Provided by: lxc1_2.0.11-0ubuntu1~16.04.3_amd64 bug

NAME

       lxc - linux containers

QUICK START

       You  are  in a hurry, and you don't want to read this man page. Ok, without warranty, here
       are the commands to launch a shell inside a  container  with  a  predefined  configuration
       template,  it  may  work.  /usr/bin/lxc-execute -n foo -f /usr/share/doc/lxc/examples/lxc-
       macvlan.conf /bin/bash

OVERVIEW

       The container technology is actively being pushed into the  mainstream  linux  kernel.  It
       provides  the  resource  management  through the control groups aka process containers and
       resource isolation through the namespaces.

       The linux containers, lxc, aims to use these new functionalities to  provide  a  userspace
       container  object  which  provides  full  resource  isolation  and resource control for an
       applications or a system.

       The first objective of this project is to make the life easier for the  kernel  developers
       involved   in   the   containers  project  and  especially  to  continue  working  on  the
       Checkpoint/Restart new features. The lxc is small enough to easily manage a container with
       simple command lines and complete enough to be used for other purposes.

REQUIREMENTS

       The  lxc  relies  on  a  set  of  functionalities provided by the kernel which needs to be
       active. Depending of the missing functionalities the  lxc  will  work  with  a  restricted
       number of functionalities or will simply fail.

       The  following list gives the kernel features to be enabled in the kernel to have the full
       features container:

                * General setup
                  * Control Group support
                    -> Namespace cgroup subsystem
                    -> Freezer cgroup subsystem
                    -> Cpuset support
                    -> Simple CPU accounting cgroup subsystem
                    -> Resource counters
                      -> Memory resource controllers for Control Groups
                  * Group CPU scheduler
                    -> Basis for grouping tasks (Control Groups)
                  * Namespaces support
                    -> UTS namespace
                    -> IPC namespace
                    -> User namespace
                    -> Pid namespace
                    -> Network namespace
                * Device Drivers
                  * Character devices
                    -> Support multiple instances of devpts
                  * Network device support
                    -> MAC-VLAN support
                    -> Virtual ethernet pair device
                * Networking
                  * Networking options
                    -> 802.1d Ethernet Bridging
                * Security options
                  -> File POSIX Capabilities

       The kernel version >= 2.6.32 shipped with the distros, will work with lxc, this  one  will
       have less functionalities but enough to be interesting.  The helper script lxc-checkconfig
       will give you information about your kernel configuration.

       The control group can be mounted anywhere, eg: mount -t  cgroup  cgroup  /cgroup.   It  is
       however recommended to use cgmanager, cgroup-lite or systemd to mount the cgroup hierarchy
       under /sys/fs/cgroup.

FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

       A container is an object isolating some resources of the  host,  for  the  application  or
       system running in it.

       The  application / system will be launched inside a container specified by a configuration
       that is either initially created or passed as parameter of the starting commands.

       How to run an application in a container ?

       Before running an application, you should know what are the resources you want to isolate.
       The  default  configuration  is to isolate the pids, the sysv ipc and the mount points. If
       you want to run a simple shell inside  a  container,  a  basic  configuration  is  needed,
       especially  if  you want to share the rootfs. If you want to run an application like sshd,
       you should provide a new network stack and a new hostname. If you want to avoid  conflicts
       with  some  files  eg.  /var/run/httpd.pid,  you  should  remount  /var/run  with an empty
       directory. If you want to avoid the conflicts in all the cases, you can specify  a  rootfs
       for  the  container.  The rootfs can be a directory tree, previously bind mounted with the
       initial rootfs, so you can still use your distro but with your own /etc and /home

       Here is an example of directory tree for sshd:

       [root@lxc sshd]$ tree -d rootfs

       rootfs
       |-- bin
       |-- dev
       |   |-- pts
       |   `-- shm
       |       `-- network
       |-- etc
       |   `-- ssh
       |-- lib
       |-- proc
       |-- root
       |-- sbin
       |-- sys
       |-- usr
       `-- var
           |-- empty
           |   `-- sshd
           |-- lib
           |   `-- empty
           |       `-- sshd
           `-- run
               `-- sshd

       and the mount points file associated with it:

            [root@lxc sshd]$ cat fstab

            /lib /home/root/sshd/rootfs/lib none ro,bind 0 0
            /bin /home/root/sshd/rootfs/bin none ro,bind 0 0
            /usr /home/root/sshd/rootfs/usr none ro,bind 0 0
            /sbin /home/root/sshd/rootfs/sbin none ro,bind 0 0

       How to run a system in a container ?

