Provided by: manpages-dev_5.05-1_all 
NAME
syscalls - Linux system calls
SYNOPSIS
Linux system calls.
DESCRIPTION
The system call is the fundamental interface between an application and the Linux kernel.
System calls and library wrapper functions
System calls are generally not invoked directly, but rather via wrapper functions in glibc (or perhaps
some other library). For details of direct invocation of a system call, see intro(2). Often, but not
always, the name of the wrapper function is the same as the name of the system call that it invokes. For
example, glibc contains a function chdir() which invokes the underlying "chdir" system call.
Often the glibc wrapper function is quite thin, doing little work other than copying arguments to the
right registers before invoking the system call, and then setting errno appropriately after the system
call has returned. (These are the same steps that are performed by syscall(2), which can be used to
invoke system calls for which no wrapper function is provided.) Note: system calls indicate a failure by
returning a negative error number to the caller on architectures without a separate error register/flag,
as noted in syscall(2); when this happens, the wrapper function negates the returned error number (to
make it positive), copies it to errno, and returns -1 to the caller of the wrapper.
Sometimes, however, the wrapper function does some extra work before invoking the system call. For
example, nowadays there are (for reasons described below) two related system calls, truncate(2) and
truncate64(2), and the glibc truncate() wrapper function checks which of those system calls are provided
by the kernel and determines which should be employed.
System call list
Below is a list of the Linux system calls. In the list, the Kernel column indicates the kernel version
for those system calls that were new in Linux 2.2, or have appeared since that kernel version. Note the
following points:
* Where no kernel version is indicated, the system call appeared in kernel 1.0 or earlier.
* Where a system call is marked "1.2" this means the system call probably appeared in a 1.1.x kernel
version, and first appeared in a stable kernel with 1.2. (Development of the 1.2 kernel was initiated
from a branch of kernel 1.0.6 via the 1.1.x unstable kernel series.)
* Where a system call is marked "2.0" this means the system call probably appeared in a 1.3.x kernel
version, and first appeared in a stable kernel with 2.0. (Development of the 2.0 kernel was initiated
from a branch of kernel 1.2.x, somewhere around 1.2.10, via the 1.3.x unstable kernel series.)
* Where a system call is marked "2.2" this means the system call probably appeared in a 2.1.x kernel
version, and first appeared in a stable kernel with 2.2.0. (Development of the 2.2 kernel was
initiated from a branch of kernel 2.0.21 via the 2.1.x unstable kernel series.)
* Where a system call is marked "2.4" this means the system call probably appeared in a 2.3.x kernel
version, and first appeared in a stable kernel with 2.4.0. (Development of the 2.4 kernel was
initiated from a branch of kernel 2.2.8 via the 2.3.x unstable kernel series.)
* Where a system call is marked "2.6" this means the system call probably appeared in a 2.5.x kernel
version, and first appeared in a stable kernel with 2.6.0. (Development of kernel 2.6 was initiated
from a branch of kernel 2.4.15 via the 2.5.x unstable kernel series.)
* Starting with kernel 2.6.0, the development model changed, and new system calls may appear in each
2.6.x release. In this case, the exact version number where the system call appeared is shown. This
convention continues with the 3.x kernel series, which followed on from kernel 2.6.39, and the 4.x
kernel series, which followed on from kernel 3.19.
* In some cases, a system call was added to a stable kernel series after it branched from the previous
stable kernel series, and then backported into the earlier stable kernel series. For example some
system calls that appeared in 2.6.x were also backported into a 2.4.x release after 2.4.15. When this
is so, the version where the system call appeared in both of the major kernel series is listed.
