Provided by: nbdkit_1.40.4-5ubuntu1_amd64 
NAME
nbdkit - toolkit for creating Network Block Device (NBD) servers
SYNOPSIS
nbdkit [-4|--ipv4-only] [-6|--ipv6-only]
[-D|--debug PLUGIN|FILTER|nbdkit.FLAG=N]
[--exit-with-parent] [-e|--exportname EXPORTNAME]
[--filter=FILTER ...] [-f|--foreground]
[-g|--group GROUP] [-i|--ipaddr IPADDR]
[--log=stderr|syslog|null] [--mask-handshake=MASK]
[-n|--newstyle] [--no-mc|--no-meta-contexts]
[--no-sr|--no-structured-replies] [-o|--oldstyle]
[-P|--pidfile PIDFILE] [-p|--port PORT] [--print-uri]
[-r|--readonly] [--run 'COMMAND ARGS ...']
[--selinux-label=LABEL] [-s|--single] [--swap]
[-t|--threads THREADS] [--tls=off|on|require]
[--tls-certificates=/path/to/certificates]
[--tls-psk=/path/to/pskfile] [--tls-verify-peer]
[-U|--unix SOCKET|-] [-u|--user USER]
[-v|--verbose] [--vsock]
PLUGIN [[KEY=]VALUE [KEY=VALUE [...]]]
nbdkit --dump-config
nbdkit PLUGIN --dump-plugin
nbdkit --help
nbdkit [-V|--version]
DESCRIPTION
Network Block Device (NBD) is a network protocol for accessing block devices over the
network. Block devices are hard disks and things that behave like hard disks such as disk
images and virtual machines.
nbdkit is both a toolkit for creating NBD servers from “unconventional” sources, and the
name of an NBD server. nbdkit ships with many plugins for performing common tasks like
serving local files.
Plugins and filters
nbdkit is different from other NBD servers because you can easily create new Network Block
Device sources by writing a few glue functions, possibly in C, or perhaps in a high level
language like Perl or Python. The liberal licensing of nbdkit is meant to allow you to
link nbdkit with proprietary libraries or to include nbdkit in proprietary code.
If you want to write your own nbdkit plugin you should read nbdkit-plugin(3).
nbdkit also has a concept of filters which can be layered on top of plugins. Several
filters are provided with nbdkit and if you want to write your own you should read
nbdkit-filter(3).
EXAMPLES
Basic file serving
• Serve file disk.img on port 10809 using nbdkit-file-plugin(1), and connect to it using
guestfish(1):
nbdkit file disk.img
guestfish --rw --format=raw -a nbd://localhost
• Serve file disk.img on port 10809, requiring clients to use encrypted (TLS)
connections:
nbdkit --tls=require file disk.img
Other nbdkit plugins
• Create a small disk containing test patterns using nbdkit-data-plugin(1):
nbdkit data ' ( 0x55 0xAA )*2048 '
• Forward an NBD connection to a remote server over HTTPS or SSH using
nbdkit-curl-plugin(1) or nbdkit-ssh-plugin(1):
nbdkit -r curl https://example.com/disk.img
nbdkit ssh host=example.com /var/tmp/disk.img
• Create a sparse 1 terabyte RAM disk using nbdkit-memory-plugin(1) and use it as a loop
device (nbdkit-loop(1)):
nbdkit memory 1T
nbd-client localhost /dev/nbd0
• Create a floppy disk image containing files from a local directory using
nbdkit-floppy-plugin(1):
nbdkit floppy dir/
Combining plugins and filters
• Serve only the first partition from compressed disk image disk.img.xz, combining
nbdkit-partition-filter(1), nbdkit-xz-filter(1) and nbdkit-file-plugin(1).