       Running a system inside a container is paradoxically easier than running  an  application.
       Why  ?  Because you don't have to care about the resources to be isolated, everything need
       to be  isolated,  the  other  resources  are  specified  as  being  isolated  but  without
       configuration  because  the container will set them up. eg. the ipv4 address will be setup
       by the system container init scripts. Here is an example of the mount points file:

            [root@lxc debian]$ cat fstab

            /dev /home/root/debian/rootfs/dev none bind 0 0
            /dev/pts /home/root/debian/rootfs/dev/pts  none bind 0 0

       More information can be added to  the  container  to  facilitate  the  configuration.  For
       example, make accessible from the container the resolv.conf file belonging to the host.

            /etc/resolv.conf /home/root/debian/rootfs/etc/resolv.conf none bind 0 0

   CONTAINER LIFE CYCLE
       When  the  container is created, it contains the configuration information. When a process
       is launched, the container will be starting and running. When  the  last  process  running
       inside the container exits, the container is stopped.

       In  case  of  failure when the container is initialized, it will pass through the aborting
       state.

          ---------
         | STOPPED |<---------------
          ---------                 |
              |                     |
            start                   |
              |                     |
              V                     |
          ----------                |
         | STARTING |--error-       |
          ----------         |      |
              |              |      |
              V              V      |
          ---------    ----------   |
         | RUNNING |  | ABORTING |  |
          ---------    ----------   |
              |              |      |
         no process          |      |
              |              |      |
              V              |      |
          ----------         |      |
         | STOPPING |<-------       |
          ----------                |
              |                     |
               ---------------------

   CONFIGURATION
       The container is configured through a configuration file, the format of the  configuration
       file is described in lxc.conf(5)

   CREATING / DESTROYING CONTAINER (PERSISTENT CONTAINER)
       A  persistent  container  object  can  be  created  via the lxc-create command. It takes a
       container name as parameter and optional configuration file and  template.   The  name  is
       used  by  the  different commands to refer to this container. The lxc-destroy command will
       destroy the container object.

              lxc-create -n foo
              lxc-destroy -n foo

   VOLATILE CONTAINER
       It is not mandatory to create a container object before to start it.  The container can be
       directly started with a configuration file as parameter.

   STARTING / STOPPING CONTAINER
       When  the container has been created, it is ready to run an application / system.  This is
       the purpose of the lxc-execute and lxc-start commands.  If the container was  not  created
       before  starting  the application, the container will use the configuration file passed as
       parameter to the command, and if there is no such parameter either, then  it  will  use  a
       default  isolation.   If the application is ended, the container will be stopped also, but
       if needed the lxc-stop command can be used to kill the still running application.

       Running an application inside a container is not exactly  the  same  thing  as  running  a
       system.  For  this  reason,  there are two different commands to run an application into a
       container:

              lxc-execute -n foo [-f config] /bin/bash
              lxc-start -n foo [-f config] [/bin/bash]

       lxc-execute command will run the specified command into the container via an  intermediate
       process, lxc-init.  This lxc-init after launching the specified command, will wait for its
       end and all other reparented processes.  (to support daemons in the container).  In  other
       words,  in  the container, lxc-init has the pid 1 and the first process of the application
       has the pid 2.

       lxc-start command will run directly the specified command into the container.  The pid  of
       the  first process is 1. If no command is specified lxc-start will run the command defined
       in lxc.init_cmd or if not set, /sbin/init .

