pass all command line arguments unmodified. That means init and telinit are mostly equivalent
when invoked from normal login sessions. See telinit(8) for more information.
When run as a system instance, systemd interprets the configuration file system.conf and the files in
system.conf.d directories; when run as a user instance, systemd interprets the configuration file
user.conf and the files in user.conf.d directories. See systemd-system.conf(5) for more information.
OPTIONS
The following options are understood:
--test
Determine startup sequence, dump it and exit. This is an option useful for debugging only.
--dump-configuration-items
Dump understood unit configuration items. This outputs a terse but complete list of configuration
items understood in unit definition files.
--unit=
Set default unit to activate on startup. If not specified, defaults to default.target.
--system, --user
For --system, tell systemd to run a system instance, even if the process ID is not 1, i.e. systemd is
not run as init process. --user does the opposite, running a user instance even if the process ID is
1. Normally, it should not be necessary to pass these options, as systemd automatically detects the
mode it is started in. These options are hence of little use except for debugging. Note that it is
not supported booting and maintaining a full system with systemd running in --system mode, but PID
not 1. In practice, passing --system explicitly is only useful in conjunction with --test.
--dump-core
Enable core dumping on crash. This switch has no effect when running as user instance. This setting
may also be enabled during boot on the kernel command line via the systemd.dump_core= option, see
below.
--crash-vt=VT
Switch to a specific virtual console (VT) on crash. Takes a positive integer in the range 1–63, or a
boolean argument. If an integer is passed, selects which VT to switch to. If yes, the VT kernel
messages are written to is selected. If no, no VT switch is attempted. This switch has no effect when
running as user instance. This setting may also be enabled during boot, on the kernel command line
via the systemd.crash_vt= option, see below.
--crash-shell
Run a shell on crash. This switch has no effect when running as user instance. This setting may also
be enabled during boot, on the kernel command line via the systemd.crash_shell= option, see below.
--crash-reboot
Automatically reboot the system on crash. This switch has no effect when running as user instance.
This setting may also be enabled during boot, on the kernel command line via the
systemd.crash_reboot= option, see below.
--confirm-spawn
Ask for confirmation when spawning processes. This switch has no effect when run as user instance.
--show-status=
Takes a boolean argument or the special value auto. If on, terse unit status information is shown on
the console during boot-up and shutdown. If off, no such status information is shown. If set to auto
behavior is similar to off, except that it is automatically switched to on, as soon as the first unit
failure or significant boot delay is encountered. This switch has no effect when invoked as user
instance. If specified, overrides both the kernel command line setting systemd.show_status= (see
below) and the configuration file option ShowStatus=, see systemd-system.conf(5).
--log-target=
Set log target. Argument must be one of console, journal, kmsg, journal-or-kmsg, null.
--log-level=
Set log level. As argument this accepts a numerical log level or the well-known syslog(3) symbolic
names (lowercase): emerg, alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug.
--log-color=
Highlight important log messages. Argument is a boolean value. If the argument is omitted, it
defaults to true.
--log-location=
Include code location in log messages. This is mostly relevant for debugging purposes. Argument is a
boolean value. If the argument is omitted it defaults to true.
--default-standard-output=, --default-standard-error=
Sets the default output or error output for all services and sockets, respectively. That is, controls
the default for StandardOutput= and StandardError= (see systemd.exec(5) for details). Takes one of
inherit, null, tty, journal, journal+console, syslog, syslog+console, kmsg, kmsg+console. If the
argument is omitted --default-standard-output= defaults to journal and --default-standard-error= to
inherit.
--machine-id=
Override the machine-id set on the hard drive, useful for network booting or for containers. May not
be set to all zeros.
--service-watchdogs=
Globally enable/disable all service watchdog timeouts and emergency actions. This setting may also be
specified during boot, on the kernel command line via the systemd.service_watchdogs= option, see
below. Defaults to enabled.
-h, --help
Print a short help text and exit.
--version
Print a short version string and exit.
CONCEPTS
systemd provides a dependency system between various entities called "units" of 11 different types. Units
encapsulate various objects that are relevant for system boot-up and maintenance. The majority of units
are configured in unit configuration files, whose syntax and basic set of options is described in
systemd.unit(5), however some are created automatically from other configuration, dynamically from system
state or programmatically at runtime. Units may be "active" (meaning started, bound, plugged in, ...,
depending on the unit type, see below), or "inactive" (meaning stopped, unbound, unplugged, ...), as well
as in the process of being activated or deactivated, i.e. between the two states (these states are called
"activating", "deactivating"). A special "failed" state is available as well, which is very similar to
"inactive" and is entered when the service failed in some way (process returned error code on exit, or
crashed, an operation timed out, or after too many restarts). If this state is entered, the cause will be
logged, for later reference. Note that the various unit types may have a number of additional substates,
which are mapped to the five generalized unit states described here.
The following unit types are available:
1. Service units, which start and control daemons and the processes they consist of. For details, see
systemd.service(5).
2. Socket units, which encapsulate local IPC or network sockets in the system, useful for socket-based
activation. For details about socket units, see systemd.socket(5), for details on socket-based
activation and other forms of activation, see daemon(7).
3. Target units are useful to group units, or provide well-known synchronization points during boot-up,
see systemd.target(5).
4. Device units expose kernel devices in systemd and may be used to implement device-based activation.
For details, see systemd.device(5).
5. Mount units control mount points in the file system, for details see systemd.mount(5).
6. Automount units provide automount capabilities, for on-demand mounting of file systems as well as
parallelized boot-up. See systemd.automount(5).
7. Timer units are useful for triggering activation of other units based on timers. You may find details
in systemd.timer(5).
8. Swap units are very similar to mount units and encapsulate memory swap partitions or files of the
operating system. They are described in systemd.swap(5).
9. Path units may be used to activate other services when file system objects change or are modified.
See systemd.path(5).
10. Slice units may be used to group units which manage system processes (such as service and scope
units) in a hierarchical tree for resource management purposes. See systemd.slice(5).
11. Scope units are similar to service units, but manage foreign processes instead of starting them as
well. See systemd.scope(5).
Units are named as their configuration files. Some units have special semantics. A detailed list is
available in systemd.special(7).
systemd knows various kinds of dependencies, including positive and negative requirement dependencies
(i.e. Requires= and Conflicts=) as well as ordering dependencies (After= and Before=). NB: ordering and
requirement dependencies are orthogonal. If only a requirement dependency exists between two units (e.g.
foo.service requires bar.service), but no ordering dependency (e.g. foo.service after bar.service) and
both are requested to start, they will be started in parallel. It is a common pattern that both
requirement and ordering dependencies are placed between two units. Also note that the majority of
dependencies are implicitly created and maintained by systemd. In most cases, it should be unnecessary to
declare additional dependencies manually, however it is possible to do this.
Application programs and units (via dependencies) may request state changes of units. In systemd, these
requests are encapsulated as 'jobs' and maintained in a job queue. Jobs may succeed or can fail, their
execution is ordered based on the ordering dependencies of the units they have been scheduled for.
On boot systemd activates the target unit default.target whose job is to activate on-boot services and
other on-boot units by pulling them in via dependencies. Usually, the unit name is just an alias
(symlink) for either graphical.target (for fully-featured boots into the UI) or multi-user.target (for
limited console-only boots for use in embedded or server environments, or similar; a subset of
graphical.target). However, it is at the discretion of the administrator to configure it as an alias to
any other target unit. See systemd.special(7) for details about these target units.
Processes systemd spawns are placed in individual Linux control groups named after the unit which they
belong to in the private systemd hierarchy. (see cgroups.txt[1] for more information about control
groups, or short "cgroups"). systemd uses this to effectively keep track of processes. Control group
information is maintained in the kernel, and is accessible via the file system hierarchy (beneath
/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd/), or in tools such as systemd-cgls(1) or ps(1) (ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args
is particularly useful to list all processes and the systemd units they belong to.).
systemd is compatible with the SysV init system to a large degree: SysV init scripts are supported and
simply read as an alternative (though limited) configuration file format. The SysV /dev/initctl interface
is provided, and compatibility implementations of the various SysV client tools are available. In
addition to that, various established Unix functionality such as /etc/fstab or the utmp database are
supported.
systemd has a minimal transaction system: if a unit is requested to start up or shut down it will add it
and all its dependencies to a temporary transaction. Then, it will verify if the transaction is
consistent (i.e. whether the ordering of all units is cycle-free). If it is not, systemd will try to fix
it up, and removes non-essential jobs from the transaction that might remove the loop. Also, systemd
tries to suppress non-essential jobs in the transaction that would stop a running service. Finally it is
checked whether the jobs of the transaction contradict jobs that have already been queued, and optionally
the transaction is aborted then. If all worked out and the transaction is consistent and minimized in its
impact it is merged with all already outstanding jobs and added to the run queue. Effectively this means
that before executing a requested operation, systemd will verify that it makes sense, fixing it if
possible, and only failing if it really cannot work.
systemd contains native implementations of various tasks that need to be executed as part of the boot
process. For example, it sets the hostname or configures the loopback network device. It also sets up and
mounts various API file systems, such as /sys or /proc.
For more information about the concepts and ideas behind systemd, please refer to the Original Design
Document[2].
Note that some but not all interfaces provided by systemd are covered by the Interface Stability
Promise[3].
Units may be generated dynamically at boot and system manager reload time, for example based on other
configuration files or parameters passed on the kernel command line. For details, see
systemd.generator(7).
Systems which invoke systemd in a container or initrd environment should implement the Container
Interface[4] or initrd Interface[5] specifications, respectively.
DIRECTORIES
System unit directories
The systemd system manager reads unit configuration from various directories. Packages that want to
install unit files shall place them in the directory returned by pkg-config systemd
--variable=systemdsystemunitdir. Other directories checked are /usr/local/lib/systemd/system and
/lib/systemd/system. User configuration always takes precedence. pkg-config systemd
--variable=systemdsystemconfdir returns the path of the system configuration directory. Packages
should alter the content of these directories only with the enable and disable commands of the
systemctl(1) tool. Full list of directories is provided in systemd.unit(5).
User unit directories
Similar rules apply for the user unit directories. However, here the XDG Base Directory
specification[6] is followed to find units. Applications should place their unit files in the
directory returned by pkg-config systemd --variable=systemduserunitdir. Global configuration is done
in the directory reported by pkg-config systemd --variable=systemduserconfdir. The enable and disable
commands of the systemctl(1) tool can handle both global (i.e. for all users) and private (for one
user) enabling/disabling of units. Full list of directories is provided in systemd.unit(5).
SysV init scripts directory
The location of the SysV init script directory varies between distributions. If systemd cannot find a
native unit file for a requested service, it will look for a SysV init script of the same name (with
the .service suffix removed).
SysV runlevel link farm directory
The location of the SysV runlevel link farm directory varies between distributions. systemd will take
the link farm into account when figuring out whether a service shall be enabled. Note that a service
unit with a native unit configuration file cannot be started by activating it in the SysV runlevel
link farm.
SIGNALS
SIGTERM
Upon receiving this signal the systemd system manager serializes its state, reexecutes itself and
deserializes the saved state again. This is mostly equivalent to systemctl daemon-reexec.
systemd user managers will start the exit.target unit when this signal is received. This is mostly
equivalent to systemctl --user start exit.target --job-mode=replace-irreversible.
SIGINT
Upon receiving this signal the systemd system manager will start the ctrl-alt-del.target unit. This
is mostly equivalent to systemctl start ctrl-alt-del.target --job-mode=replace-irreversible. If this
signal is received more than 7 times per 2s, an immediate reboot is triggered. Note that pressing
Ctrl-Alt-Del on the console will trigger this signal. Hence, if a reboot is hanging, pressing
Ctrl-Alt-Del more than 7 times in 2s is a relatively safe way to trigger an immediate reboot.
systemd user managers treat this signal the same way as SIGTERM.
SIGWINCH
When this signal is received the systemd system manager will start the kbrequest.target unit. This is
mostly equivalent to systemctl start kbrequest.target.
This signal is ignored by systemd user managers.