nbdkit --filter=partition --filter=xz file disk.img.xz partition=1
To understand this command line:
plugin name and plugin parameter
│
┌───────┴──────┐
│ │
nbdkit --filter=partition --filter=xz file disk.img.xz partition=1
│ │ │
└──────────────┴────┬─────────────────────┘
│
filters and filter parameter
• Create a scratch, empty nbdkit device and inject errors and delays, for testing
clients, using nbdkit-memory-plugin(1), nbdkit-error-filter(1) and
nbdkit-delay-filter(1):
nbdkit --filter=error --filter=delay memory 100M \
error-rate=10% rdelay=1 wdelay=1
Writing plugins in shell script
• Write a simple, custom plugin in shell script using nbdkit-sh-plugin(3):
nbdkit sh - <<'EOF'
case "$1" in
get_size) echo 1M ;;
pread) dd if=/dev/zero count=$3 iflag=count_bytes ;;
*) exit 2 ;;
esac
EOF
• The same example as above can be written entirely on the command line using
nbdkit-eval-plugin(1):
nbdkit eval get_size='echo 1M' \
pread='dd if=/dev/zero count=$3 iflag=count_bytes'
Display information
Display information about nbdkit or a specific plugin:
nbdkit --help
nbdkit --version
nbdkit --dump-config
nbdkit example1 --help
nbdkit example1 --dump-plugin
NBD URIs and endpoints
NBD has a way to specify the URI of an NBD endpoint to make it easy to interconnect NBD
tools. Use the nbdkit --print-uri option to print the URI of this server instance. For
example:
$ nbdkit -U /tmp/socket --print-uri null
nbd+unix://?socket=/tmp/socket
Shell-quoted URI: "nbd+unix://?socket=/tmp/socket"
Command to query the NBD endpoint:
nbdinfo "nbd+unix://?socket=/tmp/socket"
GLOBAL OPTIONS
--help
Display brief command line usage information and exit.
-4
--ipv4-only
-6
--ipv6-only
When a non-numeric argument is passed to the -i option (such as a Fully Qualified
Domain Name, or a host name from "/etc/hosts"), restrict the name resolution to IPv4
or IPv6 addresses.
When the -i option is omitted, listen on only the IPv4 or IPv6 address of all
interfaces (0.0.0.0 or "::", respectively).
When both -4 and -6 options are present on the command line, the last one takes
effect.
-D PLUGIN.FLAG=N
-D FILTER.FLAG=N
--debug PLUGIN.FLAG=N
--debug FILTER.FLAG=N
Set the plugin or filter Debug Flag called "FLAG" to the integer value "N". See
"Debug Flags" in nbdkit-plugin(3).
-D nbdkit.FLAG=N
--debug nbdkit.FLAG=N
(nbdkit ≥ 1.18)
Set the nbdkit server Debug Flag called "FLAG" to the integer value "N". See "SERVER
DEBUG FLAGS" below.
--dump-config
Dump out the compile-time configuration values and exit. See nbdkit-probing(1).
--dump-plugin
Dump out information about the plugin and exit. See nbdkit-probing(1).
--exit-with-parent
If the parent process exits, we exit. This can be used to avoid complicated cleanup
or orphaned nbdkit processes. There are some important caveats with this, see "EXIT
WITH PARENT" in nbdkit-captive(1).
An alternative to this is "CAPTIVE NBDKIT" in nbdkit-captive(1).
This option implies --foreground.
-e EXPORTNAME
--export=EXPORTNAME
--export-name=EXPORTNAME
--exportname=EXPORTNAME
Set a preferred exportname to expose in the shell environment created during --run.
The use of this option without --run has no effect. This option does not change what
nbdkit advertises as a server, but can aid in writing a captive client that wants to
access particular content from a plugin that differentiates content based on the
client's choice of export name.
If not set, the --run environment is set to access the default exportname "" (empty
string).
--filter=FILTER
Add a filter before the plugin. This option may be given one or more times to stack
filters in front of the plugin. They are processed in the order they appear on the
command line. See "FILTERS" and nbdkit-filter(3).
-f
--foreground
--no-fork
Don't fork into the background.
-g GROUP
--group=GROUP
Change group to "GROUP" after starting up. A group name or numeric group ID can be
used.
The server needs sufficient permissions to be able to do this. Normally this would
mean starting the server up as root.
See also -u.
-i IPADDR
--ip-addr=IPADDR
--ipaddr=IPADDR
Listen on the specified interface. The default is to listen on all interfaces. See
also -4, -6, and -p.