The list of system calls that are available as at kernel 4.19 (or in a few cases only on older kernels)
is as follows:
System call Kernel Notes
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
_llseek(2) 1.2
_newselect(2) 2.0
_sysctl(2) 2.0
accept(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
accept4(2) 2.6.28
access(2) 1.0
acct(2) 1.0
add_key(2) 2.6.10
adjtimex(2) 1.0
alarm(2) 1.0
alloc_hugepages(2) 2.5.36 Removed in 2.5.44
arc_gettls(2) 3.9 ARC only
arc_settls(2) 3.9 ARC only
arc_usr_cmpxchg(2) 4.9 ARC only
arch_prctl(2) 2.6 x86_64, x86 since 4.12
atomic_barrier(2) 2.6.34 m68k only
atomic_cmpxchg_32(2) 2.6.34 m68k only
bdflush(2) 1.2 Deprecated (does nothing)
since 2.6
bfin_spinlock(2) 2.6.22 Blackfin only (port removed
in Linux 4.17)
bind(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
bpf(2) 3.18
brk(2) 1.0
breakpoint(2) 2.2 ARM OABI only, defined with
__ARM_NR prefix
cacheflush(2) 1.2 Not on x86
capget(2) 2.2
capset(2) 2.2
chdir(2) 1.0
chmod(2) 1.0
chown(2) 2.2 See chown(2) for
version details
chown32(2) 2.4
chroot(2) 1.0
clock_adjtime(2) 2.6.39
clock_getres(2) 2.6
clock_gettime(2) 2.6
clock_nanosleep(2) 2.6
clock_settime(2) 2.6
clone2(2) 2.4 IA-64 only
clone(2) 1.0
clone3(2) 5.3
close(2) 1.0
cmpxchg_badaddr(2) 2.6.36 Tile only (port removed
in Linux 4.17)
connect(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
copy_file_range(2) 4.5
creat(2) 1.0
create_module(2) 1.0 Removed in 2.6
delete_module(2) 1.0
dma_memcpy(2) 2.6.22 Blackfin only (port removed
in Linux 4.17)
dup(2) 1.0
dup2(2) 1.0
dup3(2) 2.6.27
epoll_create(2) 2.6
epoll_create1(2) 2.6.27
epoll_ctl(2) 2.6
epoll_pwait(2) 2.6.19
epoll_wait(2) 2.6
eventfd(2) 2.6.22
eventfd2(2) 2.6.27
execv(2) 2.0 SPARC/SPARC64 only, for
compatibility with SunOS
execve(2) 1.0
execveat(2) 3.19
exit(2) 1.0
exit_group(2) 2.6
faccessat(2) 2.6.16
fadvise64(2) 2.6
fadvise64_64(2) 2.6
fallocate(2) 2.6.23
fanotify_init(2) 2.6.37
fanotify_mark(2) 2.6.37
fchdir(2) 1.0
fchmod(2) 1.0
fchmodat(2) 2.6.16
fchown(2) 1.0
fchown32(2) 2.4
fchownat(2) 2.6.16
fcntl(2) 1.0
fcntl64(2) 2.4
fdatasync(2) 2.0
fgetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
finit_module(2) 3.8
flistxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
flock(2) 2.0
fork(2) 1.0
free_hugepages(2) 2.5.36 Removed in 2.5.44
fremovexattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
fsconfig(2) 5.2
fsetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
fsmount(2) 5.2
fsopen(2) 5.2
fspick(2) 5.2
fstat(2) 1.0
fstat64(2) 2.4
fstatat64(2) 2.6.16
fstatfs(2) 1.0
fstatfs64(2) 2.6
fsync(2) 1.0
ftruncate(2) 1.0
ftruncate64(2) 2.4
futex(2) 2.6
futimesat(2) 2.6.16
get_kernel_syms(2) 1.0 Removed in 2.6
get_mempolicy(2) 2.6.6
get_robust_list(2) 2.6.17
get_thread_area(2) 2.6
get_tls(2) 4.15 ARM OABI only, has
__ARM_NR prefix
getcpu(2) 2.6.19
getcwd(2) 2.2
getdents(2) 2.0