SIGPWR
When this signal is received the systemd manager will start the sigpwr.target unit. This is mostly
equivalent to systemctl start sigpwr.target.
SIGUSR1
When this signal is received the systemd manager will try to reconnect to the D-Bus bus.
SIGUSR2
When this signal is received the systemd manager will log its complete state in human-readable form.
The data logged is the same as printed by systemd-analyze dump.
SIGHUP
Reloads the complete daemon configuration. This is mostly equivalent to systemctl daemon-reload.
SIGRTMIN+0
Enters default mode, starts the default.target unit. This is mostly equivalent to systemctl isolate
default.target.
SIGRTMIN+1
Enters rescue mode, starts the rescue.target unit. This is mostly equivalent to systemctl isolate
rescue.target.
SIGRTMIN+2
Enters emergency mode, starts the emergency.service unit. This is mostly equivalent to systemctl
isolate emergency.service.
SIGRTMIN+3
Halts the machine, starts the halt.target unit. This is mostly equivalent to systemctl start
halt.target --job-mode=replace-irreversible.
SIGRTMIN+4
Powers off the machine, starts the poweroff.target unit. This is mostly equivalent to systemctl start
poweroff.target --job-mode=replace-irreversible.
SIGRTMIN+5
Reboots the machine, starts the reboot.target unit. This is mostly equivalent to systemctl start
reboot.target --job-mode=replace-irreversible.
SIGRTMIN+6
Reboots the machine via kexec, starts the kexec.target unit. This is mostly equivalent to systemctl
start kexec.target --job-mode=replace-irreversible.
SIGRTMIN+13
Immediately halts the machine.
SIGRTMIN+14
Immediately powers off the machine.
SIGRTMIN+15
Immediately reboots the machine.
SIGRTMIN+16
Immediately reboots the machine with kexec.
SIGRTMIN+20
Enables display of status messages on the console, as controlled via systemd.show_status=1 on the
kernel command line.
SIGRTMIN+21
Disables display of status messages on the console, as controlled via systemd.show_status=0 on the
kernel command line.
SIGRTMIN+22, SIGRTMIN+23
Sets the log level to "debug" (or "info" on SIGRTMIN+23), as controlled via systemd.log_level=debug
(or systemd.log_level=info on SIGRTMIN+23) on the kernel command line.
SIGRTMIN+24
Immediately exits the manager (only available for --user instances).
SIGRTMIN+26, SIGRTMIN+27, SIGRTMIN+28
Sets the log target to "journal-or-kmsg" (or "console" on SIGRTMIN+27, "kmsg" on SIGRTMIN+28), as
controlled via systemd.log_target=journal-or-kmsg (or systemd.log_target=console on SIGRTMIN+27 or
systemd.log_target=kmsg on SIGRTMIN+28) on the kernel command line.
ENVIRONMENT
$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL
systemd reads the log level from this environment variable. This can be overridden with --log-level=.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET
systemd reads the log target from this environment variable. This can be overridden with
--log-target=.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR
Controls whether systemd highlights important log messages. This can be overridden with --log-color=.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION
Controls whether systemd prints the code location along with log messages. This can be overridden
with --log-location=.
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME, $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS, $XDG_DATA_HOME, $XDG_DATA_DIRS
The systemd user manager uses these variables in accordance to the XDG Base Directory
specification[6] to find its configuration.
$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH
Controls where systemd looks for unit files.
$SYSTEMD_SYSVINIT_PATH
Controls where systemd looks for SysV init scripts.
$SYSTEMD_SYSVRCND_PATH
Controls where systemd looks for SysV init script runlevel link farms.
$SYSTEMD_COLORS
The value must be a boolean. Controls whether colorized output should be generated. This can be
specified to override the decision that systemd makes based on $TERM and what the console is
connected to.
$LISTEN_PID, $LISTEN_FDS, $LISTEN_FDNAMES
Set by systemd for supervised processes during socket-based activation. See sd_listen_fds(3) for more
information.
$NOTIFY_SOCKET
Set by systemd for supervised processes for status and start-up completion notification. See
sd_notify(3) for more information.
KERNEL COMMAND LINE
When run as system instance systemd parses a number of kernel command line arguments[7]:
systemd.unit=, rd.systemd.unit=
Overrides the unit to activate on boot. Defaults to default.target. This may be used to temporarily
boot into a different boot unit, for example rescue.target or emergency.service. See
systemd.special(7) for details about these units. The option prefixed with "rd." is honored only in
the initial RAM disk (initrd), while the one that is not prefixed only in the main system.
systemd.dump_core
Takes a boolean argument or enables the option if specified without an argument. If enabled, the
systemd manager (PID 1) dumps core when it crashes. Otherwise, no core dump is created. Defaults to
enabled.
systemd.crash_chvt
Takes a positive integer, or a boolean argument. Can be also specified without an argument, with the
same effect as a positive boolean. If a positive integer (in the range 1–63) is specified, the system
manager (PID 1) will activate the specified virtual terminal (VT) when it crashes. Defaults to
disabled, meaning that no such switch is attempted. If set to enabled, the VT the kernel messages are
written to is selected.
systemd.crash_shell
Takes a boolean argument or enables the option if specified without an argument. If enabled, the
system manager (PID 1) spawns a shell when it crashes, after a 10s delay. Otherwise, no shell is
spawned. Defaults to disabled, for security reasons, as the shell is not protected by password
authentication.
systemd.crash_reboot
Takes a boolean argument or enables the option if specified without an argument. If enabled, the
system manager (PID 1) will reboot the machine automatically when it crashes, after a 10s delay.
Otherwise, the system will hang indefinitely. Defaults to disabled, in order to avoid a reboot loop.
If combined with systemd.crash_shell, the system is rebooted after the shell exits.
systemd.confirm_spawn
Takes a boolean argument or a path to the virtual console where the confirmation messages should be
emitted. Can be also specified without an argument, with the same effect as a positive boolean. If
enabled, the system manager (PID 1) asks for confirmation when spawning processes using /dev/console.
If a path or a console name (such as "ttyS0") is provided, the virtual console pointed to by this
path or described by the give name will be used instead. Defaults to disabled.
systemd.service_watchdogs=
Takes a boolean argument. If disabled, all service runtime watchdogs (WatchdogSec=) and emergency
actions (e.g. OnFailure= or StartLimitAction=) are ignored by the system manager (PID 1); see
systemd.service(5). Defaults to enabled, i.e. watchdogs and failure actions are processed normally.
The hardware watchdog is not affected by this option.
systemd.show_status
Takes a boolean argument or the constant auto. Can be also specified without an argument, with the
same effect as a positive boolean. If enabled, the systemd manager (PID 1) shows terse service status
updates on the console during bootup. auto behaves like false until a unit fails or there is a
significant delay in boot. Defaults to enabled, unless quiet is passed as kernel command line option,
in which case it defaults to auto. If specified overrides the system manager configuration file
option ShowStatus=, see systemd-system.conf(5). However, the process command line option
--show-status= takes precedence over both this kernel command line option and the configuration file
option.
systemd.log_target=, systemd.log_level=, systemd.log_location=, systemd.log_color
Controls log output, with the same effect as the $SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET, $SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL,
$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION, $SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR environment variables described above. systemd.log_color
can be specified without an argument, with the same effect as a positive boolean.
systemd.default_standard_output=, systemd.default_standard_error=
Controls default standard output and error output for services, with the same effect as the
--default-standard-output= and --default-standard-error= command line arguments described above,
respectively.
systemd.setenv=
Takes a string argument in the form VARIABLE=VALUE. May be used to set default environment variables
to add to forked child processes. May be used more than once to set multiple variables.
systemd.machine_id=
Takes a 32 character hex value to be used for setting the machine-id. Intended mostly for network
booting where the same machine-id is desired for every boot.
systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy
When specified without an argument or with a true argument, enables the usage of unified cgroup
hierarchy[8] (a.k.a. cgroups-v2). When specified with a false argument, fall back to hybrid or full
legacy cgroup hierarchy.