--log=stderr
--log=syslog
--log=null
Send error messages to standard error (--log=stderr), or to the system log
(--log=syslog), or discard them completely (--log=null, not recommended for normal
use).
The default is to send error messages to stderr, unless nbdkit forks into the
background in which case they are sent to syslog.
For more details see "LOGGING" in nbdkit-service(1).
--mask-handshake=MASK
This option can be used to mask off particular global features which are advertised
during new-style handshake (defaulting to all supported bits set). See
nbdkit-protocol(1).
-n
--new-style
--newstyle
Use the newstyle NBD protocol. This is the default in nbdkit ≥ 1.3. In earlier
versions the default was oldstyle. See nbdkit-protocol(1).
--no-mc
--no-meta-contexts
Do not advertise meta contexts. Normally, nbdkit handles all client requests for
arbitrary meta context names, with the response being affirmative for only the
"base:allocation" meta context (nbdkit synthesizes this context even when the plugin
does not support extents), so that clients can use the block status command. However,
meta contexts are not a mandatory part of the newstyle NBD protocol, so this option
can be used to debug client fallbacks for dealing with older servers that lack meta
context support. See nbdkit-protocol(1).
--no-sr
--no-structured-replies
Do not advertise structured replies. A client must request structured replies to take
advantage of block status and potential sparse reads; however, as structured reads are
not a mandatory part of the newstyle NBD protocol, this option can be used to debug
client fallbacks for dealing with older servers. See nbdkit-protocol(1).
-o
--old-style
--oldstyle
Use the oldstyle NBD protocol. This was the default in nbdkit ≤ 1.2, but now the
default is newstyle. Note this is incompatible with newer features such as export
names and TLS. See nbdkit-protocol(1).
-P PIDFILE
--pid-file=PIDFILE
--pidfile=PIDFILE
Write "PIDFILE" (containing the process ID of the server) after nbdkit becomes ready
to accept connections.
If the file already exists, it is overwritten. nbdkit does not delete the file when
it exits.
-p PORT
--port=PORT
Change the TCP/IP port number on which nbdkit serves requests. The default is 10809.
See also -i.
--print-uri
Print the URI. See "NBD URIs and endpoints" above.
-r
--read-only
--readonly
The export will be read-only. If a client writes, then it will get an error.
Note that some plugins inherently don't support writes. With those plugins the -r
option is added implicitly.
nbdkit-cow-filter(1) can be placed over read-only plugins to provide copy-on-write (or
"snapshot") functionality. If you are using qemu as a client then it also supports
snapshots. nbdkit-readonly-filter(1) or nbdkit-protect-filter(1) can selectively add
write-protection.
--run 'COMMAND ARGS ...'
Run nbdkit as a captive subprocess of the command. When the command exits, nbdkit is
killed. See "CAPTIVE NBDKIT" in nbdkit-captive(1).
Note that the command is executed by /bin/sh. On some platforms like Debian this
might not be a full-featured shell.
This option implies --foreground.
In nbdkit ≤ 1.34 you normally had to add -U -, otherwise nbdkit would use a TCP/IP
port which was not what you wanted. In nbdkit ≥ 1.36, using --run implies -U -. If
you want the old behaviour of nbdkit then you must use the --port option explicitly.
--selinux-label=SOCKET-LABEL
Apply the SELinux label "SOCKET-LABEL" to the nbdkit listening socket.
The common — perhaps only — use of this option is to allow libvirt guests which are
using SELinux and sVirt confinement to access nbdkit Unix domain sockets. The example
below shows how to do this. Note that the socket and filesystem labels are different.
nbdkit -U /tmp/sock --selinux-label=system_u:object_r:svirt_socket_t:s0 ...
chcon system_u:object_r:svirt_image_t:s0 /tmp/sock
-s
--single
--stdin
Don't fork. Handle a single NBD connection on stdin/stdout. After stdin closes, the
server exits.
You can use this option to run nbdkit from inetd or similar superservers; or just for
testing; or if you want to run nbdkit in a non-conventional way. Note that if you
want to run nbdkit from systemd, then it may be better to use "SOCKET ACTIVATION" in
nbdkit-service(1) instead of this option.
This option implies --foreground.
--swap
(nbdkit ≥ 1.18)
Specifies that the NBD device will be used as swap space loop mounted on the same
machine which is running nbdkit. To avoid deadlocks this locks the whole nbdkit
process into memory using mlockall(2). This may require additional permissions, such
as starting the server as root or raising the "RLIMIT_MEMLOCK" (ulimit(1) -l) limit on
the process.
-t THREADS
--threads=THREADS
Set the number of threads to be used per connection, which in turn controls the number
of outstanding requests that can be processed at once. Only matters for plugins with
thread_model=parallel (where it defaults to 16). To force serialized behavior (useful
if the client is not prepared for out-of-order responses), set this to 1.
--tls=off
--tls=on
--tls=require
Disable, enable or require TLS (authentication and encryption support). See
nbdkit-tls(1).
--tls-certificates=/path/to/certificates
Set the path to the TLS certificates directory. If not specified, some built-in paths
are checked. See nbdkit-tls(1) for more details.
--tls-psk=/path/to/pskfile
Set the path to the pre-shared keys (PSK) file. If used, this overrides certificate
authentication. There is no built-in path. See nbdkit-tls(1) for more details.
--tls-verify-peer
Enables TLS client certificate verification. The default is not to check the client's
certificate.
-U SOCKET
--unix=SOCKET
-U -
--unix -
Accept connections on the Unix domain socket "SOCKET" (which is a path).
nbdkit creates this socket, but it will probably have incorrect permissions (too
permissive). If it is a problem that some unauthorized user could connect to this
socket between the time that nbdkit starts up and the authorized user connects, then
put the socket into a directory that has restrictive permissions.
nbdkit does not delete the socket file when it exits. The caller should delete the
socket file after use (else if you try to start nbdkit up again you will get an
"Address already in use" error).
If the socket name is - then nbdkit generates a randomly named private socket. This
is implied by the --run option. See also "CAPTIVE NBDKIT" in nbdkit-captive(1).
-u USER
--user=USER
Change user to "USER" after starting up. A user name or numeric user ID can be used.
The server needs sufficient permissions to be able to do this. Normally this would
mean starting the server up as root.
See also -g.
-v
--verbose
Enable verbose messages.
It's a good idea to use -f as well so the process does not fork into the background
(but not required).
-V
--version
Print the version number of nbdkit and exit.
The --dump-config option provides separate major and minor numbers and may be easier
to parse from shell scripts.
--vsock
(nbdkit ≥ 1.16)
Use the AF_VSOCK protocol (instead of TCP/IP). You must use this in conjunction with
-p/--port. See "AF_VSOCK" in nbdkit-service(1).
PLUGIN NAME
You can give the full path to the plugin, like this:
nbdkit $libdir/nbdkit/plugins/nbdkit-file-plugin.so [...]
but it is usually more convenient to use this equivalent syntax:
nbdkit file [...]
$libdir is set at compile time. To print it out, do:
nbdkit --dump-config
PLUGIN CONFIGURATION
After specifying the plugin name you can (optionally, it depends on the plugin) give
plugin configuration on the command line in the form of "key=value". For example:
nbdkit file file=disk.img
To list all the options supported by a plugin, do:
nbdkit --help file
To dump information about a plugin, do:
nbdkit file --dump-plugin
Magic parameters
Some plugins declare a special "magic config key". This is a key which is assumed if no
"key=" part is present. For example:
nbdkit file disk.img
is assumed to be "file=disk.img" because the file plugin declares "file" as its magic
config key. There can be ambiguity in the parsing of magic config keys if the value might
look like a "key=value". If there could be ambiguity then modify the value, eg. by
prefixing it with "./"
There is also a special exception for plugins which do not declare a magic config key, but
where the first plugin argument does not contain an '=' character: it is assumed to be
"script=value". This is used by scripting language plugins:
nbdkit perl foo.pl [args...]
has the same meaning as:
nbdkit perl script=foo.pl [args...]
Shebang scripts
You can use "#!" to run nbdkit plugins written in most scripting languages. The file
should be executable. For example:
#!/usr/sbin/nbdkit perl
sub open {
# etc
}
(see nbdkit-perl-plugin(3) for a full example).
SERVER DEBUG FLAGS
As well as enabling or disabling debugging in the server using --verbose you can control
extra debugging in the server using the -D nbdkit.* flags listed in this section. Note
these flags are an internal implementation detail of the server and may be changed or
removed at any time in the future.
-D nbdkit.backend.controlpath=0
-D nbdkit.backend.controlpath=1
-D nbdkit.backend.datapath=0
-D nbdkit.backend.datapath=1
These flags control the verbosity of nbdkit backend debugging messages (the ones which
show every request processed by the server). The default for both settings is 1
(normal debugging) but you can set them to 0 to suppress these messages.
-D nbdkit.backend.datapath=0 is the more useful setting which lets you suppress
messages about pread, pwrite, zero, trim, etc. commands. When transferring large
amounts of data these messages are numerous and not usually very interesting.
-D nbdkit.backend.controlpath=0 suppresses the non-datapath commands (config, open,
close, can_write, etc.)
-D nbdkit.environ=1
Print nbdkit's environment variables in the debug output at start up. This is
insecure because environment variables may contain both sensitive and user-controlled
information, so it should not be used routinely. But it is useful for tracking down
problems related to environment variables.
-D nbdkit.tls.log=N
Enable TLS logging. "N" can be in the range 0 (no logging) to 99. See
gnutls_global_set_log_level(3).
-D nbdkit.tls.session=1
Print additional information about the TLS session, such as the type of authentication
and encryption, and client certificate information.
SIGNALS
nbdkit responds to the following signals:
"SIGINT"
"SIGQUIT"
"SIGTERM"
The server exits cleanly.
"SIGPIPE"
This signal is ignored.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
"LISTEN_FDS"
"LISTEN_PID"
If present in the environment when nbdkit starts up, these trigger "SOCKET ACTIVATION"
in nbdkit-service(1).
SEE ALSO
Other topics
nbdkit-captive(1) — Run nbdkit under another process and have it reliably cleaned up.
nbdkit-client(1) — How to mount NBD filesystems on a client machine.
nbdkit-loop(1) — Use nbdkit with the Linux kernel client to create loop devices and loop
mounts.
nbdkit-probing(1) — How to probe for nbdkit configuration and plugins.
nbdkit-protocol(1) — Which parts of the NBD protocol nbdkit supports.
nbdkit-security(1) — Lists past security issues in nbdkit.
nbdkit-service(1) — Running nbdkit as a service, and systemd socket activation.
nbdkit-tls(1) — Authentication and encryption of NBD connections (sometimes incorrectly
called "SSL").
Plugins
nbdkit-blkio-plugin(1), nbdkit-cdi-plugin(1), nbdkit-curl-plugin(1),
nbdkit-data-plugin(1), nbdkit-eval-plugin(1), nbdkit-example1-plugin(1),
nbdkit-example2-plugin(1), nbdkit-example3-plugin(1), nbdkit-example4-plugin(1),
nbdkit-file-plugin(1), nbdkit-floppy-plugin(1), nbdkit-full-plugin(1),
nbdkit-gcs-plugin(1), nbdkit-guestfs-plugin(1), nbdkit-info-plugin(1),
nbdkit-iso-plugin(1), nbdkit-libvirt-plugin(1), nbdkit-linuxdisk-plugin(1),
nbdkit-memory-plugin(1), nbdkit-nbd-plugin(1), nbdkit-null-plugin(1),
nbdkit-ondemand-plugin(1), nbdkit-ones-plugin(1), nbdkit-partitioning-plugin(1),
nbdkit-pattern-plugin(1), nbdkit-random-plugin(1), nbdkit-S3-plugin(1),
nbdkit-sparse-random-plugin(1), nbdkit-split-plugin(1), nbdkit-ssh-plugin(1),
nbdkit-tmpdisk-plugin(1), nbdkit-torrent-plugin(1), nbdkit-vddk-plugin(1),
nbdkit-zero-plugin(1) ; nbdkit-cc-plugin(3), nbdkit-golang-plugin(3),
nbdkit-lua-plugin(3), nbdkit-ocaml-plugin(3), nbdkit-perl-plugin(3),
nbdkit-python-plugin(3), nbdkit-rust-plugin(3), nbdkit-sh-plugin(3), nbdkit-tcl-plugin(3)
.