getdents64(2) 2.4
getdomainname(2) 2.2 SPARC, SPARC64; available
as osf_getdomainname(2)
on Alpha since Linux 2.0
getdtablesize(2) 2.0 SPARC (removed in 2.6.26),
available since Linux 2.0 on
Alpha as osf_getdtablesize(2)
getegid(2) 1.0
getegid32(2) 2.4
geteuid(2) 1.0
geteuid32(2) 2.4
getgid(2) 1.0
getgid32(2) 2.4
getgroups(2) 1.0
getgroups32(2) 2.4
gethostname(2) 2.0 Alpha, was available on
SPARC up to Linux 2.6.26
getitimer(2) 1.0
getpeername(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
getpagesize(2) 2.0 Not on x86
getpgid(2) 1.0
getpgrp(2) 1.0
getpid(2) 1.0
getppid(2) 1.0
getpriority(2) 1.0
getrandom(2) 3.17
getresgid(2) 2.2
getresgid32(2) 2.4
getresuid(2) 2.2
getresuid32(2) 2.4
getrlimit(2) 1.0
getrusage(2) 1.0
getsid(2) 2.0
getsockname(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
getsockopt(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
gettid(2) 2.4.11
gettimeofday(2) 1.0
getuid(2) 1.0
getuid32(2) 2.4
getunwind(2) 2.4.8 IA-64 only; deprecated
getxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
getxgid(2) 2.0 Alpha only; see NOTES
getxpid(2) 2.0 Alpha only; see NOTES
getxuid(2) 2.0 Alpha only; see NOTES
init_module(2) 1.0
inotify_add_watch(2) 2.6.13
inotify_init(2) 2.6.13
inotify_init1(2) 2.6.27
inotify_rm_watch(2) 2.6.13
io_cancel(2) 2.6
io_destroy(2) 2.6
io_getevents(2) 2.6
io_pgetevents(2) 4.18
io_setup(2) 2.6
io_submit(2) 2.6
io_uring_enter(2) 5.1
io_uring_register(2) 5.1
io_uring_setup(2) 5.1
ioctl(2) 1.0
ioperm(2) 1.0
iopl(2) 1.0
ioprio_get(2) 2.6.13
ioprio_set(2) 2.6.13
ipc(2) 1.0
kcmp(2) 3.5
kern_features(2) 3.7 SPARC64 only
kexec_file_load(2) 3.17
kexec_load(2) 2.6.13
keyctl(2) 2.6.10
kill(2) 1.0
lchown(2) 1.0 See chown(2) for
version details
lchown32(2) 2.4
lgetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
link(2) 1.0
linkat(2) 2.6.16
listen(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
listxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
llistxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
lookup_dcookie(2) 2.6
lremovexattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
lseek(2) 1.0
lsetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
lstat(2) 1.0
lstat64(2) 2.4
madvise(2) 2.4
mbind(2) 2.6.6
memory_ordering(2) 2.2 SPARC64 only
metag_get_tls(2) 3.9 Metag only (port removed
in Linux 4.17)
metag_set_fpu_flags(2) 3.9 Metag only (port removed
in Linux 4.17)
metag_set_tls(2) 3.9 Metag only (port removed
in Linux 4.17)
metag_setglobalbit(2) 3.9 Metag only (port removed
in Linux 4.17)
membarrier(2) 3.17
memfd_create(2) 3.17
migrate_pages(2) 2.6.16
mincore(2) 2.4
mkdir(2) 1.0
mkdirat(2) 2.6.16
mknod(2) 1.0
mknodat(2) 2.6.16
mlock(2) 2.0
mlock2(2) 4.4
mlockall(2) 2.0
mmap(2) 1.0
mmap2(2) 2.4
modify_ldt(2) 1.0
mount(2) 1.0
move_mount(2) 5.2
move_pages(2) 2.6.18
mprotect(2) 1.0
mq_getsetattr(2) 2.6.6
mq_notify(2) 2.6.6
mq_open(2) 2.6.6
mq_timedreceive(2) 2.6.6
mq_timedsend(2) 2.6.6
mq_unlink(2) 2.6.6
mremap(2) 2.0
msgctl(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msgget(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msgrcv(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msgsnd(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msync(2) 2.0
munlock(2) 2.0
munlockall(2) 2.0
munmap(2) 1.0
name_to_handle_at(2) 2.6.39
nanosleep(2) 2.0
newfstatat(2) 2.6.16 See stat(2)
nfsservctl(2) 2.2 Removed in 3.1
nice(2) 1.0
old_adjtimex(2) 2.0 Alpha only; see NOTES
old_getrlimit(2) 2.4 Old variant of getrlimit(2)
that used a different value
for RLIM_INFINITY
oldfstat(2) 1.0
oldlstat(2) 1.0
oldolduname(2) 1.0
oldstat(2) 1.0
oldumount(2) 2.4.116 Name of the old umount(2)
syscall on Alpha
olduname(2) 1.0
open(2) 1.0
open_by_handle_at(2) 2.6.39
open_tree(2) 5.2
openat(2) 2.6.16
or1k_atomic(2) 3.1 OpenRISC 1000 only
pause(2) 1.0
pciconfig_iobase(2) 2.2.15; 2.4 Not on x86
pciconfig_read(2) 2.0.26; 2.2 Not on x86
pciconfig_write(2) 2.0.26; 2.2 Not on x86
perf_event_open(2) 2.6.31 Was perf_counter_open() in
2.6.31; renamed in 2.6.32
personality(2) 1.2
perfctr(2) 2.2 SPARC only; removed in 2.6.34
perfmonctl(2) 2.4 IA-64 only
pidfd_send_signal(2) 5.1
pidfd_open(2) 5.3
pipe(2) 1.0
pipe2(2) 2.6.27
pivot_root(2) 2.4
pkey_alloc(2) 4.8
pkey_free(2) 4.8
pkey_mprotect(2) 4.8
poll(2) 2.0.36; 2.2
ppoll(2) 2.6.16
prctl(2) 2.2
pread(2) Used for pread64(2) on AVR32
(port removed in Linux 4.12)
and Blackfin (port removed
in Linux 4.17)
pread64(2) Added as "pread" in 2.2;
renamed "pread64" in 2.6
preadv(2) 2.6.30
preadv2(2) 4.6
prlimit64(2) 2.6.36
process_vm_readv(2) 3.2
process_vm_writev(2) 3.2
pselect6(2) 2.6.16
ptrace(2) 1.0
pwrite(2) Used for pwrite64(2) on AVR32
(port removed in Linux 4.12)
and Blackfin (port removed in
Linux 4.17)
pwrite64(2) Added as "pwrite" in 2.2;
renamed "pwrite64" in 2.6
pwritev(2) 2.6.30
pwritev2(2) 4.6
query_module(2) 2.2 Removed in 2.6
quotactl(2) 1.0
read(2) 1.0
readahead(2) 2.4.13
readdir(2) 1.0
readlink(2) 1.0
readlinkat(2) 2.6.16
readv(2) 2.0
reboot(2) 1.0
recv(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
recvfrom(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
recvmsg(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
recvmmsg(2) 2.6.33
remap_file_pages(2) 2.6 Deprecated since 3.16
removexattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
rename(2) 1.0
renameat(2) 2.6.16
renameat2(2) 3.15
request_key(2) 2.6.10
restart_syscall(2) 2.6
riscv_flush_icache(2) 4.15 RISC-V only
rmdir(2) 1.0
rseq(2) 4.18
rt_sigaction(2) 2.2
rt_sigpending(2) 2.2
rt_sigprocmask(2) 2.2
rt_sigqueueinfo(2) 2.2
rt_sigreturn(2) 2.2
rt_sigsuspend(2) 2.2
rt_sigtimedwait(2) 2.2
rt_tgsigqueueinfo(2) 2.6.31
rtas(2) 2.6.2 PowerPC/PowerPC64 only
s390_runtime_instr(2) 3.7 s390 only
s390_pci_mmio_read(2) 3.19 s390 only
s390_pci_mmio_write(2) 3.19 s390 only
s390_sthyi(2) 4.15 s390 only
s390_guarded_storage(2) 4.12 s390 only
sched_get_affinity(2) 2.6 Name of sched_getaffinity(2)
on SPARC and SPARC64
sched_get_priority_max(2) 2.0
sched_get_priority_min(2) 2.0
sched_getaffinity(2) 2.6
sched_getattr(2) 3.14
sched_getparam(2) 2.0
sched_getscheduler(2) 2.0
sched_rr_get_interval(2) 2.0
sched_set_affinity(2) 2.6 Name of sched_setaffinity(2)
on SPARC and SPARC64
sched_setaffinity(2) 2.6
sched_setattr(2) 3.14
sched_setparam(2) 2.0
sched_setscheduler(2) 2.0
sched_yield(2) 2.0
seccomp(2) 3.17
select(2) 1.0
semctl(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
semget(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
semop(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
semtimedop(2) 2.6; 2.4.22
send(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
sendfile(2) 2.2
sendfile64(2) 2.6; 2.4.19
sendmmsg(2) 3.0
sendmsg(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
sendto(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
set_mempolicy(2) 2.6.6
set_robust_list(2) 2.6.17
set_thread_area(2) 2.6
set_tid_address(2) 2.6
set_tls(2) 2.6.11 ARM OABI/EABI only (constant
has __ARM_NR prefix)
setdomainname(2) 1.0
setfsgid(2) 1.2
setfsgid32(2) 2.4
setfsuid(2) 1.2
setfsuid32(2) 2.4
setgid(2) 1.0
setgid32(2) 2.4
setgroups(2) 1.0
setgroups32(2) 2.4
sethae(2) 2.0 Alpha only; see NOTES
sethostname(2) 1.0
setitimer(2) 1.0
setns(2) 3.0
setpgid(2) 1.0
setpgrp(2) 2.0 Alternative name for
setpgid(2) on Alpha
setpriority(2) 1.0
setregid(2) 1.0
setregid32(2) 2.4
setresgid(2) 2.2
setresgid32(2) 2.4
setresuid(2) 2.2
setresuid32(2) 2.4
setreuid(2) 1.0
setreuid32(2) 2.4
setrlimit(2) 1.0
setsid(2) 1.0
setsockopt(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
settimeofday(2) 1.0
setuid(2) 1.0
setuid32(2) 2.4
setup(2) 1.0 Removed in 2.2
setxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
sgetmask(2) 1.0
shmat(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shmctl(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shmdt(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shmget(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shutdown(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
sigaction(2) 1.0
sigaltstack(2) 2.2
signal(2) 1.0
signalfd(2) 2.6.22
signalfd4(2) 2.6.27
sigpending(2) 1.0
sigprocmask(2) 1.0
sigreturn(2) 1.0
sigsuspend(2) 1.0
socket(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
socketcall(2) 1.0
socketpair(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
spill(2) 2.6.13 Xtensa only
splice(2) 2.6.17
spu_create(2) 2.6.16 PowerPC/PowerPC64 only
spu_run(2) 2.6.16 PowerPC/PowerPC64 only
sram_alloc(2) 2.6.22 Blackfin (port removed
in Linux 4.17)
sram_free(2) 2.6.22 Blackfin (port removed
in Linux 4.17)
ssetmask(2) 1.0
stat(2) 1.0
stat64(2) 2.4
statfs(2) 1.0
statfs64(2) 2.6
statx(2) 4.11
stime(2) 1.0
subpage_prot(2) 2.6.25 PowerPC/PowerPC64 only
swapcontext(2) 2.6.3 PowerPC/PowerPC64 only
switch_endian(2) 4.1 PowerPC64 only
swapcontext(2) 2.6.3 PowerPC only
swapoff(2) 1.0
swapon(2) 1.0
symlink(2) 1.0
symlinkat(2) 2.6.16
sync(2) 1.0
sync_file_range(2) 2.6.17
sync_file_range2(2) 2.6.22
syncfs(2) 2.6.39
sys_debug_setcontext(2) 2.6.11 PowerPC only
syscall(2) 1.0 Still available on ARM OABI
and MIPS O32 ABI
sysfs(2) 1.2
sysinfo(2) 1.0
syslog(2) 1.0
sysmips(2) 2.6.0 MIPS only
tee(2) 2.6.17
tgkill(2) 2.6
time(2) 1.0
timer_create(2) 2.6
timer_delete(2) 2.6
timer_getoverrun(2) 2.6
timer_gettime(2) 2.6
timer_settime(2) 2.6
timerfd_create(2) 2.6.25
timerfd_gettime(2) 2.6.25
timerfd_settime(2) 2.6.25
times(2) 1.0
tkill(2) 2.6; 2.4.22
truncate(2) 1.0
truncate64(2) 2.4
ugetrlimit(2) 2.4
umask(2) 1.0
umount(2) 1.0
umount2(2) 2.2
uname(2) 1.0
unlink(2) 1.0
unlinkat(2) 2.6.16
unshare(2) 2.6.16
uselib(2) 1.0
ustat(2) 1.0
userfaultfd(2) 4.3
usr26(2) 2.4.8.1 ARM OABI only
usr32(2) 2.4.8.1 ARM OABI only
utime(2) 1.0
utimensat(2) 2.6.22
utimes(2) 2.2
utrap_install(2) 2.2 SPARC64 only
vfork(2) 2.2
vhangup(2) 1.0
vm86old(2) 1.0 Was "vm86"; renamed in
2.0.28/2.2
vm86(2) 2.0.28; 2.2
vmsplice(2) 2.6.17
wait4(2) 1.0
waitid(2) 2.6.10
waitpid(2) 1.0
write(2) 1.0
writev(2) 2.0
xtensa(2) 2.6.13 Xtensa only
On many platforms, including x86-32, socket calls are all multiplexed (via glibc wrapper functions)
through socketcall(2) and similarly System V IPC calls are multiplexed through ipc(2).
Although slots are reserved for them in the system call table, the following system calls are not
implemented in the standard kernel: afs_syscall(2), break(2), ftime(2), getpmsg(2), gtty(2), idle(2),
lock(2), madvise1(2), mpx(2), phys(2), prof(2), profil(2), putpmsg(2), security(2), stty(2), tuxcall(2),
ulimit(2), and vserver(2) (see also unimplemented(2)). However, ftime(3), profil(3), and ulimit(3) exist
as library routines. The slot for phys(2) is in use since kernel 2.1.116 for umount(2); phys(2) will
never be implemented. The getpmsg(2) and putpmsg(2) calls are for kernels patched to support STREAMS,
and may never be in the standard kernel.
There was briefly set_zone_reclaim(2), added in Linux 2.6.13, and removed in 2.6.16; this system call was
never available to user space.
NOTES
Roughly speaking, the code belonging to the system call with number __NR_xxx defined in
/usr/include/asm/unistd.h can be found in the Linux kernel source in the routine sys_xxx(). There are
many exceptions, however, mostly because older system calls were superseded by newer ones, and this has
been treated somewhat unsystematically. On platforms with proprietary operating-system emulation, such
as sparc, sparc64, and alpha, there are many additional system calls; mips64 also contains a full set of
32-bit system calls.
Over time, changes to the interfaces of some system calls have been necessary. One reason for such
changes was the need to increase the size of structures or scalar values passed to the system call.
Because of these changes, certain architectures (notably, longstanding 32-bit architectures such as i386)
now have various groups of related system calls (e.g., truncate(2) and truncate64(2)) which perform
similar tasks, but which vary in details such as the size of their arguments. (As noted earlier,
applications are generally unaware of this: the glibc wrapper functions do some work to ensure that the
right system call is invoked, and that ABI compatibility is preserved for old binaries.) Examples of
systems calls that exist in multiple versions are the following:
* By now there are three different versions of stat(2): sys_stat() (slot __NR_oldstat), sys_newstat()
(slot __NR_stat), and sys_stat64() (slot __NR_stat64), with the last being the most current. A
similar story applies for lstat(2) and fstat(2).
* Similarly, the defines __NR_oldolduname, __NR_olduname, and __NR_uname refer to the routines
sys_olduname(), sys_uname() and sys_newuname().
* In Linux 2.0, a new version of vm86(2) appeared, with the old and the new kernel routines being named
sys_vm86old() and sys_vm86().
* In Linux 2.4, a new version of getrlimit(2) appeared, with the old and the new kernel routines being
named sys_old_getrlimit() (slot __NR_getrlimit) and sys_getrlimit() (slot __NR_ugetrlimit).
* Linux 2.4 increased the size of user and group IDs from 16 to 32 bits. To support this change, a
range of system calls were added (e.g., chown32(2), getuid32(2), getgroups32(2), setresuid32(2)),
superseding earlier calls of the same name without the "32" suffix.
* Linux 2.4 added support for applications on 32-bit architectures to access large files (i.e., files
for which the sizes and file offsets can't be represented in 32 bits.) To support this change,
replacements were required for system calls that deal with file offsets and sizes. Thus the following
system calls were added: fcntl64(2), getdents64(2), stat64(2), statfs64(2), truncate64(2), and their
analogs that work with file descriptors or symbolic links. These system calls supersede the older
system calls which, except in the case of the "stat" calls, have the same name without the "64"
suffix.
On newer platforms that only have 64-bit file access and 32-bit UIDs/GIDs (e.g., alpha, ia64, s390x,
x86-64), there is just a single version of the UID/GID and file access system calls. On platforms
(typically, 32-bit platforms) where the *64 and *32 calls exist, the other versions are obsolete.
* The rt_sig* calls were added in kernel 2.2 to support the addition of real-time signals (see
signal(7)). These system calls supersede the older system calls of the same name without the "rt_"
prefix.
* The select(2) and mmap(2) system calls use five or more arguments, which caused problems in the way
argument passing on the i386 used to be set up. Thus, while other architectures have sys_select() and
sys_mmap() corresponding to __NR_select and __NR_mmap, on i386 one finds old_select() and old_mmap()
(routines that use a pointer to an argument block) instead. These days passing five arguments is not
a problem any more, and there is a __NR__newselect that corresponds directly to sys_select() and
similarly __NR_mmap2. s390x is the only 64-bit architecture that has old_mmap().
Architecture-specific details: Alpha
* getxgid(2) returns a pair of GID and effective GID via registers r0 and r20; it is provided instead of
getgid(2) and getegid(2).
* getxpid(2) returns a pair of PID and parent PID via registers r0 and r20; it is provided instead of
getpid(2) and getppid(2).
* old_adjtimex(2) is a variant of adjtimex(2) that uses struct timeval32, for compatibility with OSF/1.
* getxuid(2) returns a pair of GID and effective GID via registers r0 and r20; it is provided instead of
getuid(2) and geteuid(2).
* sethae(2) is used for configuring the Host Address Extension register on low-cost Alphas in order to
access address space beyond first 27 bits.
SEE ALSO
intro(2), syscall(2), unimplemented(2), errno(3), libc(7), vdso(7)
COLOPHON
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