If this option is not specified, the default behaviour is determined during compilation (the
--with-default-hierarchy= option). If the kernel does not support unified cgroup hierarchy, the
legacy hierarchy will be used even if this option is specified.
systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller
Takes effect if the full unified cgroup hierarchy is not used (see previous option). When specified
without an argument or with a true argument, disables the use of "hybrid" cgroup hierarchy (i.e. a
cgroups-v2 tree used for systemd, and legacy cgroup hierarchy[9], a.k.a. cgroups-v1, for other
controllers), and forces a full "legacy" mode. When specified with a false argument, enables the use
of "hybrid" hierarchy.
If this option is not specified, the default behaviour is determined during compilation (the
--with-default-hierarchy= option). If the kernel does not support unified cgroup hierarchy, the
legacy hierarchy will be used even if this option is specified.
quiet
Turn off status output at boot, much like systemd.show_status=false would. Note that this option is
also read by the kernel itself and disables kernel log output. Passing this option hence turns off
the usual output from both the system manager and the kernel.
debug
Turn on debugging output. This is equivalent to systemd.log_level=debug. Note that this option is
also read by the kernel itself and enables kernel debug output. Passing this option hence turns on
the debug output from both the system manager and the kernel.
emergency, rd.emergency, -b
Boot into emergency mode. This is equivalent to systemd.unit=emergency.target or
rd.systemd.unit=emergency.target, respectively, and provided for compatibility reasons and to be
easier to type.
rescue, rd.rescue, single, s, S, 1
Boot into rescue mode. This is equivalent to systemd.unit=rescue.target or
rd.systemd.unit=rescue.target, respectively, and provided for compatibility reasons and to be easier
to type.
2, 3, 4, 5
Boot into the specified legacy SysV runlevel. These are equivalent to systemd.unit=runlevel2.target,
systemd.unit=runlevel3.target, systemd.unit=runlevel4.target, and systemd.unit=runlevel5.target,
respectively, and provided for compatibility reasons and to be easier to type.
locale.LANG=, locale.LANGUAGE=, locale.LC_CTYPE=, locale.LC_NUMERIC=, locale.LC_TIME=,
locale.LC_COLLATE=, locale.LC_MONETARY=, locale.LC_MESSAGES=, locale.LC_PAPER=, locale.LC_NAME=,
locale.LC_ADDRESS=, locale.LC_TELEPHONE=, locale.LC_MEASUREMENT=, locale.LC_IDENTIFICATION=
Set the system locale to use. This overrides the settings in /etc/locale.conf. For more information,
see locale.conf(5) and locale(7).
For other kernel command line parameters understood by components of the core OS, please refer to kernel-
command-line(7).
SOCKETS AND FIFOS
/run/systemd/notify
Daemon status notification socket. This is an AF_UNIX datagram socket and is used to implement the
daemon notification logic as implemented by sd_notify(3).
/run/systemd/private
Used internally as communication channel between systemctl(1) and the systemd process. This is an
AF_UNIX stream socket. This interface is private to systemd and should not be used in external
projects.
/dev/initctl
Limited compatibility support for the SysV client interface, as implemented by the
systemd-initctl.service unit. This is a named pipe in the file system. This interface is obsolete and
should not be used in new applications.
SEE ALSO
The systemd Homepage[10], systemd-system.conf(5), locale.conf(5), systemctl(1), journalctl(1), systemd-
notify(1), daemon(7), sd-daemon(3), systemd.unit(5), systemd.special(5), pkg-config(1), kernel-command-
line(7), bootup(7), systemd.directives(7)
NOTES
1. cgroups.txt
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/cgroups.txt
2. Original Design Document
http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html
3. Interface Stability Promise
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InterfaceStabilityPromise
4. Container Interface
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ContainerInterface
5. initrd Interface
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InitrdInterface
6. XDG Base Directory specification
http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html
7. If run inside a Linux container these arguments may be passed as command line arguments to systemd
itself, next to any of the command line options listed in the Options section above. If run outside
of Linux containers, these arguments are parsed from /proc/cmdline instead.
8. unified cgroup hierarchy
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt
9. legacy cgroup hierarchy
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/
10. systemd Homepage
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/
systemd 237 SYSTEMD(1)