Filters
nbdkit-blocksize-filter(1), nbdkit-blocksize-policy-filter(1), nbdkit-bzip2-filter(1),
nbdkit-cache-filter(1), nbdkit-cacheextents-filter(1), nbdkit-checkwrite-filter(1),
nbdkit-cow-filter(1), nbdkit-ddrescue-filter(1), nbdkit-delay-filter(1),
nbdkit-error-filter(1), nbdkit-evil-filter(1), nbdkit-exitlast-filter(1),
nbdkit-exitwhen-filter(1), nbdkit-exportname-filter(1), nbdkit-ext2-filter(1),
nbdkit-extentlist-filter(1), nbdkit-fua-filter(1), nbdkit-gzip-filter(1),
nbdkit-ip-filter(1), nbdkit-limit-filter(1), nbdkit-log-filter(1), nbdkit-luks-filter(1),
nbdkit-multi-conn-filter(1), nbdkit-nocache-filter(1), nbdkit-noextents-filter(1),
nbdkit-nofilter-filter(1), nbdkit-noparallel-filter(1), nbdkit-nozero-filter(1),
nbdkit-offset-filter(1), nbdkit-partition-filter(1), nbdkit-pause-filter(1),
nbdkit-protect-filter(1), nbdkit-qcow2dec-filter(1), nbdkit-rate-filter(1),
nbdkit-readahead-filter(1), nbdkit-readonly-filter(1), nbdkit-retry-filter(1),
nbdkit-retry-request-filter(1), nbdkit-rotational-filter(1), nbdkit-scan-filter(1),
nbdkit-spinning-filter(1), nbdkit-stats-filter(1), nbdkit-swab-filter(1),
nbdkit-tar-filter(1), nbdkit-tls-fallback-filter(1), nbdkit-truncate-filter(1),
nbdkit-xz-filter(1) .
For developers
nbdkit-plugin(3), nbdkit-filter(3).
Writing plugins in other programming languages
nbdkit-cc-plugin(3), nbdkit-golang-plugin(3), nbdkit-lua-plugin(3),
nbdkit-ocaml-plugin(3), nbdkit-perl-plugin(3), nbdkit-python-plugin(3),
nbdkit-rust-plugin(3), nbdkit-sh-plugin(3), nbdkit-tcl-plugin(3) .
Release notes for previous releases of nbdkit
nbdkit-release-notes-1.40(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.38(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.36(1),
nbdkit-release-notes-1.34(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.32(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.30(1),
nbdkit-release-notes-1.28(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.26(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.24(1),
nbdkit-release-notes-1.22(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.20(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.18(1),
nbdkit-release-notes-1.16(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.14(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.12(1),
nbdkit-release-notes-1.10(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.8(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.6(1),
nbdkit-release-notes-1.4(1).
NBD clients
guestfish(1), libnbd(3), nbd-client(1), nbdcopy(1), nbdfuse(1), nbdinfo(1), nbdsh(1),
qemu(1).
nbdkit links
http://gitlab.com/nbdkit/nbdkit — Source code.
Other NBD servers
qemu-nbd(1), nbd-server(1), https://github.com/bignaux/lwNBD,
https://bitbucket.org/hirofuchi/xnbd.
Documentation for the NBD protocol
https://github.com/NetworkBlockDevice/nbd/blob/master/doc/proto.md,
https://github.com/NetworkBlockDevice/nbd/blob/master/doc/uri.md,
https://nbd.sourceforge.io/.
Similar protocols
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iSCSI, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATA_over_Ethernet,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel_over_Ethernet.
Other manual pages of interest
gnutls_priority_init(3), qemu-img(1), psktool(1), systemd.socket(5).
AUTHORS
Eric Blake
Laszlo Ersek
Richard W.M. Jones
Yann E. MORIN
Nikolaus Rath
François Revol
Nir Soffer
Alan Somers
Pino Toscano
COPYRIGHT
Copyright Red Hat
LICENSE
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