       To summarize, lxc-execute is for running an application and lxc-start is better suited for
       running a system.

       If  the  application  is no longer responding, is inaccessible or is not able to finish by
       itself, a wild lxc-stop command will kill all the processes in the container without pity.

              lxc-stop -n foo

   CONNECT TO AN AVAILABLE TTY
       If the container is configured with the ttys, it is possible to access it through them. It
       is  up  to  the  container  to  provide a set of available tty to be used by the following
       command. When the tty is lost, it is possible to reconnect it without login again.

              lxc-console -n foo -t 3

   FREEZE / UNFREEZE CONTAINER
       Sometime, it is useful to stop all the processes belonging to a  container,  eg.  for  job
       scheduling. The commands:

              lxc-freeze -n foo

       will put all the processes in an uninteruptible state and

              lxc-unfreeze -n foo

       will resume them.

       This feature is enabled if the cgroup freezer is enabled in the kernel.

   GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT CONTAINER
       When  there  are  a  lot  of  containers,  it  is  hard to follow what has been created or
       destroyed, what is running or what are the pids running into  a  specific  container.  For
       this reason, the following commands may be useful:

              lxc-ls
              lxc-info -n foo

       lxc-ls lists the containers of the system.

       lxc-info gives information for a specific container.

       Here  is  an  example  on how the combination of these commands allows one to list all the
       containers and retrieve their state.

              for i in $(lxc-ls -1); do
                lxc-info -n $i
              done

   MONITORING CONTAINER
       It is sometime useful to track the states of a container, for example  to  monitor  it  or
       just to wait for a specific state in a script.

       lxc-monitor  command will monitor one or several containers. The parameter of this command
       accept a regular expression for example:

              lxc-monitor -n "foo|bar"

       will monitor the states of containers named 'foo' and 'bar', and:

              lxc-monitor -n ".*"

       will monitor all the containers.

       For a container 'foo' starting, doing some work and exiting, the output  will  be  in  the
       form:

              'foo' changed state to [STARTING]
              'foo' changed state to [RUNNING]
              'foo' changed state to [STOPPING]
              'foo' changed state to [STOPPED]

       lxc-wait  command  will  wait  for  a  specific  state change and exit. This is useful for
       scripting to synchronize the launch of a container or the end. The parameter  is  an  ORed
       combination  of  different states. The following example shows how to wait for a container
       if he went to the background.

              # launch lxc-wait in background
              lxc-wait -n foo -s STOPPED &
              LXC_WAIT_PID=$!

              # this command goes in background
              lxc-execute -n foo mydaemon &

              # block until the lxc-wait exits
              # and lxc-wait exits when the container
              # is STOPPED
              wait $LXC_WAIT_PID
              echo "'foo' is finished"

   SETTING THE CONTROL GROUP FOR CONTAINER
       The container is tied with the control groups, when a container is started a control group
       is  created  and associated with it. The control group properties can be read and modified
       when the container is running by using the lxc-cgroup command.

       lxc-cgroup command is used to set or get a control group  subsystem  which  is  associated
       with  a  container.  The  subsystem  name is handled by the user, the command won't do any
       syntax checking on the subsystem name, if the subsystem name does not exists, the  command
       will fail.

              lxc-cgroup -n foo cpuset.cpus

       will display the content of this subsystem.

              lxc-cgroup -n foo cpu.shares 512

       will set the subsystem to the specified value.

BUGS

       The lxc is still in development, so the command syntax and the API can change. The version
       1.0.0 will be the frozen version.

SEE ALSO

       lxc(7),  lxc-create(1),  lxc-copy(1),  lxc-destroy(1),  lxc-start(1),  lxc-stop(1),   lxc-
       execute(1),  lxc-console(1),  lxc-monitor(1),  lxc-wait(1), lxc-cgroup(1), lxc-ls(1), lxc-
       info(1), lxc-freeze(1), lxc-unfreeze(1), lxc-attach(1), lxc.conf(5)

AUTHOR

       Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr>